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๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
Latest updates, tips, and tutorials on building, civil engineering, and construction in World.
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๐Ÿ“จ @Philemona7 Or @ETCONpBOT

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๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ•แˆญ แ‹ณแˆญ  แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹จแˆแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒญแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แแˆชแŠซ แ‹‹แŠ•แŒซ แˆ›แŒฃแˆชแ‹ซ แŒจแ‹‹แ‰ณ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ แˆซ แАแ‹แกแก

แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒฝแ‹ซ แ‹จแŠซแแŠ• แˆ˜แˆ˜แ‹˜แŠ› แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆŸแˆ‹ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹จแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‹แ‰ฑ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆซแ‹Š  แ‰กแ‹ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹แŠ• แŒจแ‹‹แ‰ณ แŠจแˆ€แŒˆแˆฉ แ‹แŒญ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‹ตแ‹ทแˆแข

แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆซแ‹Š แ‰กแ‹ตแŠ•แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ตแ‹ฌแˆ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ แˆซ แАแ‹แข

แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแАแ‰ก แŠจแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ตแ‹ฌแˆžแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ•แˆญ แ‹ณแˆญ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‹“แ‰€แ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹จแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ›แ‹ แАแ‹แข

แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹จแˆ™ แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแŠซแแŠ• แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ต  แŠ แˆŸแˆแ‰ถ แŒจแ‹‹แ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแ‹ต แŒซแ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ฐแˆญแˆทแˆแกแก

แ‹จแŠ แˆ›แˆซ แŠญแˆแˆ แ‰ฃแˆ•แˆแฃ แ‰ฑแˆชแ‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แ‰ขแˆฎ  แˆแŠญแ‰ตแˆ แŠ€แˆ‹แŠ แŒ‹แˆปแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃ แˆฐแ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹จแˆ™ 90 แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰แŠ• แŠ แˆตแˆจแ‹ตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแกแก
แˆœแ‹ณแ‹ แŠซแ แ‹จแˆฐแŒ แ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ป แˆœแ‹ณ แˆณแˆญแค แ‹จแŠญแ‰ฅแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แ‰€แˆ˜แŒซแค แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒซแ‹‹แ‰พแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆแ‰ แˆป แŠญแแˆแฃ แ‹จแˆœแ‹ณแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆซแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŒ แ‰ แ‰ แŠพแАแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ…แ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ แАแ‹ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ตแข

แˆœแ‹ณแ‹ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แแŒฅแАแ‰ต แŠจแ‰€แŒ แˆˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒญแ‹ แˆ˜แˆตแŠจแˆจแˆ แˆˆแˆšแŠ–แˆจแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แแˆจแŠซ แ‹‹แŠ•แŒซ แˆ›แŒฃแˆชแ‹ซ แŒจแ‹‹แ‰ณ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆญแˆณแˆ แАแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แกแก

แ‹จแŠซแ แŒˆแˆแŒ‹แˆš แ‰กแ‹ตแŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆตแ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹จแˆ™แŠ• แˆฅแˆซ แ‹ญแŒŽแ‰ แŠ›แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽแˆ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆแข

แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹จแˆ™ แˆฒแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แ‹แ‰ฅ แ‹จแŠพแАแ‰ฝแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆ•แˆญ แ‹ณแˆญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‹ตแˆแ‰€แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹จแ‰ฑแˆชแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ณแˆจแˆป แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ฑ แ‰ฑแˆชแ‹แˆ แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แ‰ต แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแข

Via แŠ แˆšแŠฎ

@etconp
โค7๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰Strategic Project Planning: The Secret Behind Every Successful Project

๐Ÿ“ŽA project without a strategy is just a collection of tasks.

๐ŸชงStrategic Project Planning helps teams align goals, resources, timelines, and risks to achieve maximum project success.

๐Ÿ”–From defining objectives to tracking performance, every step matters in delivering projects on time, within budget, and with lasting impact.

@etconp
โค7๐Ÿ‘5
๐Ÿ‘‰Hidden costs in construction

1. Change orders.
2. Permitting and regulatory fees.
3. Site preparation and soil issues.
4. Labor costs.
5. Material price fluctuations.
6. Equipment rental and maintenance.
7. Insurance and bonding.
8. Project management and administrative costs.
9. Utility connection fees.
10. Delays and liquidated damages.
11. Waste management and disposal.
12. Contingency funds.
13. Training and safety programs.
14. Final touches and Punch list items.

๐Ÿ‘‰Please Subscribe Our Youtube Channel๐Ÿ‘‡

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction7?si=ils307xXQQpIdCwG

@etconp
โค11๐Ÿ‘3๐Ÿฅฐ2
๐Ÿ‘‰In civil engineering, soils are classified based on grain size, composition, and engineering behavior.

