๐Basic Important Points for Civil Site Engineer's and Supervisors for Road Construction projects..
1. Camber: The minimum camber for a road is 2%.
2. Gradient: The maximum gradient for a road is 1 in 20 (5%).
3. Drainage: The minimum gradient for drainage is 1 in 100.
4. Compaction: The minimum compaction density for subgrade is 95%.
5. Thickness of Pavement Layers:
โ - Subbase: 100-150 mm
โ - Base course: 50-100 mm
โ - Surface course: 25-50 mm
6. Bitumen Content: The standard bitumen content for hot mix asphalt is 4-6%.
7. Aggregate Size: The maximum aggregate size for hot mix asphalt is 19 mm.
8. Compaction Temperature: The ideal compaction temperature for hot mix asphalt is between 120ยฐC and 140ยฐC.
9. Curing Period: The minimum curing period for concrete roads is 7 days.
10. Joint Spacing: The maximum joint spacing for concrete roads is 4.5 meters.
11. Pavement Marking: The standard width for pavement markings is 100 mm.
12. Road Signage: The standard height for road signs is 2.1 meters.
13. Drainage System: The minimum slope for drainage pipes is 1 in 100.
14. Geotextile: The standard thickness for geotextile underlayment is 0.5 mm.
15. Subgrade Stabilization: The standard depth for subgrade stabilization is 300 mm.
16. Base Course Material: The standard material for base course is crushed aggregate.
17. Surface Course Material: The standard material for surface course is hot mix asphalt.
18. Tack Coat: The standard application rate for tack coat is 0.2-0.5 liters per square meter.
19. Prime Coat: The standard application rate for prime coat is 0.5-1.0 liters per square meter.
20. Road Safety Features: The standard height for crash barriers is 0.8 meters.
21. Road Lighting: The standard spacing for road lighting poles is 30-50 meters.
22. Drainage Inlets: The standard spacing for drainage inlets is 100-200 meters.
23. Shoulder Width: The standard width for road shoulders is 2.5-3.5 meters.
24. Lane Width: The standard width for road lanes is 3.5-4.5 meters.
25. Road Surface Texture: The standard texture depth for road surfaces is 0.5-1.5 mm.
26. Skid Resistance: The standard skid resistance value for road surfaces is 0.4-0.6.
27. Roadside Slope: The standard slope for roadside embankments is 1:1.5 to 1:2.
28. Culvert Size: The standard size for culverts is 600 mm x 600 mm.
29. Guardrail Height: The standard height for guardrails is 1.1 meters.
30. Roadside Drainage: The standard slope for roadside drainage channels is 1 in 50.
31. Bitumen Penetration: The standard penetration value for bitumen is 60-80.
32. Aggregate Crushing Value: The standard crushing value for aggregates is 20-30%.
33. Concrete Slump: The standard slump value for concrete is 25-100 mm.
34. Compaction Equipment: The standard compaction equipment for road construction is a 10-ton roller.
35. Pavement Layer Thickness: The standard thickness for pavement layers is 50-200 mm.
36. Road Surface Evenness: The standard evenness value for road surfaces is 3-5 mm.
37. Road Surface Roughness: The standard roughness value for road surfaces is 1.5-3.5 mm.
38. Drainage Pipe Material: The standard material for drainage pipes is PVC or concrete.
39. Roadside Fencing: The standard height for roadside fencing is 1.2 meters.
40. Environmental Protection: The standard measures for environmental protection during road construction include dust control, noise reduction, and erosion prevention.
