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๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
Latest updates, tips, and tutorials on building, civil engineering, and construction in World.
Learn, build, and grow with us!

๐Ÿ“จ @Philemona7 Or @ETCONpBOT

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๐Ÿ‘‰5 Cement Field Tests (Site Testing)

1. Color Test
Good cement should have a uniform grey color with a slight greenish shade.

2. Touch Test
Rub cement between fingers. It should feel smooth, not rough or gritty.

3. Lumps Test
Cement bag should be free from hard lumps. Lumps indicate moisture absorption.

4. Float Test
Throw a small quantity of cement into water. Good cement should float for a few seconds before sinking.

5. Smell Test
Cement should not have an earthy or clay smell. Such smell indicates presence of impurities.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘11โค7๐Ÿ‘2
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โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰Hereโ€™s the Isolated Footing Design explained in detail :

๐Ÿ—๏ธ Step-by-Step Explanation

๐Ÿ”ฐSoil Pressure

- The column load is 1500 kN.
- The soil can safely carry 250 kN/mยฒ.
- The actual pressure applied is 135 kN/mยฒ, which is within safe limits.

โ‡๏ธFooting Size

- Required area is 2.5 mยฒ.
- Footing dimensions are 2.5 m ร— 2.5 m.
- Depth is 600 mm.
This ensures stability and proper load transfer.

๐ŸŽฒPunching Shear

- Punching shear is checked around the column perimeter.
- The footing is safe against punching shear failure.

๐Ÿ”ฐBending Moment

- The maximum bending moment is 450 kNm.
- This value is used to design reinforcement.

โญ๏ธReinforcement

- Steel reinforcement is required to resist bending.
- Provided reinforcement: 12 mm bars placed at 150 mm spacing in both directions.
- Effective steel area is 750 mmยฒ/m.
This ensures strength and durability.

๐ŸšงFinal Detailing

- Column size: 400 mm ร— 400 mm.
- Reinforcement: 12 mm bars @ 150 mm spacing.
- Cover depth: 0.6 m.
- Concrete grade: M30.
- Steel grade: Fe500.

โœ… Key Takeaway This design ensures:

- Safe soil pressure distribution
- Adequate footing size
- Resistance against punching shear
- Proper reinforcement for bending
- Strong detailing for durability

๐Ÿ’ซA well-designed isolated footing guarantees structural safety and longevity of the building foundation.

#CivilEngineering #StructuralDesign #FoundationSafety #SmartEngineering

@etconp
โค10
๐Ÿ‘‰What is BIM (Building Information Modeling)?

๐Ÿ’ซBIM (Building Information Modeling) is a digital process used in construction where a building is designed, planned, and managed using a 3D intelligent model.

๐ŸšงIt is not just 3D drawing โ€” it contains complete project information like materials, cost, time, and structure details.

@etconp
โค5๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰super elevation design on highways, keeping it clear and practical.

๐Ÿ”‘ Key Details

- Definition: Super elevation is the upward tilting of the outer edge of a road curve to help vehicles counteract centrifugal force.
- Purpose: It reduces skidding, improves safety, and ensures smoother driving comfort on curves.
- Design Inputs:
- Design speed of the vehicle
- Radius of the curve
- Side friction factor (resistance between tires and road surface)

- Example Case:

- Speed considered: 80 km/h
- Curve radius: 250 m
- Side friction factor: 0.15
- Result: Required super elevation = 5% (outer edge raised by 5% of road width).

๐Ÿš— Practical Values

- Maximum super elevation: 7% (as per IRC standards).
- Normal camber: 2.5% on straight roads.
- Side friction factor: Typically ranges between 0.10 and 0.17 depending on speed and road type.

๐Ÿ“˜ Importance

- Enhances road safety by balancing forces on curves.
- Improves driver comfort during high-speed travel.
- Ensures efficient traffic flow even on sharp bends.

๐Ÿ“– Reference

Standards are guided by IRC: 73 โ€“ 2001 (Geometric Design of Highways), which sets the limits and recommendations for safe design.

