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๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
Latest updates, tips, and tutorials on building, civil engineering, and construction in World.
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๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐ แŠญแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒแ‹ซแŠ• แˆ•แŠ•แƒ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ฑ แŒ แ‰ฅแ‰† แŠจแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แƒ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แƒ แ‰…แˆญแ†แ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆแˆ‰ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆจแ‹ณแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แˆแˆญแŒฅ แ‹จแŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แˆ˜แ…แˆแ แŠจแˆแˆˆแŒ‰ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆŠแŠ•แŠญ แ‹ซแ‹แˆญแ‹ฑแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘‡

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๐Ÿ‘‰HOW MANY ROOF SHEETS DO YOU NEED?๐Ÿ ๐Ÿ“

๐ŸŒŸCalculating the number of roofing sheets is simple when you consider the actual roof dimensions, roof slope, and sheet overlaps.

๐Ÿ›Hereโ€™s a complete step-by-step example:

๐Ÿ”น Project Data

โ€ข Building Width: 5 m
โ€ข Building Length: 15 m
โ€ข Overhang: 0.40 m
โ€ข Roof Slope: 35% โ‰ˆ 19.3ยฐ
โ€ข Sheet Size: 3.0 m ร— 0.90 m

๐Ÿ”น Step 1:

Calculate Actual Roof Dimensions Always include the overhang on both sides:

Total Length = 15 + (2 ร— 0.40) = 15.80 m
Total Width = 5 + (2 ร— 0.40) = 5.80 m

๐Ÿ”น Step 2:

Calculate Slope Length For a pitched roof:

Slope Length = Width รท (2 ร— cos ฮธ)

L = 5.80 รท (2 ร— cos 19.3ยฐ)
L = 3.085 m โ‰ˆ 3.09 m

๐Ÿ”น Step 3: Calculate Roof Area

Area of One Roof Slope = 3.09 ร— 15.80 = 48.82 mยฒ

Since there are two slopes:

Total Roof Area = 2 ร— 48.82 = 97.64 mยฒ

๐Ÿ”น Step 4:

Calculate Usable Area of One Sheet

Sheet overlaps must be considered:

โ€ข Side Overlap = 5 cm
โ€ข End Overlap = 10 cm

Usable Width = 0.90 โˆ’ 0.10 = 0.80 m
Usable Length = 3.00 โˆ’ 0.10 = 2.90 m

Usable Area = 2.90 ร— 0.80 = 2.32 mยฒ

๐Ÿ”น Step 5: Calculate Number of Sheets

Number of Sheets = Total Roof Area รท Usable Area of One Sheet

N = 97.64 รท 2.32 = 42.09

Always round up to the next whole number:

โœ… Required Roofing Sheets = 43 Sheets

โš ๏ธImportant: In actual construction, sheet quantity should also be checked based on the sheet layout, effective cover width, sheet direction, cutting waste, ridge details, and manufacturer-recommended overlaps.

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๐Ÿ‘‰แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แ‹แ‹ต แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒ แ‹จแ‰ƒแ‰นแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จ ETABS แ‰ฒแ‰ถแˆญแ‹ซแˆ แ‰ชแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แŠจ introduction แŒ€แˆแˆฎ Analysis แŠฅแŠ“ Design แŠฃแŠซแ‰ฐแŠ• แˆแˆญแŒฅ แ‰ชแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แŠฃแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ…แ‰ฐแŠ•แˆ‹แ‰นแ‹‹แˆแข

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๐Ÿ™4โค2
1. In approximate quantities method of preparing approximate estimate, wall foundations are measured in:
Anonymous Quiz
4%
Kilogram
56%
Cubic meter
31%
Square meter
9%
Running meter
๐Ÿ‘3๐Ÿ™3
2. In the case of preliminary estimate prepared per unit basis, the service units to be considered for a school and hospital are respectively:
Anonymous Quiz
44%
Classroom and bed
9%
Bench and ward
11%
Bench and bed
36%
Classroom and ward
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3. Which of the following factors is not accounted for in the cost estimation of a reinforced concrete (RC) water tank?
Anonymous Quiz
65%
Density of water
7%
Height of water tank
12%
Thickness of RC slab and wall
16%
Length of water tank
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๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จ แˆ…แŠ•แƒ Quantity Surveying แŠจ Introduction แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‰ฝแˆŽแ‰ณแ‹ŽแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‹Š แˆแˆณแˆŒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ตแŒ‰แ‰ แ‰ต แˆแˆญแŒฅ แˆ˜แ…แˆแ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆŠแŠ•แŠญ แ‹ซแ‹แˆญแ‹ฑแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘‡

