Ethio Construction Engineering
32.4K subscribers
6.23K photos
359 videos
1.99K files
3.21K links
๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
Latest updates, tips, and tutorials on building, civil engineering, and construction in World.
Learn, build, and grow with us!

๐Ÿ“จ @Philemona7 Or @ETCONpBOT

For Ad:- https://telega.io/c/etconp
Download Telegram
๐Ÿ‘‰practical site checklist for a reinforced concrete column before concreting (casting)

๐ŸšงCOLUMN CHECKLIST
Before Concrete Casting

1. Drawings & Setting Out

โœ… Latest approved structural drawings available on site
โœ… Column location, size, and orientation checked as per drawing
โœ… Column grid lines and centerlines marked correctly
โœ… Column position verified using total station / tape / plumb

2. Reinforcement (Rebar) Inspection

โœ… Main bar diameter and quantity as per drawing
โœ… Bar spacing correct
โœ… Stirrups / ties size and spacing as per drawing
โœ… Hooks and bends properly formed (135ยฐ for seismic areas)
โœ… Lapping length as per code and drawing
โœ… Lap location approved (not at critical stress zone)
โœ… Bars are clean (free from mud, oil, loose rust)
โœ… Cover blocks / spacers fixed properly
โœ… Minimum concrete cover maintained (usually 25 mm)

3. Formwork (Shuttering)

โœ… Formwork dimension checked (width, depth, height)
โœ… Formwork is strong, rigid, and tight
โœ… No gaps or openings for leakage of cement slurry
โœ… Formwork properly aligned and plumb (vertical)
โœ… Proper support and bracing provided
โœ… Inner surface cleaned
โœ… Form oil applied evenly (not excessive)

4. Embedded Items & Inserts

โœ… Starter bars from footing / beam properly fixed
โœ… Anchor bolts, sleeves, conduits placed correctly (if any)
โœ… Openings and inserts approved and secured

5. Level & Height

โœ… Column bottom level verified
โœ… Column top level / cutoff level marked
โœ… Reference level clearly visible

6. Concreting Preparation

โœ… Approved concrete mix design available
โœ… Slump requirement confirmed
โœ… Concrete mixer / batching plant ready
โœ… Vibrator available and working
โœ… Sufficient labor and supervision arranged
โœ… Weather condition suitable (no heavy rain)

7. Safety & Quality Control

โœ… Safe access provided for workers
โœ… PPE available (helmet, gloves, boots)
โœ… Cube mold ready for concrete strength test
โœ… Site engineer / consultant approval obtained

8. Final Approval

โœ… Column inspected and approved for concreting
โœInspection record signed by: Site Engineer Consultant / Client Representative

@etconp
โค15๐Ÿ‘7๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰แˆˆแ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แŠคแˆญแ–แˆญแ‰ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹จแ‹แŒญ แ‹จแ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แˆตแ‹ตแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แ‰ฅแ‹ตแˆญ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แ‰ƒแˆ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€

๐Ÿšง‎แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒแˆฉแ• แ‰ แŠฆแˆฎแˆšแ‹ซ แŠญแˆแˆ แ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แŒ แŒˆแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‰กแˆดแˆซ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แˆˆแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแАแ‰ฃแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŠคแˆญแ–แˆญแ‰ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‹จแ‹แŒญ แ‹จแ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แˆตแ‹ตแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แ‰ฅแ‹ตแˆญ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‰ƒแˆ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆˆแŒธแข
‎
โบแ‹จแŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒแˆฉแ‘ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆฅแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแŒปแˆš แŠ แ‰ถ แˆ˜แˆตแแŠ• แŒฃแˆฐแ‹ แˆˆแˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ฐแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒˆแˆˆแŒนแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆแ‹ แ‹ˆแˆญ แ‰ แˆžแˆฎแŠฎ แˆซแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แแˆชแŠซ แŠขแŠ•แ‰จแˆตแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แŽแˆจแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แŠ แŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ฑ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแ‹ตแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แ‰ฅแ‹ตแˆญ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‰ƒแˆ แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแกแก

โบ‎แˆˆแ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŠคแˆญแ–แˆญแ‰ฑ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆญ แ‹จแ‰แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แˆžแ‹ดแˆแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ฐแ‰ฑ แ‹จแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ซแ‰€แ‰ แˆฐแАแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‹ตแˆญ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แˆˆแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ‹แŠฉแŠ• แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒแˆฉแ‘ แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แฃ แˆˆแ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แŠคแˆญแ–แˆญแ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แˆแ‹•แˆซแ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒˆแ‹ แ‹ˆแŒช 12.5 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แŒ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ•แŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แˆแ‹•แˆซแ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹แˆ แŠฅ.แŠค.แŠ . แ‰ 2030 แ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰† แ‰ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต 60 แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแ‹ณแˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒ แ‰ แ‰… แŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแกแก

Via แˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ฐแˆญ

@etconp
โค16
ADVERTISMENT

แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„ แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

โœ…แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ

๐Ÿ”… แ•แˆŒแ‰ต any Size & thickness
๐Ÿ”… แŒ„ แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต (แŒฅแˆญแˆต แˆ›แ‹‰แŒฃแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆ›แŒ แ)