#CivilEngineering #SuperElevation
#RoadSafety

@etconp
โค9
๐Ÿ’กแˆˆแˆ˜แˆ‹แ‹ แ‹จแŠฅแˆตแˆแˆแŠ“ แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แŠณแŠ• แˆˆ1447แŠ›แ‹ แ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰ แ‹จแŠขแ‹ต แŠ แˆ แŠ แ‹ตแˆƒ (แŠ แˆจแ‹) แ‰ แ‹“แˆ แ‰ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆแŠ“ แ‰ แŒคแŠ“ แŠ แ‹ฐแˆจแˆณแ‰ฝแˆ๐ŸŒ™

แ‰ แ‹“แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅแฃ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎแАแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แแ‰…แˆญ
แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆžแˆ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แŠ›แˆˆแŠ•๐Ÿ™

แ‹’แ‹ต แˆ™แ‰ฃแˆจแŠญโค

@etconp
โค3๐Ÿ™2
๐Ÿ‘‹แŠฅแŠ•แŠณแŠ• แ‹ฐแˆต แŠ แˆ‹แ‰น !๐Ÿ‘‹

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Bot user name: ๐Ÿ‘‡
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๐Ÿ‘†

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… bot แŠ แˆ›แŠซแŠแАแ‰ตแฆ

โ€ข Quotations แ‰ แแŒฅแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แ‹จแ‰…
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Bot user name: ๐Ÿ‘‡
๐Ÿ‘‰ @hbhbuyerbot ๐Ÿ‘ˆ
โค7๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰Trigonometric leveling is a surveying method that determines the height difference between two points using measured vertical angles and horizontal distances.

It is especially useful when the two points are not at the same level, allowing surveyors to calculate elevations without physically moving to the same height.

๐Ÿ”‘ Key Elements

- Vertical angle: Measured as upward (+) or downward (โˆ’).
- Horizontal distance: Distance between instrument and prism.
- Instrument height and Prism height: Must be carefully noted for accuracy.

๐Ÿ“ Example (Without Formula)

Suppose Point A has an elevation of 100.000 m.
- Instrument height = 1.500 m
- Prism height = 1.800 m
- Horizontal distance = 85.000 m
- Vertical angle = +12ยฐ30โ€ฒ

After applying the trigonometric process, the calculated height difference is 18.094 m.
Thus, Elevation of Point B = 100.000 + 18.094 = 118.094 m.

โš ๏ธ Common Mistakes

- Ignoring the sign of the angle (positive for upward, negative for downward).
- Misreading instrument or prism height.
- Using poorly calibrated instruments.

โœ… Best Practices

- Double-check angles and distances.
- Confirm instrument calibration.
- Review calculations before finalizing.

This technique ensures precision in civil engineering projects, making it a reliable method for determining elevations in the field.

#Surveying
#CivilEngineering #Trigonometry
#Leveling
#Construction

@etconp
โค8
แ‹œแŠ“ แ‹•แˆจแแ‰ต๐Ÿ˜ฅ

แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹˜แˆ˜แА แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆฉ แ‰ตแˆ‹แˆแ‰… แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆแˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰แ‰ต แŠขแŠ•แŒ‚แАแˆญ แŠซแˆณ แŒˆแ‰ฅแˆฌ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แˆˆแˆ แ‰ แˆžแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ฉแข

แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆญ แŠซแˆณ แ‰ 92 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ตแˆœแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ แАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ แ‰ฐแˆฐแˆแ‰ทแˆแข

แŠขแŠ•แŒ‚แАแˆญ แŠซแˆณ แŒˆแ‰ฅแˆฌ แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ…แŠ•แƒ แŠฎแˆŒแŒ… แ‰ แˆฒแ‰ชแˆ แˆแˆ…แŠ•แ‹ตแˆตแŠ“ แŠซแŠ“แ‹ณ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆชแ‰ฒแˆฝ แŠฎแˆŽแˆแ‰ขแ‹ซ แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ตแˆ…แˆจ แˆแˆจแ‰ƒ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‰ณแˆชแŠซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ซแˆตแˆจแ‹ณแˆแข