@etconp
1. Camber: The minimum camber for a road is 2%.
2. Gradient: The maximum gradient for a road is 1 in 20 (5%).
3. Drainage: The minimum gradient for drainage is 1 in 100.
4. Compaction: The minimum compaction density for subgrade is 95%.
5. Thickness of Pavement Layers:
โ - Subbase: 100-150 mm
โ - Base course: 50-100 mm
โ - Surface course: 25-50 mm
6. Bitumen Content: The standard bitumen content for hot mix asphalt is 4-6%.
7. Aggregate Size: The maximum aggregate size for hot mix asphalt is 19 mm.
8. Compaction Temperature: The ideal compaction temperature for hot mix asphalt is between 120ยฐC and 140ยฐC.
9. Curing Period: The minimum curing period for concrete roads is 7 days.
10. Joint Spacing: The maximum joint spacing for concrete roads is 4.5 meters.
11. Pavement Marking: The standard width for pavement markings is 100 mm.
12. Road Signage: The standard height for road signs is 2.1 meters.
13. Drainage System: The minimum slope for drainage pipes is 1 in 100.
14. Geotextile: The standard thickness for geotextile underlayment is 0.5 mm.
15. Subgrade Stabilization: The standard depth for subgrade stabilization is 300 mm.
16. Base Course Material: The standard material for base course is crushed aggregate.
17. Surface Course Material: The standard material for surface course is hot mix asphalt.
18. Tack Coat: The standard application rate for tack coat is 0.2-0.5 liters per square meter.
19. Prime Coat: The standard application rate for prime coat is 0.5-1.0 liters per square meter.
20. Road Safety Features: The standard height for crash barriers is 0.8 meters.
21. Road Lighting: The standard spacing for road lighting poles is 30-50 meters.
22. Drainage Inlets: The standard spacing for drainage inlets is 100-200 meters.
23. Shoulder Width: The standard width for road shoulders is 2.5-3.5 meters.
24. Lane Width: The standard width for road lanes is 3.5-4.5 meters.
25. Road Surface Texture: The standard texture depth for road surfaces is 0.5-1.5 mm.
26. Skid Resistance: The standard skid resistance value for road surfaces is 0.4-0.6.
27. Roadside Slope: The standard slope for roadside embankments is 1:1.5 to 1:2.
28. Culvert Size: The standard size for culverts is 600 mm x 600 mm.
29. Guardrail Height: The standard height for guardrails is 1.1 meters.
30. Roadside Drainage: The standard slope for roadside drainage channels is 1 in 50.
31. Bitumen Penetration: The standard penetration value for bitumen is 60-80.
32. Aggregate Crushing Value: The standard crushing value for aggregates is 20-30%.
33. Concrete Slump: The standard slump value for concrete is 25-100 mm.
34. Compaction Equipment: The standard compaction equipment for road construction is a 10-ton roller.
35. Pavement Layer Thickness: The standard thickness for pavement layers is 50-200 mm.
36. Road Surface Evenness: The standard evenness value for road surfaces is 3-5 mm.
37. Road Surface Roughness: The standard roughness value for road surfaces is 1.5-3.5 mm.
38. Drainage Pipe Material: The standard material for drainage pipes is PVC or concrete.
39. Roadside Fencing: The standard height for roadside fencing is 1.2 meters.
40. Environmental Protection: The standard measures for environmental protection during road construction include dust control, noise reduction, and erosion prevention.
@etconp
โค19๐5๐3
648_แจแฎแแตแตแซแญแฝแ_แฅแแต_แแจแแแซแ_แแแแฃ_แแแชแซ.pdf
2.7 MB
๐แจ แฎแแตแตแซแญแฝแ แฅแแต แแจแแแซแ แแแแฃ แแแชแซ
- แฎแแตแซแญแฐแญ แจ แฐแจแ 1 แฅแตแจ 10
- แจแ แแซแช แแแแฒแต แแแต
- แฃแแแซ แแแ แ แญแแต
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
- แฎแแตแซแญแฐแญ แจ แฐแจแ 1 แฅแตแจ 10
- แจแ แแซแช แแแแฒแต แแแต
- แฃแแแซ แแแ แ แญแแต
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
โค4๐2
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Ab Con General Waterproofing Works
แจแแ แ แ แญแฆแตแแ แ แจแแฐแ แฐแจแ แแแจแแญ แ แแญแ แญแแแต แจแแ แแ แซแแแซ แดแแฒแญ แณแแญ แตแญแแณแต แญแ แแ !!!