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๐Ÿ‘1๐Ÿ‘Œ1
4. The capacity of doing work by a skilled labour in the form of quantity of work per day is known as:
Anonymous Quiz
30%
Out-turn work
8%
Extra work
57%
Standard work
4%
Lift work
๐Ÿ‘4โค1
5. As per IS dimensioning shall be done normally in:
Anonymous Quiz
40%
Millimeters
31%
Meters
13%
Centimeters
15%
Feet and Inches
โค4๐Ÿ‘1
6. The nominal lead and lift allowed for the earthwork in the excavations of the foundations are:
Anonymous Quiz
28%
30 m and 1.5 m
28%
20 m and 1.5 m
30%
15 m and 3.0 m
15%
20 m and 3.0 m
๐Ÿ‘4โค3
7. The expected out-turn for earthwork in excavation in ordinary soil per workman per day is:
Anonymous Quiz
26%
1.00 cum
29%
2.00 cum
31%
3.00 cum
14%
4.00 cum
โค4๐Ÿ‘3
8. Expected out-turn of cement concrete 1:2:4 per mason per day is:
Anonymous Quiz
19%
1.0 mยณ
32%
1.5 mยณ
33%
2.5 mยณ
15%
5.0 mยณ
๐Ÿ™2โค1
9. In steel and iron works, dimensions excepting cross-section and thickness of plate shall be measured to nearest ____ m except for reinforcement in reinforced concrete works.
Anonymous Quiz
35%
0.005
36%
0.001
21%
0.002
7%
0.003
โค5
10. In brickworks, length and height is measured to the nearest:
Anonymous Quiz
45%
1 cm
21%
0.01 cm
20%
0.1 cm
14%
0.5 cm
โค3๐Ÿ™3
๐Ÿ‘‰RCC / Concrete Staircase โ€“ Structural & Dimension Guide

๐ŸšฅAn RCC staircase is designed to provide safe and comfortable access between different floor levels. The main components include treads, risers, stringers/side beams, landings, reinforcement, and supporting footings.

๐ŸŒŸKey Dimensions Shown

- Total height: 2.8 m
- Total length: approximately 5.5 m
- Stair width: 0.9 m
- Rise (R): 0.20 m
- Tread (T): 0.20 m
- Number of steps: 14
- Landing: Provided at the intermediate portion
- Base footing: approximately 1.6 m ร— 0.9 m as illustrated

Important Components

1. Stringer / Side Beam โ€“ Supports the staircase along its inclined sides.
2. Tread โ€“ The horizontal surface on which the foot rests.
3. Riser โ€“ The vertical portion between two consecutive treads.
4. Landing โ€“ Provides a resting and turning area.
5. Base Footing โ€“ Transfers the staircase/support loads safely to the ground.

Reinforcement & Construction Notes

- The illustration indicates M20 concrete for treads and landing.
- Minimum reinforcement shown is 8 mm diameter bars at 150 mm c/c, subject to structural design.
- Reinforcement detailing should be finalized according to the span, loading, support conditions, and applicable design code.
- Maintain uniform rise and tread dimensions for comfortable movement.
- Proper concrete compaction and curing are essential for strength and durability.
- Provide adequate side support/stringers and proper anchorage at landings and supports.

Staircase Formula

A commonly used comfort relationship is:

2R + T โ‰ˆ 600 mm

For the dimensions shown:

2(200) + 200 = 600 mm

The drawing also shows a 45ยฐ slope calculation, although the stated slope angle elsewhere in the illustration is approximately 37ยฐ. The actual stair slope should be determined from the final verified rise and horizontal going dimensions.

Note: Staircase dimensions and reinforcement must be verified by a qualified structural engineer before construction. The values in this illustration should be treated as an educational reference, not a construction drawing.

@etconp
โค10๐Ÿ‘4๐ŸŽ‰1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠขแŠ•แŒ‚แАแˆชแŠ•แŒ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แˆณแˆแŠ•แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹ณแˆฐแˆณ

โ€‹แ‰ แ‹›แˆฌแ‹ แ‰ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‰ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆแŒ แˆซ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ƒแŠ›แˆˆแŠ•แข

โ€‹แ‰ แŠ แˆญแ‰ดแŠแˆปแˆ แŠขแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆˆแŒ€แŠ•แˆต (AI) แ‹จแ‰ณแŒˆแ‹˜ แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แƒ แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆ

โ€‹แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆŠแŠจแˆฐแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแŠ•แ‰ แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰‚แ‹ซ แŠฅแ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (PPE) แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแ‰€แˆ แ‰ แŠซแˆœแˆซ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ แ‹จแŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แŠ•แŠ• แˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แˆฒแˆตแ‰ฐแˆžแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ‰แข

โ€‹แ‹แ‰…แ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแŠซแˆญแ‰ฆแŠ• แˆแ‰€แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แˆจแŠ•แŒ“แ‹ด แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ

โ€‹แ‹จแŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆˆแ‹แŒฅแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ แ‰ แˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹ แŒฅแˆจแ‰ต แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆตแ‰ตแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแ‰ฃแˆ…แˆ‹แ‹Š แˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แ‹ญแˆแ‰… แ‰ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠ แАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠซแˆญแ‰ฆแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แАแŒฉ แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แ‹จแˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แŠ แˆ›แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒˆแŠ“ แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆŠแ‹แˆ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