แ‰ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แ‰ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆƒแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆตแАแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ“ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญแАแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ แŠคแˆญแ‰ตแˆซ แ‹จแŒ แ‰…แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒแ‹›แ‰ฑ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆƒแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆตแฃ แ‰ แˆ•แŠ•แŒป แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญแАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แŠƒแˆ‹แŠแАแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆ›แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแˆต แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแข 

แŠขแŠ•แŒ‚แАแˆญ แŠซแˆณ แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆฉ แ‰ตแˆ‹แˆแ‰… แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แˆ˜แˆญแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆถแˆ›แˆŒ แ‹ˆแˆจแˆซ แŒฆแˆญแАแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฃแ‹Š แˆ แˆซแ‹Šแ‰ต แ‹จแˆฐแˆˆแŒ แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ณแŒ แ‰… แŒฆแˆญ แˆœแ‹ณ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ  แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆญ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ›แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹  แŠจแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆตแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แŠจแŠจแˆ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠแ‰ แ‰ณแˆแข

แ‹จแŒ€แŒแŠ–แ‰ฝแŠ“ แˆ…แƒแŠ“แ‰ต แŠ แˆแ‰ฃ แˆแˆตแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰แŠ• แˆ˜แˆญแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‹จแŒฃแŠ“ แ‰ แˆˆแˆต แŒแ‹ตแ‰ฅแฃ แ‹จแ‰€แ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆตแ‰€แˆ แˆ•แŠ•แŒปแฃ แ‹‹แ‰ข แˆธแ‰ แˆŒ แˆ†แ‰ดแˆแฃ แแˆแ‹แˆƒ แˆ•แŠ•แŒปแ‹Žแ‰ฝแฃ แŠ แŠญแˆฑแˆ แŒฝแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰คแ‰ฐแŠญแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒแ‹ซแŠ•แฃ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ•แˆ‹แŠ–แ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แŠจแ‰ณแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰… แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰€แˆณแˆ‰แข

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แŒ‰แˆแˆ… แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แŒฟแ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Šแ‰ท แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠจแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แŒฃแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹แˆ แ‹ญแАแˆณแˆ‰แข

แŠ แŒˆแˆชแ‰ท แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแ‹ตแˆญแ‰… แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ แŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ตแˆ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ตแˆญแ‰… แŠซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‹ตแˆญแ‰… แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแˆŒแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‰ แˆ›แ‹›แ‹ˆแˆญ แŠจแŠฅแˆแ‰‚แ‰ตแŠ“ แŠจแˆจแˆƒแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹ฐแŒ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แˆฐแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‹Š แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ…แŠฆ แˆ›แ‰ แˆญแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‰ณแˆชแŠซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ซแˆตแˆจแ‹ณแˆแข

แŠ แ‰ถ แŠซแˆณ แŒˆแ‰ฅแˆฌ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆดแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ตแˆ แАแ‰ แˆฉแข  

แ‰  92 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ตแˆœแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹›แˆฌ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‰ แˆžแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ฉแ‰ต แŠขแŠ•แŒ‚แАแˆญ แŠซแˆณ แŒˆแ‰ฅแˆฌ แ‹จแ‰€แ‰ฅแˆญ แˆตแАแˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซแŠ• แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹‹แˆบแŠ•แŒแ‰ฐแŠ• แ‹ฒแˆฒ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แ‹ฐแ‰ฅแˆจ แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แ‰…แ‹ฑแˆต แŒˆแ‰ฅแˆญแŠคแˆ แŠซแ‰ดแ‹ตแˆซแˆแฃ แˆฐแŠž แŒแŠ•แ‰ฆแ‰ต 24 แ‰€แŠ• 2018 แ‹“แˆแฃ แ‰ แŠ แŒˆแˆฉ แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แŠ แ‰†แŒฃแŒ แˆญ แŠจแŒ แ‹‹แ‰ฑ แ‰  3:30 แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ณแˆฐแ‰ขแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆญแˆƒแŒแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แ‰€แŠ“แ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆแˆแข

@etconp แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ‹แ‹ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹แฃ แˆˆแ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ… แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‹ถแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แ…แŠ“แŠ“แ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แŠ›แˆˆแŠ•๐Ÿ™


@etconp
โค19๐Ÿ˜ญ16๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰ INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

โ— Concrete Admixtures
โ— Bonding Agents
โ— Waterproofings
โ— Wall Putty, Prime Coat
โ— Concrete Repair Mortar
โ— Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ— Grout, Self-level mortar
โ— Quartz paint, Contextra
โ— Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
โ— Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

โ˜Ž๏ธ Tel: 0961955555

๐Ÿ”น Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital

๐Ÿ”น Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza
โค4๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰Contour lines are one of the most fundamental tools in topographic mapping and civil engineering because they transform the threeโ€‘dimensional shape of the land into a twoโ€‘dimensional representation that can be analyzed, designed upon, and interpreted.

They are essentially imaginary lines connecting points of equal elevation, which means every point along a contour line sits at the same height above a reference level, usually mean sea level.

๐Ÿ”‘ Key Details

- Nonโ€‘crossing lines: Contour lines never intersect because a single point cannot have two different elevations.
- Closed loops: Hills and depressions are represented by loops; the difference lies in whether the elevation increases or decreases toward the center.
- Slope steepness: The spacing between lines indicates gradient โ€” closer lines mean steeper terrain, wider spacing means gentler slopes.
- Index contours: Bold lines drawn at regular intervals help quickly identify elevation levels.
- Valleys vs ridges: A โ€œVโ€ shape pointing upstream indicates a valley, while pointing downstream indicates a ridge.

๐Ÿ“ Applications

- Road design: Engineers use contour maps to plan routes that minimize steep gradients.
- Earthwork calculation: Essential for estimating cut and fill volumes in construction.
- Drainage & watersheds: Contours help identify water flow paths and catchment areas.
- Urban planning: Guides zoning, land use, and infrastructure placement.
- Civil works: Used in designing dams, canals, and other structural projects.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ Tools for Contour Mapping

- Total Station
- GPS Receiver
- Automatic Level
- Drone Photogrammetry
- Topographic Software

๐ŸŒ Field Tips

- Always verify contour interval consistency.
- Use control points for accuracy.
- Match the map scale to project requirements.
- Field validation prevents costly design errors.

Contour lines are more than just symbols on a map โ€” they are the language of the land, allowing engineers, geographers, and planners to visualize terrain, anticipate challenges, and design solutions that respect natural topography.

#Topography
#CivilEngineering #ContourLines
#Mapping
#Surveying

@etconp
โค11๐Ÿ‘1๐Ÿ™1
แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แˆแˆแ‹ต


แˆฅแˆซแ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹แ‰…แ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แˆแˆแ‹ต แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แ‰ แˆ…แŒ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒ  แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แค แˆˆแ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต (Level 1 and 2) แ‹จแŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แˆแˆแ‹ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ 3 (Level 3) แ‹จแˆฆแˆตแ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แˆแˆแ‹ตแฃ แˆˆแ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ 4 แŠฅแŠ“ 5 (Level 4 and 5) แ‹จแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แˆแˆแ‹ต แˆŠแŠ–แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแกแก

แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‹ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‹ญแ‰€แ‹ แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ต (Evaluation criteria) แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ• แ‰ณแˆณแ‰ข แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แ‰…แˆฌแ‰ณ แŠจแ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‰ แ‰ต ยซแŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แА แŒจแˆจแ‰ณยป แ‰ แˆšแˆ แˆŠแˆฐแˆจแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