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โแแแแ แแแณ
โ แแแแชแซ แคแถแฝ แฃแคแชแ แฅแตแดแถแฝ แคแตแญแ แถแฝ แคแแตแแณแแฝแฅ แแดแแฝ แฅ แคแแฃแฒแแฝแฅแจแฅแญแป แฆแณแแฝ แฅแขแแฑแตแตแช แแญแฎแฝ แแแฐ แจแ แฐแ แแแแฝ แแธแแข
๐คณ0913967277
0968966602
โค3๐2
๐ INTERCON Construction Chemicals
โ Concrete Admixtures
โ Bonding Agents
โ Waterproofings
โ Wall Putty, Prime Coat
โ Concrete Repair Mortar
โ Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ Grout, Self-level mortar
โ Quartz paint, Contextra
โ Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
โ Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
โ๏ธ Tel: 0961955555
๐น Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital
๐น Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza
โ Concrete Admixtures
โ Bonding Agents
โ Waterproofings
โ Wall Putty, Prime Coat
โ Concrete Repair Mortar
โ Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ Grout, Self-level mortar
โ Quartz paint, Contextra
โ Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
โ Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
โ๏ธ Tel: 0961955555
๐น Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital
๐น Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza
โค3
#ADVERTISEMENT
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1. ETABS Price = 3000birr
2. Ms Project Price = 3000birr
3. Quantity Survey Price = 3000birr
4. Civil 3D Price =4000birr
5. Etabs With Safe Price = 4500birr
6. Advanced Structural Design Using ETABS, SAFE and SAP2000 = 9000birr
7. Structural Design in ProtaStructure Software = 6000birr
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๐Training (With Discount)
๐Online Class (With Certificate)
1. ETABS Price = 3000birr
2. Ms Project Price = 3000birr
3. Quantity Survey Price = 3000birr
4. Civil 3D Price =4000birr
5. Etabs With Safe Price = 4500birr
6. Advanced Structural Design Using ETABS, SAFE and SAP2000 = 9000birr
7. Structural Design in ProtaStructure Software = 6000birr
8. Autocad Price = 3000birr
9. Sap2000 Price = 2500birr
10. Autodesk Revit Architecture = 4500BIRR
๐ซต If u take More than 2 Course u will have Big Discount
๐งPrepared by Engineering Solution Abel Muluken
๐ซตFor Registration - 0948552002 Or @AbelMuluken
๐งTelegram Channel - https://t.me/AbelMulukenEngineeringSolution
๐งYouTube Channel - https://youtube.com/channel/UCNxyykElOiXVKVlA4jXI2BA
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Youtube link - https://youtube.com/channel/UCNxyykElOiXVKVlA4jXI2BA
โค5
๐For Railway Engineer's Job Entrance Exam
Q1. What is Railway Engineering?
Answer: Railway engineering deals with the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of railway tracks and systems.
Q2. What is the standard gauge in Indian Railways?
Answer: 1.676 m
Q3. What is ballast?
Answer: Ballast is a layer of crushed stones laid below sleepers to distribute load and provide drainage.
Q4. Main functions of ballast?
Answer: Load distribution, track stability, drainage, and maintaining track geometry.
Q5. What are sleepers?
Answer: Sleepers are transverse members that support rails and maintain gauge.
Q6. Types of sleepers?
Answer: Wooden, Steel, Cast iron, and Concrete sleepers.
Q7. Best sleeper used in modern railways?
Answer: Pre-stressed concrete sleeper.
Q8. What is rail gauge?
Answer: Distance between the inner faces of two rails.
Q9. Types of rail gauges?
Answer: Broad gauge, Meter gauge, and Narrow gauge.
Q10. What is rail creep?
Answer: Longitudinal movement of rails in the direction of traffic.
@etconp
Q1. What is Railway Engineering?
Answer: Railway engineering deals with the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of railway tracks and systems.
Q2. What is the standard gauge in Indian Railways?
Answer: 1.676 m
Q3. What is ballast?
Answer: Ballast is a layer of crushed stones laid below sleepers to distribute load and provide drainage.
Q4. Main functions of ballast?
Answer: Load distribution, track stability, drainage, and maintaining track geometry.
Q5. What are sleepers?
Answer: Sleepers are transverse members that support rails and maintain gauge.
Q6. Types of sleepers?
Answer: Wooden, Steel, Cast iron, and Concrete sleepers.
Q7. Best sleeper used in modern railways?
Answer: Pre-stressed concrete sleeper.
Q8. What is rail gauge?
Answer: Distance between the inner faces of two rails.
Q9. Types of rail gauges?
Answer: Broad gauge, Meter gauge, and Narrow gauge.
Q10. What is rail creep?
Answer: Longitudinal movement of rails in the direction of traffic.
@etconp
๐14โค3
๐Questions For Material Engineers
1. Why is material testing important in construction?
Ans:To ensure that materials meet design specifications, standards, and safety requirements before and during use.
2. What tests are carried out on cement at site level?
Ans:Fineness test, setting time test, soundness test, and compressive strength test.
3. What is the standard initial and final setting time of OPC cement?
Ans:Initial setting time โฅ 30 minutes
Final setting time โค 600 minutes.
4. How do you check the quality of sand before use?
Ans:Silt content test, bulking test, sieve analysis (gradation), and visual inspection for organic matter.
5. What is the permissible silt content in fine aggregate?
Ans:Not more than 6% by volume.
6. What field tests are conducted on coarse aggregate?
Ans:Sieve analysis, impact value test, crushing value test, abrasion test, and flakiness & elongation index.
7. What is the standard slump range for different concrete works?
Ans:Footings: 25โ75 mm
Beams & slabs: 75โ100 mm
Pumped concrete: 100โ150 mm.