๐ŸชงEach soil type has different construction properties that affect foundation design, stability, and load-bearing capacity.

๐Ÿ—๏ธ Major Soil Types & Their Construction Properties

1. Gravel (Coarse-Grained Soil)

Particle size: > 4.75 mm

Drainage: Excellent

Strength: Very high shear strength

Compressibility: Very low

Construction use:

Best for foundations

Road base material

High load-bearing capacity

2. Sand (Coarse-Grained Soil)

Particle size: 0.075 โ€“ 4.75 mm

Drainage: Good

Strength: Medium to high (depends on compaction)

Compressibility: Low

Construction use:

Backfilling

Pavement layers

Good for shallow foundations (if compacted)

3. Silt (Fine-Grained Soil)

Particle size: 0.002 โ€“ 0.075 mm

Drainage: Poor

Strength: Low to medium

Compressibility: Moderate

Construction use:

Not ideal for heavy structures

Needs stabilization or mixing

Prone to settlement and water retention

4. Clay (Very Fine-Grained Soil)

Particle size: < 0.002 mm

Drainage: Very poor

Strength: Low when wet, high when dry

Compressibility: High

Construction use:

Requires special foundation design

Swelling/shrinkage issues

Used after soil improvement (lime/cement stabilization)

5. Organic Soil (Peat)

Composition: Decomposed plant material

Drainage: Variable but weak structure

Strength: Very low

Compressibility: Very high

Construction use:

Not suitable for construction

Must be removed or replaced

โš™๏ธ Key Engineering Properties (Important in Construction)

In geotechnical engineering, soil performance is judged by:

Bearing capacity (ability to support load)

Permeability (water flow through soil)

Compaction characteristics

Shear strength

Plasticity & shrink-swell behavior

Settlement potential

๐Ÿ“˜ Summary

Gravel & sand = good for construction

Silt = moderate, needs care

Clay = problematic, needs treatment

Organic soil = avoid for structures

If you want, I can also give you:

Soil classification chart (USCS / AASHTO)

๐Ÿ”–Here are some relevant hashtags for Soil Types & Construction Properties ๐Ÿ‘ทโ€โ™‚๏ธ

#SoilEngineering #GeotechnicalEngineering #CivilEngineering #SoilTypes #ConstructionMaterials #FoundationEngineering #SiteEngineering #BuildingConstruction #EngineeringStudents #ConstructionKnowledge #SoilMechanics #CivilNotes #LearnEngineering #EngineeringBasics #ConstructionSite #EngineeringLife #SoilTesting #FieldWork #StructuralEngineering #EngineeringEducation

@etconp
โค13๐Ÿ™4๐Ÿ”ฅ1
๐–ง๐—ˆ๐— ๐–ฝ๐—ˆ ๐—Œ๐—Ž๐—‹๐—๐–พ๐—’๐—ˆ๐—‹๐—Œ ๐–พ๐—‡๐—Œ๐—Ž๐—‹๐–พ ๐–บ๐–ผ๐–ผ๐—Ž๐—‹๐–บ๐—๐–พ ๐–ฟ๐—…๐—ˆ๐—ˆ๐—‹ ๐–บ๐—…๐—‚๐—€๐—‡๐—†๐–พ๐—‡๐— ๐—๐—๐—‹๐—ˆ๐—Ž๐—€๐—๐—ˆ๐—Ž๐— ๐—๐—๐–พ ๐–ผ๐—ˆ๐—‡๐—Œ๐—๐—‹๐—Ž๐–ผ๐—๐—‚๐—ˆ๐—‡ ๐—ˆ๐–ฟ ๐—๐—‚๐—€๐—-๐—‹๐—‚๐—Œ๐–พ ๐–ป๐—Ž๐—‚๐—…๐–ฝ๐—‚๐—‡๐—€๐—Œ?

In high-rise construction, accuracy is not achieved once and forgotten.

It must be maintained continuously from the foundation to the highest floor. Every slab cast, every column erected, and every wall constructed depends on the accuracy of the levels and alignments established before it.

A slight error on one floor may appear insignificant. But when repeated over dozens of storeys, that small deviation can result in misaligned walls, uneven floors, poorly fitting doors and windows, elevator shaft problems, service clashes, and expensive corrective work.

This is why surveyors play such a critical role in ensuring accurate floor alignment throughout the construction process.

The process begins with the establishment of reliable survey control points.

Surveyors create a stable horizontal and vertical control network tied to the approved project coordinates and elevations. These control points become the permanent reference framework for all setting-out and verification activities carried out during construction.

Using precision instruments such as Total Stations and digital leveling equipment, surveyors transfer gridlines, coordinates, and reference levels onto each floor. This ensures that every structural element is positioned according to the approved design.

Coordinate transfer is one of the most important aspects of maintaining floor alignment.

As the building rises, surveyors accurately transfer positions and elevations from lower floors to upper levels using established control procedures. This helps ensure that each new floor remains consistent with the original building geometry.