@etconp
โค14๐Ÿ‘2๐Ÿ˜ฑ2๐Ÿ”ฅ1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆตแŠจแ‰ แˆชแ‹ซ (bid security/bond) แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แŠ แ‹ˆแˆณแˆฐแŠ•

๐ŸšงแŠ แ‹ฒแˆฑ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒแ‹ข แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆตแŠจแ‰ แˆชแ‹ซ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แŠ แ‹ˆแˆณแˆฐแŠ•แŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ ยซแ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜/แ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‹จแŒ แ‰…แˆ‹แˆ‹ แŒแ‹ฅแ‹แŠ• แŒแˆแ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠจ 0.5% แ‹ซแˆ‹แАแˆฐ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจ 2% แ‹ซแˆˆแˆแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แ‹จแŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆตแŠจแ‰ แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹ˆแˆตแŠ– แ‰ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹ แŒฅแˆชแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆฐแАแ‹ฑ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ… แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแ‰ แ‰ณแˆแกแก

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแˆฐแАแ‹ แ‹จแŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆตแŠจแ‰ แˆชแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แŠจแ‰ฅแˆญ 2,000,000 (แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ) แ‹จแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแˆ
ยป แ‹จแˆšแˆ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒ‹แŒŒ แŠ แˆตแ‰€แˆแŒงแˆแข

แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒฅแˆชแ‹ซ (Tender notice) แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆฐแАแ‹ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒ แ‹ แ‹จแŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆตแŠจแ‰ แˆชแ‹ซ แŠจ 0.5% แ‹ซแАแˆฐ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจ2% แ‹จแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แŠจแˆ†แАแฃ แ‰ แ‹จแ‰ตแŠ›แ‹แˆ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠจ 2,000,000 แ‰ฅแˆญ แŠจแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แˆŠแ‹ซแˆฐแˆญแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

@etconp
โค7๐Ÿ‘7
๐Ÿ‘‰Different Between Sluice Gate Vs Spillway

๐ŸทSluice Gate: A sluice gate is a movable gate used to control the flow of water in canals, dams, and drainage systems.

โบIt can be opened or closed manually or mechanically.

๐ŸทSpillway: A spillway is a fixed structure in a dam that safely releases excess water when the water level becomes too high.

๐ŸšงMain Difference:

โบSluice Gate controls and regulates water flow.

โบSpillway safely disposes of overflow water to protect the dam from damage.

@etconl
โค5๐Ÿ™5๐Ÿ‘4๐Ÿฅฐ2
๐Ÿ‘‰Here is a comprehensive infographic detailing 8 essential laboratory tests for soil in civil and geotechnical engineering.

๐ŸšงWe break down the Purpose, step-by-step Procedure, fundamental Formulas (like Moisture Content % and Hydraulic Conductivity k), and standard Standards (ASTM and AASHTO). We also include critical visual aids like Particle Size Distribution (GSD) curves, the Soil Plasticity Chart, and Compaction/Proctor Density curves for deep classification and engineering application.

This guide is a vital reference for students and site professionals evaluating soil suitability for everything from foundations to pavements and retaining walls.

โ€‹#CivilEngineering #GeotechnicalEngineering #SoilMechanics #SoilTesting #GeotechEngineering #ConstructionSite #MaterialsTesting #LaboratoryTests #SoilClassification #StandardProctor
#CBRTest #ASTM #AASHTO #EngineeringChecklist

@etconp
โค8
#ADVERTISEMENT

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โค7
๐Ÿ‘‰Detailed Explanation: Simply Supported Beam โ€“ Maximum Deflection

๐ŸšงA simply supported beam subjected to a uniformly distributed load (UDL) bends downward, with the greatest deflection occurring at the mid-span.

๐Ÿ’ซThe derivation process involves several logical steps, but here Iโ€™ll explain it clearly without formulas or tables.