8. How do you conduct a slump test on site?
Ans:Fill cone in 3 layers, each tamped 25 times, lift cone vertically, and measure subsidence.
9. What is cube test in concrete?
Ans:A compressive strength test carried out on 150 mm concrete cubes at 7 and 28 days.
10. What is the minimum acceptable strength at 7 days?
Ans:Generally โฅ 65% of the characteristic 28-day strength.
11. How many concrete cubes are required for each pour?
Ans:Minimum 3 cubes per 30 mยณ of concrete or per dayโs pour, whichever is higher.
@ETCONpWORK @ETCONp
12. What is a field density test and where is it used?
It determines in-situ soil compaction using Sand Cone or Nuclear Density Method for earthworks.
13. What is the required compaction for subgrade and sub-base?
95โ98% of Maximum Dry Density (MDD).
14. What tests are performed on asphalt materials?
Bitumen penetration test, softening point, ductility, Marshall stability, and core density test.
15. What is the Marshall Stability Test?
A test to evaluate the strength, flow, and durability of asphalt mixes.
@etconp
1. Why is material testing important in construction?
Ans:To ensure that materials meet design specifications, standards, and safety requirements before and during use.
2. What tests are carried out on cement at site level?
Ans:Fineness test, setting time test, soundness test, and compressive strength test.
3. What is the standard initial and final setting time of OPC cement?
Ans:Initial setting time โฅ 30 minutes
Final setting time โค 600 minutes.
4. How do you check the quality of sand before use?
Ans:Silt content test, bulking test, sieve analysis (gradation), and visual inspection for organic matter.
5. What is the permissible silt content in fine aggregate?
Ans:Not more than 6% by volume.
6. What field tests are conducted on coarse aggregate?
Ans:Sieve analysis, impact value test, crushing value test, abrasion test, and flakiness & elongation index.
7. What is the standard slump range for different concrete works?
Ans:Footings: 25โ75 mm
Beams & slabs: 75โ100 mm
Pumped concrete: 100โ150 mm.
8. How do you conduct a slump test on site?
Ans:Fill cone in 3 layers, each tamped 25 times, lift cone vertically, and measure subsidence.
9. What is cube test in concrete?
Ans:A compressive strength test carried out on 150 mm concrete cubes at 7 and 28 days.
10. What is the minimum acceptable strength at 7 days?
Ans:Generally โฅ 65% of the characteristic 28-day strength.
11. How many concrete cubes are required for each pour?
Ans:Minimum 3 cubes per 30 mยณ of concrete or per dayโs pour, whichever is higher.
@ETCONpWORK @ETCONp
12. What is a field density test and where is it used?
It determines in-situ soil compaction using Sand Cone or Nuclear Density Method for earthworks.
13. What is the required compaction for subgrade and sub-base?
95โ98% of Maximum Dry Density (MDD).
14. What tests are performed on asphalt materials?
Bitumen penetration test, softening point, ductility, Marshall stability, and core density test.
15. What is the Marshall Stability Test?
A test to evaluate the strength, flow, and durability of asphalt mixes.
@etconp
โค17๐6
๐Caterpillar แจแฐแฐแแ แจแฎแแตแตแซแญแฝแ แแฝแแชแแฝ แ แแซแฝ แตแญแ
แต แ แฐแฝแจแญแซแชแแน แแญ AI Automation แแแ แ แแแแฉแ แ แตแณแแแแข
