👉HOW TO CHECK QUALITY OF CEMENT AT SITE?

💫Cement is one of the most important materials used in construction.

⏺The strength of a structure depends upon several factors,
cement quality is one of them. To achieve the desired strength of concrete and to increase the longevity of structure good quality cement
should always be used.
So it is important to check the quality of cement before using. In our previous article, we have already discussed the different types of cement and their uses in construction.

🚧Today we will discuss how to check the quality of cement at site.

⏺To check the quality of cement we need to pass some easy tests which are described
below.

🏷To check the quality of cement we need to pass some easy tests which are described
below:

1. DATE OF PACKING:

The strength of cement decreases with time.
First of all, check the manufacturing date in the bag before using.
Generally, cement should be used before 90 days from the manufacturing date.
The percentage of strength loss of cement is given in the below

❇️Age of cement % reduction of strength

3 months 20-30
6 months 30-40
12 months 40-50

2. CEMENT COLOR:

The cement should be uniform in color.
Good quality cement should have gray color with greenish shade.

3. CHECK FOR LUMPS:

No lumps should be present in the cement.
Lumps are formed due to absorption of moisture from the climate.

4. RUBBING TEST:

Cement should feel smooth while rubbing in between fingers.
If it gives a rough feeling that means cement is mixed with sand.

5. TEMPERATURE TEST:

Simply insert your hand into the cement bag, it should give a cool feeling if its quality is
good. Otherwise, you may feel warm because of hydration reaction.

6. FLOAT TEST:

Take some amount of cement and throw it in water.
The cement should float for sometimes before it sinks in the water.

7. SETTING TEST:

Make a thick cement paste with water and immerse it in water for 24 hours.
It should be set and should not develop cracks.

8. STRENGTH TEST:

Prepare a cement block of 25 mm x 25 mm and 200 mm in length.
Also submerge it in water for 7 days.
then place it on supports 15 cm apart and load it with 34 kg weight.

A block made from good cement will not show any signs of failure.

@etconp

👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

☎️ Tel: 0961955555

🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital

🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza

👉What is PPE

💫PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) means protective gear worn by workers to reduce risk of injury or illness, especially on construction sites like the ones you work on.

🪖 Head Protection

Hard hat (helmet) protects from falling objects and head impact
Some types also protect against electric shock
Must be worn all the time on site

👷 Eye & Face Protection

Safety goggles → protect from dust, sand, cement
Face shield → protects full face from sparks and chemicals
Welding mask → protects eyes from strong light and heat

👂 Hearing Protection

Ear plugs / ear muffs protect from loud noise
Important near:
Generators
Jackhammers
Heavy machines

😷 Respiratory Protection

Dust masks / respirators protect lungs
Used when:
Mixing cement
Cutting blocks
Working in dusty areas

🦺 Body Protection

Reflective vest (high-visibility)
Makes you easy to see, especially around machines or traffic

🧤 Hand Protection

Gloves protect from:
Cuts (rebar, nails)
Cement burns
Chemicals

👢 Foot Protection

Safety boots (steel toe) protect from:
Falling materials
Nails on ground
Very important for site injuries like foot puncture

🔑 Why PPE is Important

Prevents serious injuries and death
Required by safety rules on every construction site
Protects you from:
Physical injury
Dust and chemicals
Noise damage

⚠️ Important Tips

Always wear PPE before entering site
Check if it is not damaged
Use the right PPE for the job (not one for everything)

#FirstSafety

@etconp

👉Superelevation in Highway Design

🚧Superelevation is the transverse slope provided to a roadway at curves to counteract the centrifugal force acting on vehicles.

It ensures safety, comfort, and proper drainage while maintaining smooth traffic flow.

⭐️Key Stages of Superelevation Transition:

- Normal Section (Crown): Roadway with standard cross slope (0–5%).
- Runout Section: Gradual reduction of slope from normal crown to flat.
- Level Crown: Road surface becomes flat (0%).
- Reverse Crown: Opposite slope introduced to prepare for curve.
- Spiral Transition: Smooth change from flat to full superelevation.
- Full Superelevation: Maximum slope (up to 5–10%) achieved on the curve.

🏷Objectives:

- Prevent skidding and overturning on curves.
- Enhance driver comfort and vehicle stability.
- Maintain effective drainage.
- Provide a safe transition between tangent and curve.
- Meet geometric design standards for highways.