๐Ÿ”น Step-by-Step Process

1. Beam and Loading

- A beam of span \(L\) carries a uniform load across its entire length.
- The goal is to determine how much it bends at the center.

2. Support Reactions
- Since the load is uniform and the beam is symmetric, both supports carry equal reactions.

3. Bending Moment at Section
- At any point along the beam, the bending moment is calculated using equilibrium principles.
- This moment varies along the span, being maximum at the center.

4. Elastic Curve Equation
- The bending moment is related to the curvature of the beam.
- By integrating step by step, the deflection equation is obtained.

5. Boundary Conditions
- At both supports, the deflection is zero.
- These conditions help determine the constants in the deflection equation.

6. Deflection Equation
- After applying conditions, the general deflection curve of the beam is established.

7. Location of Maximum Deflection
- The slope of the deflection curve is set to zero to find where the maximum occurs.
- This point is at the mid-span of the beam.

8. Maximum Deflection
- Substituting the mid-span location into the deflection equation gives the maximum downward deflection.
- The result shows that the deflection depends on the load intensity, span length, material stiffness, and beam geometry.

๐Ÿ”น Engineering Insight
This derivation is essential in structural analysis.

It ensures beams are designed not only for strength but also for serviceability, meaning they donโ€™t bend excessively under load.

๏ธ#CivilEngineering #BeamDeflection #StructuralAnalysis #UDL #MechanicsOfMaterials #EngineeringDesign

@etconp
โค9
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแŠณแ‰ณแˆฉ แŠ แˆ-แŠปแ‹ซแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ 12.5 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ฃแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆณแ‰ฐแ แˆ›แ‰€แ‹ฑ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆˆแ€!

แ‰ แˆถแˆญแ‹ซแŠ“ แŠณแ‰ณแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‰ตแˆแ‰…แŠ“ แˆฐแŠ แ‹จแŠ•แŒแ‹ต แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แˆ-แŠธแ‹ซแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ แŠ แแˆชแŠซ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ-แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠขแŠ•แ‰จแˆตแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‰€แ‹ฐ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แฃ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‰ 12.5 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ฃแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ตแˆญแˆป แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต แˆ›แˆˆแˆ™แŠ• แ‰ฅแˆ‰แˆแ‰ แˆญแŒ แ‹˜แŒแ‰งแˆแข

แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ก แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹ แ‹ฉแˆฒแˆฒ แˆ†แˆแ‹ฒแŠ•แŒ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแŠ˜แ‹ แŠฉแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ซ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠจแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ฃแ‹ แˆœแŒ‹ แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‰ แ‹ฒแˆžแŠญแˆซแ‰ฒแŠญ แˆชแแ‰ฅแˆŠแŠญ แŠฎแŠ•แŒŽ แ‹จ400 แŠชแˆŽ แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แŠ แ‹แˆซ แŒŽแ‹ณแŠ“ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ แ‰ แŠ แแˆชแŠซ แ‰ตแˆ‹แˆแ‰… แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠ•แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆณแ‰ฐแ แŠ แˆแˆŸแˆแข

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ณแ‹‹แ‰‚ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ แŠ…แ‹ณแˆญ 2025 แ‹“.แˆ. แ‰ แ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแ‹ฉแŠ“แ‹ญแ‰ตแ‹ต แˆตแ‰ดแ‰ตแˆต แ•แˆฌแ‹šแ‹ณแŠ•แ‰ต แ‹ถแŠ“แˆแ‹ต แ‰ตแˆซแˆแ• แ‹จแ‰ แ‹“แˆˆ-แˆฒแˆ˜แ‰ต แˆฅแА-แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ™ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆ›แŒญ แ‹จแ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‰ณแ‹‹แ‰‚ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แАแ‰ แˆญแข

แŠจแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‰ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแ‰กแ‰ฅ แˆแˆตแˆซแ‰… 40 แŠชแˆŽ แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แˆญแ‰€แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ฃแ‹แŠ“ แ‰ แ‹›แˆƒ แˆƒแ‹ฒแ‹ต แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ… แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซแฃ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ตแŠ• แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‹จแŠ แ‰ชแ‹ฌแˆฝแŠ• แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆญ แ‹ซแˆˆแˆ˜แŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แแˆชแŠซ แ‰ตแˆแ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆแข

แ‰ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ตแˆฎแ‹ แ‹จแŒฅแˆญ แ‹ˆแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แˆแ‹•แˆซแ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจแ‹แŠ“ 35 แˆตแŠฉแ‹Œแˆญ แŠชแˆŽ แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆญแˆแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ… แŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซแฃ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹ แˆแ‹•แˆซแ 60 แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆณแ‹แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแ‹ต แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‹จแŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ฑ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแƒแˆš แŠ แ‰ถ แˆ˜แˆตแแŠ• แŒฃแˆฐแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒˆแˆˆแŒนแ‰ตแฃ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ฑ แ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰† แˆฒแ‹ซแˆแ‰… แ‰ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แŠฅแˆตแŠจ 100 แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆณแ‹แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแ‹ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแŠ แˆ…แŒ‰แˆชแ‰ฑ แ‹‹แАแŠ› แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠ•แ‹šแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆˆแŠแ‹ซ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

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๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒแ‹ฅ (Sustainable Public Procurement) แ‹“แˆ‹แˆ›แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹?

โ–ถ๏ธ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒแ‹ฅ (Sustainable Public Procurement) แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹“แˆ‹แˆ› แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŒช แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แˆแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ฐแŒแ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแŠ แ‹‹แŒ‹ (Value for Money) แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ปแˆ แАแ‹แกแก

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆญ แ‹“แˆ‹แˆ›แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ณแˆแกแก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆแŠ• แˆ›แ‰ แˆจแ‰ณแ‰ณแ‰ตแฃ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแŠ• แˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰…แฃ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แแ‰ตแˆƒแ‹ŠแАแ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ แ‹Š แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แ‹ฐแŒˆแแฃ แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แ‹จแŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš แ‹•แ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ›แ‰ แˆจแ‰ณแ‰ณแ‰ตแฃ แŒแˆแŒฝแАแ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚แАแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆญแฃ แˆแŒ แˆซแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แˆจแŠ•แŒ“แ‹ด แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แ‰ แˆจแ‰ณแ‰ณแ‰ตแฃ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แ‹ฐแŒˆแ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹ฅ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝแˆ แˆŠแŒ แ‰€แˆฑ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แกแก

โ–ถ๏ธ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แАแˆ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ต แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆ”แˆซแ‹Š แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แŒแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแŠซแ‰ต แŒญแˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแАแ‹แ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แ‰ แ‹‹แŠ“แАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒแ‹ฅ (Sustainable Public Procurement) แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ณแˆณแ‰ข แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆ แАแ‹แข
แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒแ‹ฅ (Sustainable Public Procurement) แˆฆแˆตแ‰ต แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ณแˆณแ‰ข แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆ แАแ‹ แˆฒแ‰ฃแˆ แˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹?

โ–ถ๏ธ แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒแ‹ฅ (Sustainable Public Procurement) แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ญ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแกแก

แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แŒแ‹ฅแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆแŒธแˆ แ‹แ‰…แ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹‹แŒ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆจแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต แ‰ แ‰‚ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแค แ‹จแŠฅแ‰ƒแ‹แŠ• แŒฅแˆซแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŒแ‹ฅ แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ถ แŒแ‹ฅแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แˆแŒธแˆ แ‰ แ‰‚ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแกแก แ‹ญแˆแ‰แŠ•แˆ แŒแ‹ฅแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆแŒธแˆ แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแŒˆแˆˆแŒธแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆšแ‹ซแ‹Š แŒ แ‰€แˆšแ‰ณแฃ แ‰ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแˆณแ‹ตแˆญ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แฃ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แŒฝแ‹–แฃ แŠ แˆจแŠ•แŒ“แ‹ด แˆแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แ‹ตแŒˆแ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆ แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠจแŒแˆแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ก แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แกแก แ‰ แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆญ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ…แˆแฆ