"Cat AI Assistant" แจแแ แตแซแ แจแฐแฐแ แ แญแ แฒแตแฐแ แจแฐแฐแซแ Jetson Thor แ แฐแฐแ แจNvidia physical AI แ แแซแแแต แแแข
แจแแแ แจAI Hardware แ แแซแฝ แตแญแ แต NVidia แแญ แ แแฐแฃแ แญ แแซแจแแ แแ แ แฃแแต CAT 306 CR Mini แคแญแตแซแซแฐแญ แ แแแ แ แแฅแญแณ แ แฅแ แทแแข
แ Caterpillar แจ Dataแ AI แแญแตแ แแฌแแณแแต แจแแแ Brandon Hootman แฅแแฐแฐแแแจแ CAT AI assistance แจแแฝแ แฆแแฌแฐแฉแ แฅแซแแแฝ แแแแตแฃ แจแฐแ แแแต แแจแแแฝแ แแตแ แตแฃแตแซแแฝแ แแแต แฅแแฒแแ แจแฐแแซแฉ แจแณแญแต แแจแแแฝแ แ แแฐแฅแฐแฅ แ แแต project แแ แซแญแ แจแแแฃแณ แฅแแแฝ แฅแแฐแแซแตแแแแต calculate แแตแจแ แญแฝแแแข
@etconp
"Cat AI Assistant" แจแแ แตแซแ แจแฐแฐแ แ แญแ แฒแตแฐแ แจแฐแฐแซแ Jetson Thor แ แฐแฐแ แจNvidia physical AI แ แแซแแแต แแแข
แจแแแ แจAI Hardware แ แแซแฝ แตแญแ แต NVidia แแญ แ แแฐแฃแ แญ แแซแจแแ แแ แ แฃแแต CAT 306 CR Mini แคแญแตแซแซแฐแญ แ แแแ แ แแฅแญแณ แ แฅแ แทแแข
แ Caterpillar แจ Dataแ AI แแญแตแ แแฌแแณแแต แจแแแ Brandon Hootman แฅแแฐแฐแแแจแ CAT AI assistance แจแแฝแ แฆแแฌแฐแฉแ แฅแซแแแฝ แแแแตแฃ แจแฐแ แแแต แแจแแแฝแ แแตแ แตแฃแตแซแแฝแ แแแต แฅแแฒแแ แจแฐแแซแฉ แจแณแญแต แแจแแแฝแ แ แแฐแฅแฐแฅ แ แแต project แแ แซแญแ แจแแแฃแณ แฅแแแฝ แฅแแฐแแซแตแแแแต calculate แแตแจแ แญแฝแแแข
@etconp
โค12๐4๐2
แณแแซแต แแแต แฅแ แ แฆแแต แ แ
แซแข
โ แจแแแฐแฃแธแ แ แแแแแถแฝ
๐ แแแต any Size & thickness
๐ แ แฆแแต (แฅแญแต แแแฃแตแ แแ แ)
๐ แจแฐแแซแฉ [modefic] แตแซแแฝแ แฅแแฐแซแแแข
โฆ๏ธ แแแแแแ แฅแจแณ แฅแจแต แฅแแแแแแข
โ๏ธแตแแญ 0904040477 แแญแ 0911016833 แฐแแแ แซแแแ
๐ฑแดแแแซแ แแญ แฆhttps://t.me/heavenic1
แ แตแซแปแฆ แ 1.แแญแซแถ
แ.2 แ แจแญ แคแ แชแณแ แแ แจแต
แ.3 แแซ
แฅแซแตแ แณแแแแต แแแซแฝแ แแแข
แณแแซแต แแแต แฅแ แ แฆแแต แ แ แซแข
โ แจแแแฐแฃแธแ แ แแแแแถแฝ
๐ แแแต any Size & thickness
๐ แ แฆแแต (แฅแญแต แแแฃแตแ แแ แ)
๐ แจแฐแแซแฉ [modefic] แตแซแแฝแ แฅแแฐแซแแแข
โฆ๏ธ แแแแแแ แฅแจแณ แฅแจแต แฅแแแแแแข
โ๏ธแตแแญ 0904040477 แแญแ 0911016833 แฐแแแ แซแแแ
๐ฑแดแแแซแ แแญ แฆhttps://t.me/heavenic1
แ แตแซแปแฆ แ 1.แแญแซแถ
แ.2 แ แจแญ แคแ แชแณแ แแ แจแต
แ.3 แแซ
แฅแซแตแ แณแแแแต แแแซแฝแ แแแข
แณแแซแต แแแต แฅแ แ แฆแแต แ แ แซแข
โค2
๐Building Finishes, Services Coordination & Defect Management (Practical & Technical)
1. Why are building finishes important in construction projects?
They protect structural elements, improve durability, functionality, and enhance aesthetics.
2. What checks are required before starting plastering works?
Surface cleaning, alignment check, proper curing of masonry, service concealment completion, and approval.
3. What is the standard thickness of internal and external plaster?
Internal: 12โ15 mm
External: 15โ20 mm (often in two coats).
4. What causes cracks in plaster and how are they controlled?
Shrinkage, poor mix, improper curing, and thermal movement; controlled by proper mix, curing, and mesh at junctions.
5. What is the purpose of expansion or control joints in buildings?
To accommodate movement and prevent random cracking.
6. What checks are required before floor screeding?
Surface cleanliness, level marking, correct slope, service completion, and material approval.
7. What is the recommended screed thickness for building floors?
Typically 40โ50 mm for bonded screed unless otherwise specified.
8. What are the key quality checks for tiling works?
Tile alignment, joint spacing, level, slope to drain, adhesive coverage, and grout quality.
9. What causes tile debonding or hollow sound?
Poor surface preparation, insufficient adhesive, movement, or moisture ingress.