@etconp

👉የግንባታ ኮንትራት ዋና ዋና ቃላትና ትርጓሜዎቻቸው በአጭሩ የሚከተሉት ናቸው:-

1. የስራ መጠን ለውጦች (Variations)

- ኦሚሽን (Omission): የታቀደ ስራ ሲቀነስ ወይም ሲሰረዝ (ዋጋ ይቀንሳል)።

- አዲሽን (Addition): አዲስ ስራ ወይም ተጨማሪ መጠን ሲጨመር (ክፍያ ይጨምራል)።

- ቫሪዬሽን ኦርደር (VO): በዲዛይን ወይም በስራ መጠን ላይ ለውጥ ለማድረግ የሚሰጥ መደበኛ ትዕዛዝ።


2. የጊዜና የክፍያ ማበረታቻዎች/ቅጣቶች

- ቦነስ (Bonus): ስራው ከቀጠሮው በፊት ሲጠናቀቅ ለኮንትራክተሩ የሚሰጥ ሽልማት።

- ፔናልቲ (Penalty/LD): ስራው በጊዜ ካልተጠናቀቀ ከኮንትራክተሩ የሚቀነስ ቅጣት።

- የጊዜ ማራዘሚያ (EOT): ከኮንትራክተሩ ቁጥጥር ውጭ በሆኑ ምክንያቶች ለስራው የሚታከል ተጨማሪ ጊዜ።

- የዋጋ ለውጥ (Escalation): የጥሬ ዕቃዎች ወይም የነዳጅ ዋጋ በገበያ ላይ ሲጨምር የሚደረግ የዋጋ ማስተካከያ።

3. የክፍያ ዓይነቶችና ዋስትናዎች

- አድቫንስ (Advance): ስራ ለመጀመር ቅድሚያ የሚሰጥ ክፍያ (ከ10% - 20%)።

- ኢንተሪም ክፍያ (IPC): በየወሩ ለተከናወነ ስራ የሚከፈል ጊዜያዊ ክፍያ።

- ሪቴንሽን (Retention): ለጥራት ዋስትና ከእያንዳንዱ ክፍያ የሚቀነስ ገንዘብ (5% - 10%)።

- ፐርፎርማንስ ቦንድ: ኮንትራክተሩ ስራውን በአግባቡ ለመጨረሱ የሚይዘው የባንክ ዋስትና።

- የመጨረሻ ክፍያ (Final Payment): ፕሮጀክቱ ተጠናቆ ርክክብ ሲደረግ የሚፈፀም ክፍያ።


4. ከርክክብ በኋላ ያለ ኃላፊነት

- የጉድለት ኃላፊነት ጊዜ (DLP): ስራው ካለቀ በኋላ ባሉት 6 ወይም 12 ወራት ውስጥ የሚታዩ ብልሽቶች ኮንትራክተሩ በነፃ የሚያስተካክልበት ጊዜ።

@etconp

👉Slab Concrete Calculation – Ground Floor Example

💫1. Read Drawing & Data

- Plan Size: 6.00 m × 4.00 m
- Slab Thickness: 150 mm
- Staircase Opening: 2.50 m × 1.20 m

💫2. Gross Slab Area

- Total area of the slab before deductions.

💫3. Opening Area

- Area of staircase or other voids.

💫4. Net Slab Area

- Gross area minus openings.

💫5. Thickness Conversion

- Convert slab thickness into meters.

💫6. Concrete Volume

- Multiply net area by thickness.

💫7. Add Wastage

- Include 3–5% extra for handling and site loss.

✅Final Requirement

- Slab Concrete Needed ≈ 3.31 m³
- Always deduct openings (stairs, lifts, ducts) before calculating volume.

📜Caption

🔨 Precision in calculation ensures strength in construction. Every cubic meter counts when building the future!

#ConcreteAndSteel #ConstructionDetails #SlabDesign
#SiteWork #EngineeringEducation

@etconp

👉ቻይና ሙሉ በሙሉ በራሳቸው የሚንቀሳቀሱ ባቡሮችን ይፋ አደረገች

🚧በማዕከላዊ ቻይና ሁቤይ ግዛት ውስጥ የሚገኘው እና በእስያ አህጉር ረጅሙ ክበባዊ የሜትሮ መስመር ተብሎ የሚታወቀው የውሃን ሜትሮ 12 አዳዲስና ሙሉ በሙሉ አውቶማቲክ የሆኑ ባቡሮቹን ማክሰኞ ዕለት በይፋ አስተዋውቋል።

ይህ 59.9 ኪሎ ሜትር ርዝመት ያለው ታሪካዊ የሜትሮ መስመር እጅግ ዘመናዊ በሆነ ቴክኖሎጂ የተደራጀ ነው።

ባቡሮቹ የላቀ አውቶማቲክ የመንዳት ቴክኖሎጂን የሚጠቀሙ ሲሆን፣ ይህም ያለ አሽከርካሪ እርዳታ ሞተራቸውን በራሳቸው ማስነሳት፣ ጉዞ ማድረግ፣ መታጠፍ፣ ወደ ማቆሚያ መመለስ እና በተጠንቀቅ መቆም እንዲችሉ ያደርጋቸዋል።