Level control is equally essential.

Surveyors verify slab elevations, beam levels, and finished floor heights before and after major construction activities. These checks ensure that floors remain level and that variations do not accumulate as the structure progresses upward.

Continuous verification further strengthens accuracy.

Surveyors routinely inspect dimensions, offsets, centerlines, and vertical alignment to confirm that construction remains within specified tolerances. Any deviation detected is addressed early before subsequent work depends on it.

This attention to detail also benefits other disciplines.

Architectural finishes rely on straight and level surfaces. Staircases require consistent riser heights and landings. Elevator shafts must remain aligned from the lowest floor to the highest level. Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems depend on accurately positioned openings and service routes.

Floor alignment therefore affects not only appearance but also functionality and structural efficiency.

Environmental influences such as temperature changes, wind effects, and construction loading can also impact measurements in tall structures. Surveyors account for these factors through careful observation procedures and repeated checks throughout the project lifecycle.

Modern technologies have significantly improved the speed and precision of floor alignment operations.

However, even the most advanced equipment cannot guarantee success without proper procedures, stable control networks, and experienced professionals who understand the importance of measurement discipline.

Because a high-rise building is not built as one complete structure.

It is built floor by floor, with each level depending on the accuracy of the one before it.

When survey control is maintained, the building rises exactly as intended. When it is neglected, small errors can multiply into major construction challenges.

In reality, the level floors, straight corridors, aligned faรงades, and smooth operation of building systems that people admire in completed skyscrapers often result from thousands of careful measurements made behind the scenes.
โค4
And behind those measurements is the surveyor's commitment to precision from the first floor to the final rooftop.

Here is something to think about:

If just a few millimeters of error can multiply across dozens of floors, how important is continuous survey verification in ensuring that high-rise buildings remain aligned, functional, and true to their design?

#Surveying #HighRiseConstruction #FloorAlignment #ConstructionSurveying #Engineering

@etconp
โค11๐Ÿ‘3
๐Ÿ‘‰Construction Inventory Management

๐Ÿ”–10 Ways to Reduce Waste and Save Project Costs!

๐ŸงทPoor inventory management can cause delays, material shortages, and budget overruns.

๐ŸทA well-organized inventory system helps site engineers maintain control over materials, improve productivity, and increase project profitability.

@etconp
โค8๐Ÿ™5
๐Ÿ‘‰Stages of Asphalt Road Construction Every Engineer Must Know

๐ŸšงFrom site survey to the final wearing course, every stage of asphalt road construction plays a vital role in ensuring durability, safety, and performance.

๐ŸชงUnderstanding the correct sequence helps engineers deliver roads that last longer and perform better under traffic loads.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘6๐Ÿ”ฅ5โค3
๐Ÿ‘‰CBR Definition

๐Ÿ’ซThe CBR is a measure of soil strength, used to determine how thick pavement layers should be.

๐ŸทStronger soils (higher CBR) require thinner pavements, while weaker soils (lower CBR) need thicker pavements.

๐ŸšงPavement Layers

1. Asphalt (surface layer) โ€“ 100 mm
2. Base (gravel/aggregates) โ€“ 150 mm
3. Sub-base (compacted coarse sand) โ€“ 200 mm
4. Compacted subgrade (natural soil foundation)

๐Ÿ“ŽSteps in Design

1. Determine CBR value of subgrade soil.
- Poor: 2โ€“4%
- Average: 4โ€“7%
- Good: 7โ€“10%
2. Use design charts or formulas to select thickness.
3. Adjust for traffic load and material properties.

๐ŸชงExample Calculation

- Given: CBR = 5%
- From design chart: Recommended pavement thickness = 550 mm
- This includes all layers combined.

๐Ÿ”–Key Notes

- Higher CBR โ†’ thinner pavement.
- Lower CBR โ†’ thicker pavement.

@etconp
โค9๐Ÿ™5๐Ÿ”ฅ2
๐Ÿ‘‰Roof Slope Calculation

๐Ÿ”—Detailed Breakdown

๐Ÿ’ซDefinition of slope (i)

๐Ÿ’ฅThe slope of a roof is the ratio of its vertical rise (h) to its horizontal run (b), expressed as a percentage.

๐ŸšฅFormula: i = (h รท b) ร— 100%

โ‡๏ธKey parameters

- h = Height (vertical rise of the roof)
- b = Base (half the width of the building for a gable roof)

๐ŸทExample Calculation

๐Ÿ–ฑFor a gable roof with total width = 1000 cm

- Each half = 500 cm (base)
- If slope = 30%, then rise = (30 รท 100) ร— 500 = 150 cm
- Meaning: For every 100 cm horizontally, the roof rises 30 cm vertically.