10. What is waterproofing and where is it critical in buildings?
Protection against water penetration; critical in toilets, kitchens, roofs, basements, and balconies.
11. What are common waterproofing systems used in buildings?
Cementitious coating, bituminous membrane, liquid-applied membranes, and PVC membranes.
12. What tests are conducted after waterproofing application?
Flood (ponding) test for 24โ72 hours and visual inspection.
13. What coordination checks are required between civil and MEP works?
Pipe routing, sleeves, conduits, access panels, and service clearances.
14. What is snag list in building projects?
A documented list of defects and incomplete works prepared before handover.
15. What is rectification period?
The time allowed to correct identified defects before final acceptance.
16. What are common finishing defects in buildings?
Uneven plaster, paint peeling, leakage, cracked tiles, and misaligned fixtures.
17. How do you manage defects during finishing stage?
Inspection, documentation, assignment, rectification, and re-inspection.
18. What documents are required for final building handover?
As-built drawings, test reports, warranties, O&M manuals, and completion certificate.
19. What is preventive maintenance in building projects?
Planned inspections and minor repairs to extend service life.
20. What records should be maintained for building finishes and defects?
Inspection reports, snag lists, rectification logs, test results, and handover documents.
@etconp
1. Why are building finishes important in construction projects?
They protect structural elements, improve durability, functionality, and enhance aesthetics.
2. What checks are required before starting plastering works?
Surface cleaning, alignment check, proper curing of masonry, service concealment completion, and approval.
3. What is the standard thickness of internal and external plaster?
Internal: 12โ15 mm
External: 15โ20 mm (often in two coats).
4. What causes cracks in plaster and how are they controlled?
Shrinkage, poor mix, improper curing, and thermal movement; controlled by proper mix, curing, and mesh at junctions.
5. What is the purpose of expansion or control joints in buildings?
To accommodate movement and prevent random cracking.
6. What checks are required before floor screeding?
Surface cleanliness, level marking, correct slope, service completion, and material approval.
7. What is the recommended screed thickness for building floors?
Typically 40โ50 mm for bonded screed unless otherwise specified.
8. What are the key quality checks for tiling works?
Tile alignment, joint spacing, level, slope to drain, adhesive coverage, and grout quality.
9. What causes tile debonding or hollow sound?
Poor surface preparation, insufficient adhesive, movement, or moisture ingress.
10. What is waterproofing and where is it critical in buildings?
Protection against water penetration; critical in toilets, kitchens, roofs, basements, and balconies.
11. What are common waterproofing systems used in buildings?
Cementitious coating, bituminous membrane, liquid-applied membranes, and PVC membranes.
12. What tests are conducted after waterproofing application?
Flood (ponding) test for 24โ72 hours and visual inspection.
13. What coordination checks are required between civil and MEP works?
Pipe routing, sleeves, conduits, access panels, and service clearances.
14. What is snag list in building projects?
A documented list of defects and incomplete works prepared before handover.
15. What is rectification period?
The time allowed to correct identified defects before final acceptance.
16. What are common finishing defects in buildings?
Uneven plaster, paint peeling, leakage, cracked tiles, and misaligned fixtures.
17. How do you manage defects during finishing stage?
Inspection, documentation, assignment, rectification, and re-inspection.
18. What documents are required for final building handover?
As-built drawings, test reports, warranties, O&M manuals, and completion certificate.
19. What is preventive maintenance in building projects?
Planned inspections and minor repairs to extend service life.
20. What records should be maintained for building finishes and defects?
Inspection reports, snag lists, rectification logs, test results, and handover documents.
@etconp
โค18๐4๐1
๐แ แ
แแญ แแแตแตแญ แแขแญ แ แแแต (แถ/แญ) แจแขแพแแฑ แแแ แ แแ แ แแฎแแแ แแจแแซ แแแฃแณแ แแฌ แฅแญ 2 แแ 2018 แ.แ แ แญแ แตแซ แ แตแแแฉแข
๐งแตแ แขแพแแฑ แ แแแ แแ แ แแฎแแแ แแจแแซ แแแฃแณ แแ แซแ แ แซแแแ?