ከዚህም በተጨማሪ የባቡሮቹን አጠቃላይ እንቅስቃሴ በርቀት መከታተልና መቆጣጠር የሚያስችል ዘመናዊ አሠራር ተገጥሞላቸዋል።

ፈጣን እና ምቹ አገልግሎት ለመስጠት የተዘጋጁት እነዚህ አዳዲስ ባቡሮች፣ በሰዓት ከፍተኛው እስከ 80 ኪሎ ሜትር ፍጥነት የመጓዝ አቅም አላቸው።

እያንዳንዱ ባቡር በተሟላ አቅሙ አገልግሎት ሲሰጥ በአንድ ጊዜ እስከ 2 ሺህ 592 መንገደኞችን የማጓጓዝ ከፍተኛ አቅም እንዳለው ፒፕልስ ዴይሊ ቻይና በዘገባው አመላክቷል።

@etconp

👉የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ከንቲባ አዳነች አቤቤ በሰጡት መግለጫ በአሁኑ ወቅት በከተማዋ ግንባታቸው እየተከናወነ ለሚገኙ 100 ሺህ የሚጠጉ ቤቶች ቅድሚያ የሚሰጠው ለረጅም ዓመታት እየቆጠቡ ለቆዩ ነባር ተመዝጋቢዎች መሆኑን አረጋግጠዋል።

ከንቲባዋ እንዳመለከቱት በዚህ በጀት ዓመት ከ10 ሺህ እስከ 20 ሺህ የሚደርሱ ቤቶች ተጠናቀው ለተጠቃሚዎች የሚተላለፉ ሲሆን የተቀሩት ደግሞ ወደ ማጠናቀቂያ ምዕራፍ ተሸጋግረዋል።

ይሁን እንጂ ተመዝጋቢዎች ቤቶቹን ለመረከብ ያላቸውን የቁጠባ መጠን ማሳደግ እንዳለባቸውና የተወሰነውን ክፍያ መክፈል የሚችሉበትን አቅም መፍጠር እንደሚጠበቅባቸው አሳስበዋል፤ ምክንያቱም ቤቶቹ በባንክ ብድር የሚገነቡ በመሆናቸው ክፍያ መፈጸም ካልተቻለ ባንኩ ቤቶቹን ሊረከባቸው ስለሚችል ነው።

በተጨማሪም መንግስት በግልና በመንግስት አጋርነት በሚገነቡ ቤቶች ላይ ያለውን የ30 በመቶ ድርሻ ለገበያ በማቅረብ የቤት ሽያጭና የኪራይ ዋጋ እንዲረጋጋ እያደረገ መሆኑንና በቀጣይ 5 ዓመታት ውስጥም 1.5 ሚሊዮን ቤቶችን ለመገንባት በተለያዩ የፋይናንስ አማራጮች እየተሰራ መሆኑን ገልጸዋል።

በመጨረሻም አሮጌ የቀበሌ ቤቶችን መልሶ በመገንባት ነዋሪዎች በተሻሻለ ሁኔታ እንዲኖሩና አቅም ለሌላቸው ደግሞ በነፃና በዝቅተኛ ኪራይ ቤቶች እንዲመቻቹ እየተደረገ መሆኑን አስታውቀዋል።

@etconp

soil compaction test with conclusion

Content

➪ definition
➪ objective
➪ how to apply on the field ?
➪ types ( in detail)
➪apparatus
➪ test procedure
➪ significance
➪ factors affecting compaction
➪ conclusion


Thank you Atul Hajong for sharing this document with us 🙏

#share

ይህን ፋይል ማውረድ ባትፈልጉ ቢያንስ ለጓደኞቻችው በማጋራት አጋርነታችሁን አሳዩን

የፋይል መጠን :- 1.4MB
File size:- 1.4MB

@etconp

👉Column Construction – Build Strong. Build Right. :

🔑 Key Details of Column Construction

- Reinforcement Cage
- Stirrups tied with a 135° hook for strong anchorage.
- Maintain minimum 8-inch spacing between stirrups for proper confinement.
- Use ½" diameter longitudinal bars with ¼" stirrups as per code.

- Concrete Pouring
- Ensure concrete achieves at least 2,500 psi strength for durability and safety.

- Concrete Vibration
- Apply a concrete vibrator to remove air pockets, improve compaction, and reduce water permeability.

- Formwork
- Use quality wooden planks for accurate alignment and smooth finish.

- Plumb Bob
- Always check vertical alignment with a plumb bob to keep the column perfectly straight.

📌 Notes

- Proper reinforcement and spacing ensure structural integrity.
- Vibration and compaction are critical for long-term durability.
- Accurate formwork and alignment prevent structural defects.