๐Ÿ“ŽImportance of slope

- Ensures proper rainwater drainage
- Provides durability against weather conditions
- Maintains structural safety and aesthetics

๐Ÿ”–Practical takeaway

โœ‚๏ธA slope of 30% is considered moderate, balancing safety, drainage, and construction economy.

๐Ÿ“ŒSteeper slopes may be used in areas with heavy rainfall or snow, while flatter slopes are common in dry climates.

@etconp
โค18๐Ÿ”ฅ1
๐Ÿ‘ท Site Engineer
- Supervises site work
- Checks quality & safety
- Manages labor & materials

๐Ÿ“‹ Project Manager
- Overall in-charge
- Controls time & cost
- Coordinates with clients

๐Ÿ’ฐ Quantity Surveyor
- Cost estimation
- Prepares BOQ & billing
- Budget control

๐Ÿฆบ Safety Officer
- Conducts site safety inspections
- Provides safety training
- Prevents accidents

๐ŸทEvery successful construction project depends on a strong team of professionals. Each role plays an important part in planning, designing, managing, and ensuring safety at the construction site.

๐Ÿ‘ท Site Engineer โ€“ Supervises site work, checks quality & safety, and manages labor and materials.

๐Ÿ“‹ Project Manager โ€“ Overall in-charge of the project, controls time & cost, and coordinates with clients.

๐Ÿ“ Structural Engineer โ€“ Responsible for structural design, calculations, and ensuring building stability.

๐Ÿ“Š Quantity Surveyor โ€“ Handles cost estimation, BOQ preparation, billing, and budget control.

๐Ÿฆบ Safety Officer โ€“ Conducts safety inspections, training, and prevents accidents on site.

A well-coordinated team ensures quality construction, safety, and timely project completion.

#CivilEngineering
#ConstructionManagement
#SiteEngineer
#ProjectManager
#StructuralEngineer
#QuantitySurveyor
#SafetyOfficer
#ConstructionSite
#EngineeringLife
#BuildingConstruction
#ConstructionIndustry
#CivilEngineeringLife
#EngineeringKnowledge
#ConstructionEducation ๐Ÿ—๏ธ

@etconp
โค12๐Ÿ™5๐Ÿ”ฅ1
แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‹จ2018 แ‹“.แˆ แ‹จแ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แ‹จแŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ตแŠ“ 2019 แ‹“.แˆ. แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแ‰ดแŒ‚แŠญ แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ตแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ แˆซแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแŠญ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ™ แˆ€แˆ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ แˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แŒˆแˆ˜แŒˆแˆ˜แข

 แ‹จแˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆฐแАแ‹ต แ‹จแˆตแ‰ตแˆซแ‰ดแŒ‚ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแŒปแˆš แŠ แ‰ถ แˆฐแ‹‹แŒˆแŠ แŠ แ‰ณแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแ‰€แˆจแ‰ก แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ฑ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆญแฃ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰แˆถแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŠซแŠจแˆแฃ แ‹จแˆแˆญแˆ˜แˆซแŠ“ แŠฆแ‹ฒแ‰ต แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆปแˆปแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแˆแŒ แˆฉ แŠญแˆญแŠญแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠ แ‰…แˆแŠ“ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‹จแˆ˜แแ‰ณแ‰ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆญแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ฐแ‰ฑ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆตแŠฌแ‰ต แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ซแˆณแ‹จ แˆ†แŠ– แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ™ แŠ แˆแƒแ€แˆ 96.71 แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแกแก

แ‰ 2018 แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ‘ 39 แŒแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ 163 แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แ‰€แ‹ต แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแ‰แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆญ แˆฐแŠ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แŠจแŠ“แ‹แŠ—แˆแข แŠจแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰ฝ
1,621 แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒ‹แ‹ฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆณแ‰ฐแˆ แ‹จแŠฅแˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต 98% แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠฅแˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‹แŒแ‰งแˆแข
9,333 แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแฃ 7,398 แŠฉแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ 523 แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‹แŒแ‰ แ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠ แŒแŠแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแข

300 แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แƒแฃ 90 แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠ•แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ 60 แ‹จแ‹แˆƒแŠ“ แŠขแАแˆญแŒ‚ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญแŠ“ แŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆ แˆตแˆซ แ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹แŠ—แˆแข
46 แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แƒ แŠฅแŠ“ 25 แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰ƒแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒแŒงแˆแข
84 แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แŒแˆแŒˆแˆ› แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ“แˆแข
40 แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‹Š แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แƒ แŠฎแ‹ถแ‰ฝแŠ“ แˆตแ‰ณแŠ•แ‹ณแˆญแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ…แ‰ฐแ‹ แŒธแ‹ตแ‰€แ‹‹แˆแค 24 แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แŠฅแŠ“ 16 แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆปแˆ‰ แŠฎแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŠซแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แˆฌแŒ‰แˆ‹แ‰ถแˆช แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต (CRIS) แ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰† แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ™แŠจแˆซ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ทแˆแข