๐ซแจแแแแชแซแ แแแซแ แจแ แแฎแแแ แแจแแซ แฅแซ แ แ แแต 60 แแแฎแ แฐแแฆแฝแ แจแแตแฐแแแต แ แ แ แ แแ
๐ซแจแ แฒแต แ แ แฃ แฐแกแฅ แแตแซแ 40 แชแแแตแญ แ แซแฃแข แ แแตแแแแ 1910 แแตแญ แจแแณ แฃแแต แขแพแแฑ แจแฐแ แญแแแฃแ
๐ซแแแฃแณแ แฒแ แแแ แ แแชแซแ แจแ แแ แแณแ แจแ แจแญ แตแซแแตแแญแต แแแปแชแซแแฝ แ แแท แซแฐแญแแณแ
๐ซแแแชแฑ แ แ แแต 110 แแแฎแ แแแแฐแแฝแ แจแแตแฐแแแต แ แ แ แแญ แฅแแตแตแฐแญแต แซแฐแญแแ
๐ซแขแพแแฑ แแ แแฎแแแแฝ แฅแซ แจแฐแแธ แจแฃแข แ แแต
๐ซแแณแจแปแธแแ แขแตแฎแตแซ แแฐแจแแ แแ แแตแซแแแต แแแแฐแแฝ แฅแ แแแณ แซแแต แจแฐแ แแต
๐ซแ แ แแชแซ แณแชแญ แตแแ แจแ แจแญ แตแซแแตแแญแต แแ แจแฐ แแแต แแฎแแญแต แญแแแ
๐ซแจแแฃแฉ แจแ แจแญ แตแซแแตแแญแต แแ แณแญ แแญ แ แแแ แจแฐแแแฐ แ แ แซแญ แฅแแฒแแญ แแน แแแณ แญแแฅแซแ
๐ซแฆแ แ แแแ แแ แ แแฎแแแ แแจแแซ แแฐ 25 แแแฎแ แจแแ แ แแแแฐแแฝแ แ แ แแต แจแแตแฐแแแต แ แ แ แ แแ
๐ซแขแตแฎแตแซแ แจแแฐแแท แจแ แแชแซ แแแฃแญ แแฐแ แจแ แจแญ แตแซแแตแแญแต แ แญ แจแแตแจแ แ แแแ แซแแแ แแ
๐ซแจแขแตแฎแตแซ แแแซแ แจแขแฎแแ แชแแญแแฃ แจแขแแฐแตแตแช แแตแแแซ แ แแแณ แฅแ แจแจแ แ แแแ แจแ แชแจแฝแ แตแตแซแดแ แแญ แจแฐแแ แ แแ
๐ซแแฎแแญแฑ แจแขแตแฎแตแซ แ แจแญ แแแแตแ แ แแแ แแ แฐแแณแณแชแแต แซแ แแญแซแ
๐ซแ AfCFTA แแ แแ แจแ แแชแซแ แจแแแแแต แ แ แ แญแจแแซแ
๐ซแจแแแต แฅแ แฑแชแแ แฎแชแฐแฎแฝแ แซแฐแแ
๐ซแขแตแฎแตแซแแ แแณแ แจแ แญแ แ แ แแญ แแแจแ แซแฐแญแแณแแข
@etconp
๐งแตแ แขแพแแฑ แ แแแ แแ แ แแฎแแแ แแจแแซ แแแฃแณ แแ แซแ แ แซแแแ?
๐ซแจแแแแชแซแ แแแซแ แจแ แแฎแแแ แแจแแซ แฅแซ แ แ แแต 60 แแแฎแ แฐแแฆแฝแ แจแแตแฐแแแต แ แ แ แ แแ
๐ซแจแ แฒแต แ แ แฃ แฐแกแฅ แแตแซแ 40 แชแแแตแญ แ แซแฃแข แ แแตแแแแ 1910 แแตแญ แจแแณ แฃแแต แขแพแแฑ แจแฐแ แญแแแฃแ
๐ซแแแฃแณแ แฒแ แแแ แ แแชแซแ แจแ แแ แแณแ แจแ แจแญ แตแซแแตแแญแต แแแปแชแซแแฝ แ แแท แซแฐแญแแณแ
๐ซแแแชแฑ แ แ แแต 110 แแแฎแ แแแแฐแแฝแ แจแแตแฐแแแต แ แ แ แแญ แฅแแตแตแฐแญแต แซแฐแญแแ
๐ซแขแพแแฑ แแ แแฎแแแแฝ แฅแซ แจแฐแแธ แจแฃแข แ แแต
๐ซแแณแจแปแธแแ แขแตแฎแตแซ แแฐแจแแ แแ แแตแซแแแต แแแแฐแแฝ แฅแ แแแณ แซแแต แจแฐแ แแต
๐ซแ แ แแชแซ แณแชแญ แตแแ แจแ แจแญ แตแซแแตแแญแต แแ แจแฐ แแแต แแฎแแญแต แญแแแ
๐ซแจแแฃแฉ แจแ แจแญ แตแซแแตแแญแต แแ แณแญ แแญ แ แแแ แจแฐแแแฐ แ แ แซแญ แฅแแฒแแญ แแน แแแณ แญแแฅแซแ
๐ซแฆแ แ แแแ แแ แ แแฎแแแ แแจแแซ แแฐ 25 แแแฎแ แจแแ แ แแแแฐแแฝแ แ แ แแต แจแแตแฐแแแต แ แ แ แ แแ
๐ซแขแตแฎแตแซแ แจแแฐแแท แจแ แแชแซ แแแฃแญ แแฐแ แจแ แจแญ แตแซแแตแแญแต แ แญ แจแแตแจแ แ แแแ แซแแแ แแ
๐ซแจแขแตแฎแตแซ แแแซแ แจแขแฎแแ แชแแญแแฃ แจแขแแฐแตแตแช แแตแแแซ แ แแแณ แฅแ แจแจแ แ แแแ แจแ แชแจแฝแ แตแตแซแดแ แแญ แจแฐแแ แ แแ
๐ซแแฎแแญแฑ แจแขแตแฎแตแซ แ แจแญ แแแแตแ แ แแแ แแ แฐแแณแณแชแแต แซแ แแญแซแ
๐ซแ AfCFTA แแ แแ แจแ แแชแซแ แจแแแแแต แ แ แ แญแจแแซแ
๐ซแจแแแต แฅแ แฑแชแแ แฎแชแฐแฎแฝแ แซแฐแแ