โ–ถ๏ธ แ‹จแŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚แАแ‰ต (Economic sustainability)แฆ แ‹จแŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚แАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‹‘แ‹ฐแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆˆแ‰ฐแŠจแˆแˆˆแ‹ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแŠ แ‹‹แŒ‹ (Value for Money) แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแ‰ฐแŠฉแˆซแˆแข

แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒช แ‹แŒคแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ตแŠ• (Cost efficiency)แฃ แ‹จแŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แˆ›แˆปแˆปแ‹ซแŠ• (Quality improvement)แฃ แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚แАแ‰ตแŠ• (Durability)แฃ แ‹จแŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แ‹ˆแŒช แˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆตแŠ•  (Reduction of maintenance costs) แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆจแŒ…แˆ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹จแ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แ‰แŒ แ‰ฃแŠ• (Long-term financial savings) แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆ แАแ‹แกแก

แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แАแˆ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒแ‹ฃ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฅแ‰ป  แŠ แ‹ซแ‰ฐแŠฉแˆฉแˆ แ‹ญแˆแ‰แŠ•แˆ แŠจแˆ˜แŒแ‹ฃ แ‹‹แŒ‹แ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แˆ›แˆตแŠฌแŒƒ แ‹ˆแŒชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แ‹ˆแŒชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แˆตแ‹ˆแŒˆแŒƒ แ‹ˆแŒชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แŒแŠ•แ‹›แ‰คแ‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ‰แข

โ–ถ๏ธ แ‹จแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚แАแ‰ต (Environmental sustainability)แก- แ‹จแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚แАแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแŠจแ‰ตแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆ‰แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‰ฐแ…แ‹•แŠ– แˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแ‰ฐแŠฉแˆซแˆแข แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแŒฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆžแŠจแˆญแАแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‹™ แŒแ‹ฅแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฅแŠญแˆˆแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแˆตแŠจแ‰ตแˆ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแ‰ แ‰ณแˆแกแก

แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แˆตแŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‹™ แˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแŠญแˆˆแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แŠ•แˆฑแฃ แŠƒแ‹ญแˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แŒฅแ‰กแฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒˆแŠ“ แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆŠแ‹แˆ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แ‰แˆณแ‰แˆถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แฃ แ‹จแŒแˆชแŠ• แˆ€แ‹แˆต แŒ‹แ‹žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แŠ•แˆฑ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ณแ‹ณแˆฝ แŠƒแ‹ญแˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ แˆจแ‰ณแ‰ฑ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แŒแŠ•แ‹›แ‰ค แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแ‰ แ‰ณแˆแกแก

แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑแˆ แ‹จแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‰ฐแˆตแˆ›แˆš แŒแ‹ฅ (Environmental Sustainability Procurement) แ‹จแŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆˆแ‹แŒฅแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฎ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰… แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ…แŠฆ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แˆแข

โ–ถ๏ธ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚แАแ‰ต (Social Sustainability):-  แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚แАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆปแˆปแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆฅแА-แˆแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‹Š แ‹จแŠ•แŒแ‹ต แŠ แˆ แˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ฐแŠฉแˆญ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แแ‰ตแˆƒแ‹Š แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แˆแˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝแฃ แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ แ‹Š แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒฅแ‰ แ‰ƒแฃ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแ†แ‰ณ แŠฅแŠฉแˆแАแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ แˆซ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแ‰ฐแŒ‹แˆ‹แŒญ แ‰กแ‹ตแŠ–แ‰ฝ แ‹ตแŒ‹แ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ แˆจแ‰ณแ‰ณ แАแ‹แกแก

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