320 แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ 13 แ‹จแˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“ แ‹˜แˆญแŽแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“ แ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‹‹แˆแข

แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แŠƒแˆ‹แŠแАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ
แŠจ3,000 แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฝแŒแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแŠ•แŒ“แ‹ด แŠ แˆปแˆซ แˆ˜แˆญแˆƒ แŒแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแข

แˆˆแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰แˆณแ‰แˆตแฃ แˆˆแŠ แ‰…แˆ˜ แ‹ฐแŠซแˆžแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆแŒแ‰ฅ แ‹ตแŒ‹แ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆ14 แ‹ˆแˆ‹แŒ… แŠ แˆแ‰ฃ แˆ…แƒแŠ“แ‰ต แ‰‹แˆš แ‹ตแŒ‹แ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ“แˆแข

แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ 2018 แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต   แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ‘ แ‰ แˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃแฃแ‰ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญแฃแ‰ แŠฎแ‹ตแŠ“ แˆตแ‰ณแŠ•แ‹ณแˆญแ‹ต แ‹แŒแŒ…แ‰ตแฃแ‰ แ‹ฒแŒ‚แ‰ณแˆ แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แˆจแŒˆแ‹ต แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆ˜แ‹แŒˆแ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ™แŠ• แ‹จแ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆญ แˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ‰ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแ†แˆแข

แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆ แ‹จ2019 แ‹“.แˆ แŠฅแ‰…แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰  แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‹จ2019 แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แ‰ แ‹‹แŠ“แАแ‰ต แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแ‰แŠ• แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญแฃ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆญ แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆแˆ˜ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแ†แˆแข

๐Ÿ”–แ‹จแ‹•แ‰…แ‹ฑ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“ แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ

ยท        แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŠฎแ‹ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแ‰ณแŠ•แ‹ณแˆญแ‹ต: แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แŒปแฃ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠขแАแˆญแŒ‚ แŠฎแ‹ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‰ตแฃ แˆ›แŒฝแ‹ฐแ‰… แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹ฒแŒ‚แ‰ณแˆ แŠ แˆ›แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆซแˆฝ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒแข
ยท        แ‹ฒแŒ‚แ‰ณแˆ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ  แŠ แ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹: แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แˆฌแŒ‰แˆ‹แ‰ถแˆช แŠขแŠ•แŽแˆญแˆœแˆฝแŠ• แˆฒแˆตแ‰ฐแˆ (CRIS) แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแ‰€แˆแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆญแฃ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‹ณแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แˆˆแ‹แˆณแŠ” แˆฐแŒชแАแ‰ต แˆ›แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‰ตแข
ยท        แˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ: แˆˆแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แˆˆแŠฉแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒ แ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แ‰€แˆแŒฃแ‹ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒแฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญแ‰แŠ• แ‰ฐแ‹‹แŠ•แ‹ซแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆตแŠ“ แ‰ แАแ‰ฃแˆญ แˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ แˆ›แŠซแ‰ฐแ‰ตแข
ยท        แŒแŒญแ‰ต แŠ แˆแ‰ณแ‰ต: แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹แˆ แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แแˆญแ‹ต แ‰คแ‰ต แˆณแ‹ญแˆ”แ‹ฑ แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆซแŒญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‹จแˆ˜แแ‰ณแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆณแ‹ฐแŒแข
ยท        แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฆแ‹ฒแ‰ต: แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ก แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แŒปแฃ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒแฃ แ‹จแŠขแАแˆญแŒ‚ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แˆ˜แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆแฃ แˆ˜แ‰†แŒฃแŒ แˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฆแ‹ฒแ‰ต แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ•แข
ยท        แŒแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‰ต แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ: แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‹ณแŒ… แ‹จแŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆŸแˆ‹แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ แˆแˆญแˆ˜แˆซ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅแข
ยท        แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆซแ‹Š แ‹ตแŒ‹แ: แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠญแˆ…แˆŽแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ›แˆณแ‹ฐแŒแฃ แ‹จแ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญแŠ• แˆ›แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ•แฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแˆฅแА-แˆแŒแ‰ฃแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒธแˆจ-แˆ™แˆตแŠ“ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆญแข
ยท        แŠ แŠซแ‰ณแ‰ฝแАแ‰ต: แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‹จแ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆดแ‰ถแ‰ฝแฃ แˆ…แŒปแŠ“แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แŠซแˆ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆšแАแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ตแŽ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅแข แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹•แ‰…แ‹ต แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ™ แ‰ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒˆแˆแฃ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแŒ แ‰ แ‰€ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแ แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆณแŠ แˆšแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆแˆ˜ แАแ‹แข

แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‹แŠ• แˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠฅแ‰…แ‹ต แˆ˜แАแˆป แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‰ฑ แŒแˆแŒธแŠแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ“ แˆ›แ‰ฅแˆซแˆชแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰€แˆญแ‰ แ‹‹แˆ แ‰ แˆ›แŒ แ‰ƒแˆˆแ‹ซแАแ‰ตแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ™ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆฌแŠญแ‰ฐแˆญ แˆ˜แˆตแแŠ• แАแŒˆแ‹Ž (แ‹ถ/แˆญ) แ‰ แ‰€แˆช แ‹จแ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แŒŠแ‹œแ‹ซแ‰ต แ‰€แˆช แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แŠ• แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แ‹จ2019 แ‹“.แˆ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ•แŠ“ แŠจแˆตแ‹ตแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แŠญแˆˆแˆณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ แˆญ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ•แฃแ‹จแˆชแŽแˆญแˆ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แ‰ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แˆซแˆตแŠ• แˆ›แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒแฃแˆˆแˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แ‹ฒแˆตแ•แˆŠแŠ• แˆตแАแˆแŒแ‰ฃแˆญ แ‹ˆแˆณแŠ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ แ‹ฒแˆตแ•แˆŠแŠ• แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃแŠ“ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฅ แˆ˜แˆญแˆ€แ‰ฅแˆฉ แ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰‹แˆแกแก

แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ•

@etconp
โค13
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹แˆƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒƒ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แˆ›แŒ แˆซแ‰€แˆšแ‹ซ (แˆณแˆแ•) แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ::

๐Ÿ“ŽแŠจแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แ‰ แ“แˆแ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ•แŠ•แƒแ‹ แŠ แŠ“แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แ‰ณแŠ•แŠญ แ‹ญแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ณแˆแข

๐Ÿ’ซแŠจแŠฆแ‰จแˆญแˆ„แ‹ต แ‰ณแŠ•แŠฉ แ‹แˆƒแ‹ แ‰ แˆตแ‰ แ‰ต (Gravity) แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰งแŠ•แ‰งแ‹Žแ‰ฝแฃ แ‰ซแˆแ‰ฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰…แˆญแŠ•แŒซแ แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแŠแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซแŒญแ‰ถ 10 แŽแ‰… แˆ•แŠ•แƒแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฃแˆแข

๐Ÿšง10-แŽแ‰… แˆ•แŠ•แƒ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ต แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต
(10-Storey Building Water Supply System)

โ‡๏ธแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแŒซ (LEGEND)

1. แ‹จแˆ›แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒƒ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆญ (Municipal Water Main) แŠจแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆƒ

2. แŠจแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแˆˆ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แˆ›แŒ แˆซแ‰€แˆšแ‹ซ (Underground Sump Tank) แŒฅแˆฌ แ‹แˆƒแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŠจแˆ›แ‰ฝ

3. แ“แˆแ• (Pump) แ‹แˆƒแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ณแŠ•แŠญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆแ

4. แ‹จแˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แ‰ณแŠ•แŠญ (Overhead Tank) แˆˆแˆ•แŠ•แƒแ‹ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒฃแˆซ แ‹แˆƒ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŠจแˆ›แ‰ฝ

5. แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แˆ›แŠจแ‹แˆแ‹ซ แ‰งแŠ•แ‰ง (Distribution Pipe) แ‹แˆƒแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แŽแ‰†แ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅ

6. แ‹จแŽแ‰… แˆ˜แ‰†แŒฃแŒ แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰ซแˆแ‰ญ (Floor Stop Valve) แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แŽแ‰… แ‹จแˆšแˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แŒฃแŒ แˆญ

7. แ‹จแ‰…แˆญแŠ•แŒซแ แ‰งแŠ•แ‰ง (Branch Pipe) แ‹แˆƒแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆšแ‹ซ แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแˆต

๐Ÿชงแ‹จแˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ฑ แŠ แˆ แˆซแˆญ

โ€ข แ‹แˆƒ แŠจแˆ›แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒƒ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠจแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แˆ›แŒ แˆซแ‰€แˆšแ‹ซ (แˆณแˆแ•) แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข

โ€ข แ“แˆแ‘ แ‹แˆƒแ‹แŠ• แŠจแˆณแˆแ‘ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‹จแˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แ‰ณแŠ•แŠญ แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆแ‹แˆแข

โ€ข แŠจแ‰ณแŠ•แŠฉ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‹แˆƒแ‹ แ‰ แˆตแ‰ แ‰ต (Gravity) แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แŽแ‰†แ‰ฝ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแŒซแˆแข

@etconp
โค4๐Ÿ™3
๐Ÿ‘‰Rigid Pavement Engineering Guide

๐Ÿ’ซRigid roads, also known as concrete roads, are designed with a layered system to handle heavy traffic and provide long-lasting durability.