โ€‹แ‹จแ‰ขแŠ แ‹ญแŠคแˆ (BIM - Building Information Modeling) แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚

แ‹•แ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต โ€‹แ‹จแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแŠ•แ‹ตแแฃ แ‹จแ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แˆฐแˆŒแ‹ณ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹ฒแŒ‚แ‰ณแˆ แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแŠญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แ‰€แŠ“แŒ…แ‰ถ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ซแ‹ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰€แˆญ แ‹จแˆถแแ‰ตแ‹Œแˆญ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแ‰€แˆ แ‰ แŠ แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆ˜แ‹˜แŠ› แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแข

โ€‹แˆžแ‹ฑแˆ‹แˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰€แ‹ตแˆ˜แ‹ แ‰ฐแˆฐแŠ“แ‹ตแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŒ แˆ™ (Prefabricated) แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ

โ€‹แ‹จแˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒ‰แˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ˆแŒชแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต แˆฒแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แƒ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‰ แ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ…แ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŒ แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆญ แ‰ แˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠจแ‰ฐแˆžแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆตแ‹แ‹แ‰ต แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแŒญ แŠฅแ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰ทแˆแข

โ€‹แˆˆแ‹›แˆฌ แ‹ซแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ‰แค แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠขแŠ•แŒ‚แАแˆชแŠ•แŒ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แŠซแ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฅแˆจแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‰†แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ•แข

@etconp
โค5๐Ÿฅฐ1
๐Ÿ—๏ธRCC & Masonry Structural Design Guide๐Ÿ“˜

๐Ÿ“šแ‹จRCC แŠฅแŠ“ Masonry แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆญ แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ‰? แ‹ญแˆ… แˆแˆญแŒฅ แˆ˜แ…แˆƒแ แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆŠแŠ•แŠญ แ‹ซแ‹แˆญแ‹ฑแ‰ต๐Ÿ‘‡

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โค1๐Ÿ‘1
โ€‹แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฎแ‰น 5 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‰ แ‹จแ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ 100 แˆบแˆ… แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแŒˆแАแ‰ฃแˆ‰
โ€‹แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰ขแˆฎ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰แ‰ต แŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‰ฃแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ต แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจ496 แˆบแˆ… แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ‰แŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แกแก

โ€‹แ‰ขแˆฎแ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒชแ‹Žแ‰น แŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ตแˆ แ‰ แ‹จแ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ 100 แˆบแˆ… แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ถ แˆˆแ‰คแ‰ต แˆแˆ‹แŒŠแ‹Žแ‰น แˆˆแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠฅแ‰…แ‹ต แ‹ญแ‹ž แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆตแˆซ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ขแˆฎแ‹ แŠƒแˆ‹แŠ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแ‹˜แˆฎ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแŒŠแ‹ฎแˆญแŒŠแˆต แˆˆแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แˆšแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แŠ”แ‰ตแ‹ŽแˆญแŠญ แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแข

โ€‹แ‹จแАแ‹‹แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แ‰ แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚แАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แ‰ แ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‰ฅ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ต แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒฃแŒฃแˆ แˆฐแŠ แŒฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แŠ• แ‹จแŒ แ‰†แˆ™แ‰ต แŠƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹‹แฃ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ก แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆตแŠฌแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แก

โ€‹แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰ฝแฆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰แ‰ต แŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ 496 แˆบแˆ… แ‹จแˆšแŒ แŒ‰ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแข

โ€‹แ‹จแŒแˆ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ตแŽแฆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ตแŠ• แŒฅแˆจแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแŒˆแ‹ตแ‰ฅแค แ‹จแŒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแแŠ“ แˆชแˆ แˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‰ฐแ แˆแ‰น แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆ‹แ‹ฐแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

โ€‹แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ›แ‹•แ‰€แแฆ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ฐแˆซแŒ€แ‰ตแฃ แ‹จ40/60 แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จ20/80 แ‹จแŒ‹แˆซ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แŒ แ‰ฃแ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แ‰€แ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒˆแ‰ก แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ“แˆแข

โ€‹แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แŒแˆ แŠ แŒ‹แˆญแАแ‰ต (PPP) แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แ‹จแˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆžแ‹ณแˆŠแ‰ฒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แˆ›แแˆซแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŒˆแˆˆแŒนแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแ‹˜แˆฎ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆตแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแŒแˆ‰แŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‰ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‰ฐแ แ‹จแАแ‹‹แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚แАแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แ‹จแˆ˜แŒชแ‹Žแ‰น แŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแ‰ดแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แŠฅแ‰…แ‹ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แŠ แˆตแŒˆแŠ•แ‹แ‰ แ‹‹แˆแข

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โค6๐Ÿ‘2๐Ÿ”ฅ1