📜Caption:-Strong columns = strong structures. Precision in reinforcement, concrete, and alignment builds safety into every project.

#ConcreteAndSteel #ColumnConstruction #StructuralIntegrity #ConstructionDetails #EngineeringEducation

@etconp

👉ክፍል አንድ፡ ስለ አዲሱ የሕንፃ አዋጅ ቁጥር 1356/2017 ማወቅ ያለብዎት ወሳኝ ነጥቦች!

ማንኛውንም ግንባታ ከመጀመርዎ ወይም የጥገና ሥራ ከማከናወንዎ በፊት የአዋጁን ይዘት መረዳት ከሕግ ተጠያቂነት ከመታደጉም በላይ፣ ንብረትዎን ካልተገባ ብክነት ይጠብቃል።

ለዛሬ የአዋጁን ተፈጻሚነት፣ የ"ህንፃ" ትርጉም እና የግንባታ ባለቤቶች ግዴታን እንደሚከተለው በዝርዝር አቅርበንላችኋል።

🏢 "ህንፃ" የሚለው ቃል ሰፊ ትርጉም የተሰጠው ሲሆን የሚከተሉትን ግንባታዎች ያጠቃልላል፦
• ማንኛውም ለመኖሪያ፣ ለንግድ፣ ለኢንዱስትሪ ወይም ለሌላ አገልግሎት ታስቦ ከምድር በላይ ወይም በከርሰ-ምድር (Basement) የተገነባ ቋሚ ወይም ጊዜያዊ ግንባታ፤
• እንደ አጥር፣ የፍሳሽ ማስወገጃ መስመሮች፣ የውሃና መብራት ዝርጋታዎች ያሉ ተያያዥ ሥራዎች፤
• በህንፃው ግቢ ውስጥ የሚሰሩ መንገዶች እና ለህንፃው አገልግሎት እንዲውሉ ተለይተው የተሰሩ ማናቸውም መሰረተ-ልማቶች።

📍 የአዋጁ ተፈጻሚነት ወሰን (አንቀጽ 3)

አዋጁ በማንና የት ላይ ተፈጻሚ እንደሚሆን በአንቀጽ 3 ላይ በዝርዝር ተደንግጓል፦
• በከተሞች ውስጥ፦ 10,000 (አሥር ሺህ) እና ከዚያ በላይ ነዋሪዎች ባሏቸው ከተሞች በሚከናወኑ ግንባታዎች ሁሉ።
• ከከተማ ወሰን ውጭ፦ ለሕዝብ አገልግሎት የሚውሉ ሕንፃዎች (ትምህርት ቤት፣ ሆስፒታል ወዘተ)፣ የኢንዱስትሪ ወይም የዘመናዊ እርሻ ተቋማት እና የሪል ስቴት ግንባታዎች።
• ለነባር ሕንፃዎች፦ አዋጁ ከመውጣቱ በፊት የተገነቡ ሕንፃዎች ቢሆኑም፤ ለአካል ጉዳተኞች ተደራሽ ለማድረግ በሚደረግ ማሻሻያ እንዲሁም ለሕዝብ ደህንነትና ጤንነት አስጊ የሆኑ ሕንፃዎችን ለማስተካከል ወይም ለማፍረስ አዋጁ ተፈጻሚ ይሆናል።

@etconp

👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

☎️ Tel: 0961955555

🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital

🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza

👉Road construction is more than just laying concrete—it’s a precise sequence of engineering steps that ensure durability, safety, and performance.

1. Site Survey & Alignment Marking

Every project begins with accurate surveying. Proper alignment guarantees that the road follows the intended design and minimizes future issues.

2. Excavation & Earthwork

The ground is excavated and leveled to form a strong foundation. This step ensures stability and prevents settlement problems.

3. Base Layer Preparation

A well‑prepared sub‑base distributes loads evenly, providing maximum stability for the structure above.

4. Formwork & Steel Reinforcement

Formwork shapes the road, while steel reinforcement adds strength and resists cracking under heavy loads.

5. Concrete Mixing & Batching

Quality concrete is mixed in precise proportions to achieve durability and long‑lasting performance.

6. Concrete Pouring & Spreading

The mix is poured and spread evenly, forming the structural body of the road.

7. Compaction & Leveling

Compaction removes air voids, while leveling ensures a smooth, uniform surface.

8. Joints & Texturing

Expansion joints and surface texturing improve longevity and safety, reducing wear and enhancing grip.

9. Curing & Finishing

Proper curing strengthens the concrete, while finishing touches ensure durability and a professional look.

Safety First. Quality Always. Engineering Excellence.
That’s how civil engineers build roads that last and cities that thrive.

#ConstructionDetails #ConcreteAndSteel #PlumbingDesign #EngineeringExcellence

@etconp