๐ŸšงThe top layer, PQC, acts as the main load-bearing surface, supported by DLC and GSB layers that provide stability and drainage.

โ‡๏ธCritical components like dowel and tie bars are used at joints to manage movement and transfer loads between slabs, while a proper camber ensures efficient water runoff to side drains.

#RigidPavement #RoadConstruction #CivilEngineering #ConcreteRoads #PavementDesign #HighwayEngineering #InfrastructureDevelopment #EngineeringEducation #ConstructionDetails #DurableRoads

@etconp
โค7๐Ÿ‘2
แ‹จแ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ตแกแˆŒแˆ‹แŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‹จแˆตแŠฌแ‰ต แˆแ‹•แˆซแ

แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆแˆˆแŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹Š แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆšแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅแŠ“ แŒ แŠ•แŠซแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆจแŒˆแ‹ต แˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠจแ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แŠ แ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹แАแ‹‹แˆแข

แˆตแŠฌแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แАแ‹แขแ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ™ แ‰ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‹แ‰…แˆ™แŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ฐแŒˆ แАแ‹แขแˆˆแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠ แˆฅแˆจแŒ‚ แАแ‹แข

แŒ แ‰…แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹แ‰ขแ‹ญ แŠ แˆ•แˆ˜แ‹ต (แ‹ถ/แˆญ) แ‹จแ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแŠ• แŒฅแˆญ 2 แ‰€แŠ• 2018 แ‹“.แˆ แ‰ฃแˆตแŒ€แˆ˜แˆฉแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ แˆฐแˆ›แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆšแ‰ แˆญแˆฉ แˆ˜แˆญแŠจแ‰ฆแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แˆ†แŠ– แ‹ซแŒˆแˆˆแŒแˆ‹แˆแคแ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แˆˆแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆŽแŒ‚แˆตแ‰ฒแŠญแˆต แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‰ต แˆตแ‰ฅแˆซแ‰ต แˆแˆ‹แˆฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒฅ แАแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆณแˆแข

แ‹จแ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹จแŠ แแˆชแŠซแŠ• แŠ แ‰ชแ‹ฌแˆฝแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แˆ›แˆณแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แŠ แˆญแŠ แ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆแข

แ‹ญแˆ… แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แŠจแ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‰€แ‹ณแˆš แ‹จแŠ แ‰ชแ‹ฌแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆญแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆฐแˆแ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ตแŠ• แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ณแˆชแАแ‰ต แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‹ซแˆณแ‹ตแŒˆแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แŠ แแˆชแŠซ แ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แ‰ตแˆแ‰ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ชแ‹ฌแˆฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ-แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‰ แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แ‰ตแˆซแŠ•แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ แˆแŒฅ แŠจแ แ‰ฃแˆˆ แŠฉแˆซแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆตแŒ แˆซแˆแข

แŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแŠ แแˆชแŠซ แАแƒ แŠ•แŒแ‹ต แ‰€แŒฃแŠ“ (AfCFTA) แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แ‰€แˆ‹แŒ แแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แŠ…แŒ‰แˆชแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแŠ•แŒแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‹จแŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แˆˆแˆ›แŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆญ แ‰แˆแ แˆšแŠ“ แ‹ญแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ณแˆแข

แŠจแŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ญแ‹ž แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŠคแˆญแ–แˆญแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‰ แŠ•แŒแ‹ตแฃแ‰ แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆตแ‰ตแˆชแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฑแˆชแ‹แˆ แ‹˜แˆญแŽแ‰ฝ แˆˆแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹•แ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แŒฝแ‹– แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆจแ‹ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹จแŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆดแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแˆแŒฅแˆซแˆแข

แ‹จแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ฑ แŒแ‹™แแАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแ‰ดแŒ‚แŠซแ‹Š แŒ แ‰€แˆœแ‰ณ แ‹จแ‹แŒญ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠขแŠ•แ‰จแˆตแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ตแŠ• (FDI) แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠจแˆ˜แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆชแˆ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰€ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‰ แˆšแˆฐแŒก แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆบแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆšแ‰†แŒ แˆฉ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แА แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แ‹ญแˆแŒฅแˆซแˆแข

แ‹จแ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰…แАแ‰ต แ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ แˆแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แŠญแˆญแฃแ‹จแ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆšแАแ‰ต แ‰ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ตแŒ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠจแ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‰€แ‹ณแˆš แ‹จแŠ แ‰ชแ‹ฌแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆญแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆฐแˆแ แˆœแŒ‹ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‹•แ‹แ‰€แ‰ต แˆฝแŒแŒแˆญแฃแ‰ แˆฅแˆซ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ แˆซแฃแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹แŠ• แ‰ฅแˆŽแˆ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แ‰ตแˆซแŠ•แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแ แŠ แˆแŠ• แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ แˆแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแŒ แˆซ แАแ‹แข