๐ซแขแตแฎแตแซแแ แแณแ แจแ แญแ แ แ แแญ แแแจแ แซแฐแญแแณแแข
@etconp
โค10๐6
๐4 แคแญแตแซแซแฐแญ แชแซแญ แฅแแแแแแ
๐แฃแถแณ แ แแญแ แแแฎ
๐แแ แแ แแจแ แ 0912261146 แญแฐแแ๐
@etconp
๐แฃแถแณ แ แแญแ แแแฎ
๐แแ แแ แแจแ แ 0912261146 แญแฐแแ๐
@etconp
โค4๐1
Media is too big
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๐แแแฃแณแ แจแฐแแแจแ แจแขแพแแฑ แแแ แ แแ แ แแฎแแแ แแจแแซ แฒแ แแแ
แญแ
แ แญแแตแแโค
#ethiopianairlines #NewAirport
@etconp
#ethiopianairlines #NewAirport
@etconp
โค16๐ฅ1
3120. In the analysis of Trusses, the Method of Sections is preferable over the Method of
Joints when:
Joints when:
Anonymous Quiz
33%
(a) all forces are zero
25%
(b) only a few specific member forces are needed
14%
(c) the structure is unstable
28%
(d) all member forces are required
๐4๐1
3119. Which of the following is NOT a factor used in determining the design strength of a compression member in accordance with limit state design method?
Anonymous Quiz
32%
(a) The materialโs ultimate strength
25%
(b) The effective length factor
29%
(c) The moment of inertia
15%
(d) The cross-sectional area
๐ฅ5๐2โค1
3118. Batten plates are usually used in which type of column sections?
Anonymous Quiz
9%
(a) Mid height of a circular columns
22%
(b) A single rectangular tubular section
57%
(c) Built-up columns with two or more rolled steel sections placed side by side
12%
(d) Single hollow sections
๐5
3117. Which of the following type of tension member is not mainly used in modern practice?
Anonymous Quiz
20%
(a) Single angles
40%
(b) Flat bars
17%
(c) Double angles
23%
(d) Circular section
๐3
Introduction to Construction Scheduling with Ms Project 2016 - Building Amaster schedule.
https://youtu.be/JbPplB8jNHw
แจMs Project 2016 แจแตแแ แ แชแตแฎ Part l แ YouTube แแแฝแ แฐแแแแข
#MsProject2016 #Constructionscheduling
https://youtu.be/JbPplB8jNHw
แจMs Project 2016 แจแตแแ แ แชแตแฎ Part l แ YouTube แแแฝแ แฐแแแแข
#MsProject2016 #Constructionscheduling
โค5๐ฅ2๐1
3116. The strength of tensile members is not influenced by:
Anonymous Quiz
15%
(a) Length of connection
22%
(b) Net area of cross section
31%
(c) Type of fabrication
32%
(d) Length of plate
โค3๐3
3115. Effective length of fillet weld is
Anonymous Quiz
23%
(a) Equal to overall length plus twice the weld size
22%
(b) Twice the overall length plus twice the weld size
40%
(c) Equal to overall length minus twice the weld size
14%
(d) Twice the overall length minus twice the weld size
๐ฅฐ4โค2