๐Ÿ”… แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ  [modefic] แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆฐแˆซแˆˆแŠ•แข

โ™ฆ๏ธ แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ณ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŒˆแ‹›แˆˆแŠ•แข

โ˜Ž๏ธแˆตแˆแŠญ 0904040477 แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ 0911016833 แ‹ฐแ‹แˆˆแ‹ แ‹ซแŒแŠ™แŠ•
๐Ÿ“ฑแ‰ดแˆŒแŒแˆซแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แฆhttps://t.me/heavenic1

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแฆ  แ‰ 1.แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                แ‰.2 แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŒคแŠ“  แŠชแ‹ณแА แˆแˆ…แˆจแ‰ต

แŒฅแˆซแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ณแˆ›แŠแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹แข
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„ แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข
โค1๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰Project Management Triangle (Time โ€“ Cost โ€“ Quality)

๐Ÿ’ซThe Project Management Triangle represents the three key constraints that determine the success of any project: Time, Cost, and Quality.

1๏ธโƒฃ Time

Project duration and schedule
Includes planning, execution, and delivery deadlines
Delays in time usually increase cost or reduce quality

2๏ธโƒฃ Cost

Total project budget
Includes direct cost, indirect cost, overheads, and profit
Cost overruns affect profitability and client satisfaction

3๏ธโƒฃ Quality

Meeting required standards, specifications, and performance Depends on materials, workmanship, and supervision Poor quality leads to rework, delays, and extra cost

4๏ธโƒฃ Relationship Between Time, Cost & Quality

Reducing time โ†’ increases cost (overtime, more resources) Reducing cost โ†’ affects quality or increases time Improving quality โ†’ may increase cost or time
You cannot change one without affecting the others.

@etconp
โค14๐Ÿ‘7
"แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒแ‹‰แŠ• แ‹ซแˆแŒ แ‰ แ‰€ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ แˆ›แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆฐแˆฐแ‹‰ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ 5แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แŠจ5 แ‹ˆแˆญ แŠฅแˆตแˆซแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แ‰ฐแ‰€แŒฃโ—๏ธ

แ‰ฐแŠจแˆณแˆฝ แ‹ญแˆ›แˆ แˆ˜แˆ€แˆ˜แ‹ต แ‰ฐแˆฐแˆ› แŠฅแ‹ตแˆœ 42 แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆป แ‹ฐแˆด แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‰งแАแ‰งแ‹‰แˆƒ /แŠญ/แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แƒ แŠ แ‹‹แŒ… แ‰แŒฅแˆญ 624/2001 แŠ แŠ•แ‰€แŒฝ 53/2/แˆ€/ แŠฅแŠ“ /แˆˆ/ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐแ‹‰แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆˆแ แ‰ แ‹ˆ/แˆฎ แˆ™แˆ‰ แˆ˜แˆ€แˆ˜แ‹ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆฐแŒ แ‹‰ แ‹จแ‹‰แŠญแˆแŠ“ แˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แƒ แŠ แ‹‹แŒ… แ‰ แˆšแˆแ‰…แ‹ฐแ‹‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แˆˆแˆšแ‹ซแŠจแŠ“แ‹‰แАแ‹‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ขแАแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹‰ แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆชแŠ“ แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ฐแˆญ แ‹ญแ‹ž แˆ…แŠ•แƒแ‹‰แŠ• แˆ›แˆตแŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆฒแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹‰ แˆˆแˆ…แŠ•แƒแ‹‰ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ญแˆ˜แŒฅแŠ•แŠ‘ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซ แ‰ฃแˆแˆ†แŠ‘ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒฅแˆญ แ‹ˆแˆญ 2017 แ‹“.แˆ แˆ…แŠ•แƒ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแˆšแ‹ซแŠจแŠ“แ‹‰แАแ‹‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แƒแ‹‰ แŠ แŠซแˆ แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹‰แŠ• แˆฒแแ‰ฒ แ‰ณแŠ•แŠจแˆญ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒแ‹‰แŠ• แ‰ฃแˆแŒ แ‰ แ‰€ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰แˆณแ‰แˆตแŠ“ แˆŠแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹‰แŠ• แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแАแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰… แŠจแ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ†แА แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ฑ แ‰ แˆแŒธแˆ˜แ‹‰ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒแ‹‰แŠ• แ‹ซแˆแŒ แ‰ แ‰€ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ›แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ• แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แŠญแˆต แ‰ฐแŠจแˆถ แˆแˆจแˆ˜แˆซแ‹‰แŠ• แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆด แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› 4แŠ› แ‹‹แŠ“ แ–แˆŠแˆต แŒฃแ‰ขแ‹ซ แŠ แŒฃแˆญแ‰ถ แˆˆแ‹ฐแˆด แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แแ‰ตแˆ… แŒฝ/แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹/แˆ…แŒแˆ แŠญแˆฑแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แˆญ แˆˆแ‹ฐแˆด แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ณ แแˆญแ‹ต แ‰คแ‰ต แŠ แ‰€แˆจแ‰ แกแก

แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆด แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ณ แ/แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แ‰ฝแˆŽแ‰ต แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฉแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹‰แŠ“ แ‹จแˆฐแАแ‹ต แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แ‹จแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹จแŒฅแ‹แ‰ฐแŠแАแ‰ต แ‹‰แˆณแŠ” แˆฐแŒฅแ‰ทแˆแกแก

แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แ‰ฝแˆŽแ‰ฑ แŠจแŠจแˆณแˆฝแŠ“ แŠจแ‰ฐแŠจแˆณแˆฝ แ‹จแ‰…แŒฃแ‰ต แˆ›แŠญแ‰ แŒƒแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‰…แˆˆแ‹ซ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰€แ‰ แˆ แ/แ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‰€แŠ• 3/04/2018 แ‹“.แˆ แ‰ แ‹‹แˆˆแ‹ แ‰ฝแˆŽแ‰ต แŒฅแ‹แ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹‰แŠ• แ‹ซแˆญแˆ›แˆ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแˆแˆซแˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹‰ แ‰ 5 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แŠจ 5 แ‹ˆแˆญ แŠฅแˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆ˜แ‰€แŒฎ แ‰ฅแˆญ 8000/แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต แˆฝแˆ… แ‰ฅแˆญ/ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแ‰€แŒฃ แ‹ˆแˆตแŠ—แˆแข"

Via แ‹จแ‹ฐแ‰กแ‰ฅ แ‹ˆแˆŽ แ‹žแŠ• แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ/แ‰คแ‰ต

@etconp
โค21
๐Ÿ‘‰ INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

โ— Concrete Admixtures
โ— Bonding Agents
โ— Waterproofings
โ— Wall Putty, Prime Coat
โ— Concrete Repair Mortar
โ— Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ— Grout, Self-level mortar
โ— Quartz paint, Contextra
โ— Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
โ— Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

โ˜Ž๏ธ Tel: 0961955555

๐Ÿ”น Address 1: Signal road, around
      Dinberwa Hospital

๐Ÿ”น Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
     Dani Plaza
โค6
The volume of water below the minimum pool level in reservoir is known as
Anonymous Quiz
6%
Useful storage
28%
Surcharge storage
48%
Dead storage
17%
Bank storage
โค10
3058. What is the SI unit of stiffness coefficient?
Anonymous Quiz
19%
(a) m/KN
67%
(b) KN/m
9%
(c) KN
4%
(d) m
๐Ÿ‘6๐Ÿ‘2
3056. Deflection Equations method was developed by
Anonymous Quiz
33%
(a) Mohr
23%
(b) Bernoulli
29%
(c) Maxwell
15%
(d) Mohr and Manderla
โค6๐Ÿฅฐ4
3034. Which branch of surveying is used to find the elevations of given points with respect to given or assumed datum?
Anonymous Quiz
64%
(a) Levelling
17%
(b) Contouring
14%
(c) Traversing
5%
(d) Surveying
๐Ÿ‘6โค1
3015. The pressure distribution diagram for earth pressure at rest is
Anonymous Quiz
30%
(a) circular
44%
(b) triangular
19%
(c) rectangular
7%
(d) square
1๐Ÿ‘10โค2
3014. The position of the backfill lying above the horizontal plane at the top of wall is called
Anonymous Quiz
30%
(a) Active state
8%
(b) Plasticity
46%
(c) Surcharge
17%
(d) Slip lines
โค4๐ŸŽ‰2
3013. The coefficient of earth pressure when the soil is at equilibrium is
Anonymous Quiz
27%
(a) ฯƒv /ฯƒh
32%
(b) ฯƒh /ฯƒv
16%
(c) ฯƒv ร— ฯƒh
25%
(d) ฯƒ1 / ฯƒ3
โค3๐Ÿ‘2
3012. The material retained or supported by the retaining structure is called
Anonymous Quiz
14%
(a) Surcharge
18%
(b) Support wall
49%
(c) Back fill
19%
(d) All of the mentioned
๐Ÿฅฐ5โค1๐Ÿ”ฅ1
3011. On designing retaining walls it is necessary to take care of _ exerted by soil mass.
Anonymous Quiz
9%
(a) Erosion
75%
(b) Lateral pressure
8%
(c) Surcharge
8%
(d) Lateral stress
โค8๐Ÿฅฐ1๐Ÿ™1
3010. The theory of plasticity pertaining to soils is based on
Anonymous Quiz
32%
(a) Mohrโ€™s theory
32%
(b) Rankineโ€™s method
32%
(c) Mohr-coulomb theory
4%
(d) None of the mentioned
๐Ÿ‘Œ5
๐Ÿ™3โค2
3007. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) of safe drinking water must be
Anonymous Quiz
44%
(a) Nil
33%
(b) 5
18%
(c) 10
5%
(d) 15
โค3๐Ÿ‘2๐ŸŽ‰2
3006. In slow sland filters, the turbidity of raw water can be removed only up to
Anonymous Quiz
29%
(a) 60 mg/litre
39%
(b) 75 mg/litre
23%
(c) 100 gm/litre
9%
(d) 150 mg/litre
โค4๐Ÿ”ฅ1๐Ÿ‘1