แ‹จแ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆแŒธแˆ แŠ แ‰…แˆ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆ†แŠ•แˆ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆแข

แˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แ‰ณแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰…แŠ“ แ‹แˆตแ‰ฅแˆตแ‰ฅ แˆœแŒ‹ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŒ แŠ•แŠซแˆซ แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆญ แˆฐแŒชแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŒŠแ‹œแŠ“ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แŠ แŒ แŠ“แ‰† แˆˆแˆแˆญแ‰ƒแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แˆจแŒˆแ‹ต แ‰ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแŠจแˆ‹แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆซแ‹Š แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ แˆแŒฅแˆซแˆˆแ‰ฝแข

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆแˆณแˆŒแˆ แ‰ณแˆ‹แ‰ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ•แ‹ณแˆด แŒแ‹ตแ‰ฅแŠ• แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰…แฃแ‹จแ‹“แ‹ตแ‹‹ แ‹ตแˆ แˆ˜แ‰ณแˆฐแ‰ขแ‹ซแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆญ แŒŠแ‹œ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ตแฃแ‹จแˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แˆต แˆ™แ‹šแ‹จแˆแฃแ‹จแŠฎแˆชแ‹ฐแˆญ แˆแˆ›แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แ‹จแ‰ฑแˆชแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ“แˆแˆปแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‹ แˆˆแŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒแ‹™แ แ‹จแŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆšแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ-แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แ‰€แ‹ตแฃแ‹จแˆ˜แˆแˆซแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹จแˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แŠ แ‰…แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแ‰ฃแŒญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ญ แАแ‹แข

แ‹จแ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ‘ แ‹จแŒฝแŠ“แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแˆตแŠฌแ‰ต แŒ‰แ‹ž แ‰ แˆ‹แ‰€ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแŒแˆ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

Via แŠขแ‹œแŠ 

@etconp
โค4๐Ÿ‘3
Ethio Construction Engineering
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แˆตแ‹ฐแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹œแŠ“ แˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• ๐Ÿชง4แŠ› แ‹™แˆญ แŠฆแŠ•แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“แ‹Žแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŒ€แˆแˆจแŠ“แˆ โ›ˆแŠญแˆจแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹แ‰€แ‰ตแ‹Ž แŠฅแŠ“ แˆžแ‹ซแ‹Ž แˆ›แ‹ณแ‰ แˆญ แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ‰? ๐Ÿ’ซแŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ตแ‹ซแ‹แˆต แ‹จ ETABS แŠฅแŠ“ QUANTITY SURVEYING แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠฆแŠ•แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แŠฎแˆญแˆต แ‰  25 % แ‰…แŠ“แˆฝ แˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŒ€แˆแˆจแŠ“แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑแˆ แŠฎแˆญแˆถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆšแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฑ แŠจ แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹จ 40% แ‰…แŠ“แˆฝ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒแˆ‹แ‰นแ‹‹แˆ๐Ÿ™ ๐Ÿ“ฉแˆˆแˆ˜แˆ˜แ‹แŒˆแ‰ฅ @Philemona7 แ‹ญแƒแ‰แˆแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆโ€ฆ
๐Ÿทแˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŒจแˆญแˆฐแŠ“แˆ๐Ÿ™

๐ŸชงDiscount แŠ แ‰ฅแ‰…แ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ

๐Ÿ’ซแˆˆ "Quantity Surveying แŠฅแŠ“ ETABS" Full Course แ‰  แŠฆแŠ•แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰น แ‰  แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ณแ‰น แ‰ แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแ‰ตแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‹ญแ‰ƒแˆˆแŠ•โค

๐Ÿ“ฉแˆˆแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ  @Philemona7 แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ 0925446661 แ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹แˆ‰

@etconp
โค6๐Ÿ™4
The boundary layer on a flat plate is called laminar boundary layer if
Anonymous Quiz
44%
Re is less than 2000
28%
Re is less than 4000
21%
Re is less than 5 ร— 10^5
7%
Nota
๐ŸŽ‰6โค1
According to IS Classification system, the soils can be classified into
Anonymous Quiz
13%
18 Groups
14%
15 Groups
35%
3 Groups
38%
7 Groups
๐Ÿ™4โค2
Stokeโ€™s law is applicable for spheres of diameter ranging between
Anonymous Quiz
29%
0.002 to 0.0002 mm
33%
0.2 to 0.0002 mm
25%
0.02 to 0.0002 mm
13%
2 to 0.02 mm
๐Ÿ‘3๐Ÿ”ฅ3โค2