👉በኮንስትራክሽን ኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ የፕሮጀክት መዘግየት የተለመደ ፈተና ቢሆንም፣ ከውል አንፃር ግን የራሱ የሆነ ከባድ የህግ እና የገንዘብ ተጠያቂነት አለው።

🌟አንድ ተቋራጭ (Contractor) ፕሮጀክቱን በውሉ በተጠቀሰው የጊዜ ገደብ ( Completion Time) አጠናቆ ለEmployer/Client ሳያስረክብ ሲቀር፣ ለሚፈጠረው አላስፈላጊ መዘግየት የሚከፍለው የካሳ ቅጣት Liquidated Damages (ወይም በ FIDIC አጠራር Delay Damages) በመባል ይታወቃል።
ይህንን የካሳ ቅጣት በተመለከተ  FIDIC Red Book 2017 አሰራር ግልፅ የሆኑ ድንጋጌዎችን ያስቀምጣል።

🚥በውሉ Sub-Clause 8.2 መሠረት ተቋራጩ ሙሉውን ስራ ወይም በውሉ የተከፋፈሉ የፕሮጀክቱን ክፍሎች (Sections) በ Contract Data በተቀመጠው የጊዜ ገደብ ውስጥ አጠናቆ የማስረከብ ጥብቅ ግዴታ አለበት። ይህ ሳይሆን ቀርቶ ጊዜው ካለፈ፣ በVSub-Clause 8.8 መሠረት ቀጣሪው በዘገየበት ቀናት ልክ የካሳ ቅጣቱን የማስፈጸም መብት ይኖረዋል።

⏺እርግጥ ነው፣ የቅጣቱ አጠቃላይ ድምር በ Contract Data ላይ ከተቀመጠው ከፍተኛ ገደብ (Maximum Amount) መብለጥ አይችልም፤ እንዲሁም ቅጣቱን መክፈሉ ተቋራጩ ስራውን አጠናቆ የማስረከብ ቀሪ የውል ግዴታዎቹን አያነሳለትም።

▶️ወደ PPA ስንመጣም ደግሞ፣ በመንግስት ፕሮጀክቶች ላይ ተግባራዊ የሚሆነው ይህ የ PPA Standard Bidding Document ይህንን ሃሳብ በግልፅ ይደግፈዋል።

☄በ PPA GCC መሠረት የ Liquidated Damages መጠን የሚሰላው በየቀኑ ከጠቅላላ የውል ዋጋው (Contract Price) በተወሰነ ፐርሰንት (በአብዛኛው 0.1%) ታስቦ ነው።

⏺በተመሳሳይ ሁኔታ የቅጣቱ ጣሪያ ከጠቅላላ የውል ዋጋው 10% መብለጥ የማይችል ሲሆን፣ የተቀጣው የካሳ መጠን ይህንን ከፍተኛ ገደብ ከነካ፣ ቀጣሪው ውሉን በተቋራጩ ጥፋት (Termination for Contractor's Default) ሙሉ በሙሉ ለማቋረጥ ህጋዊ መብት ያገኛል።

⏺በነዚህ የውል ማስፈፀም ሂደቶች ውስጥ የኮንትራት እና ሳይት ኢንጂነሮች ሚና ከፍተኛ ነው።

⏺ፕሮጀክቱን የሚቆጣጠሩ አማካሪ መሐንዲሶች (Consultants/Resident Engineers) የቅጣት መጠኑን በየወሩ ከሚዘጋጀው የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት (Interim Payment Certificate - IPC) ላይ በመቁረጥ (Deduction) ተግባራዊ ማድረግ ይችላሉ።

⏺በሌላ በኩል ደግሞ ተቋራጩ ለዘገየበት ምክንያት የEmployer/client እጅ ካለበት ፣ ቅጣት ውስጥ ከመግባቱ በፊት ወዲያውኑ አግባብነት ያለው የጊዜ ማራዘሚያ (Extension of Time - EOT) ጥያቄ በማቅረብ መብቱን ማስጠበቅ ይኖርበታል።

  ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
‎👉የኢትዮጵያ የኮንስትራክሽን ሕግ እና አተገባበሩ | የተግባር መመሪያ መፅሐፍ ይፈልጋሉ?
‎
‎📚 ይህ መፅሐፍ በኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ውስጥ የሚመለከቱ የሕግ ጉዳዮችን በቀላልና ተግባራዊ መልኩ ለመረዳት ይረዳል።
‎
⏺‎የኮንስትራክሽን ሕግ መሠረታዊ ግንዛቤ
⏺‎የግንባታ ፕሮጀክት ሕጋዊ አተገባበር
⏺‎የተዋዋይ ወገኖች መብትና ግዴታ
⏺‎የኮንትራት እና የስምምነት ጉዳዮች
⏺‎የግንባታ ሥራ ኃላፊነትና ተጠያቂነት
⏺‎በግንባታ ሥራ ላይ የሚፈጠሩ የሕግ ጉዳዮች እና ሌሎች ተካተዋል👇
‎
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📊Professional Interim Payment Certificate (IPC) Excel Template

🌟የግንባታ ሥራ ክፍያን በቀላሉ ለማስላት፣ ለመከታተል እና IPC ለማዘጋጀት ይህን Editable Excel Template ይጠቀሙ👇

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🏗️Concrete Mixes – Proportions, Strength & Applications

Concrete strength and performance depend heavily on selecting the right proportions of cement, sand, coarse aggregate, and water, along with proper mixing, placing, compaction, and curing.

🔹 1. Low Strength Concrete
Mix ratio: 1 : 3 : 5 — Cement : Sand : Gravel
Approx. characteristic compressive strength shown: 2000 psi (≈14 MPa)
Commonly used for mass concrete, leveling layers, foundations, and non-structural works.

🔹 2. General Purpose Concrete
Mix ratio: 1 : 2 : 3 — Cement : Sand : Gravel
Approx. strength shown: 2800 psi (≈20 MPa)
Suitable for general building construction, floor slabs, beams, columns, and residential works.

🔹 3. High Strength Concrete
Mix ratio: 1 : 1.5 : 3 — Cement : Sand : Gravel
Approx. strength shown: 4000 psi (≈28 MPa) or higher
Used for heavy-load elements, bridges, high-rise buildings, industrial structures, and special applications.

💧 Water: The water quantity should be controlled to achieve the required workability without unnecessarily increasing the water-cement ratio.

⚠️ Important Engineering Note

The ratios shown are typical illustrative nominal proportions, not universal design mixes. Actual concrete proportions should be established through mix design, material testing, required strength, workability, exposure conditions, and applicable standards such as IS 10262/IS 456, ACI, or project specifications.

✅ Correct proportioning
✅ Proper compaction
✅ Adequate curing
✅ Quality materials
✅ Controlled water-cement ratio

Right Mix → Stronger Concrete → Safer & More Durable Structures.

@etconp

🏗️ Construction Project Management & Cost Control System

🇪🇹የግንባታ ፕሮጀክትዎን BOQ፣ Cost፣ Payment፣ IPC፣ EVM፣ Cash Flow፣ Variation፣ Risk & Progress በአንድ የ Excel System ያስተዳድሩ👇

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🏗️Types of Structural Failure: Shear, Compression & Buckling

🚥Structural failure occurs when a structural member can no longer safely resist the applied loads.

⏺Understanding common failure modes is essential for safe structural design, detailing, construction, and inspection.

🔹 1. Shear Failure (Shear Cracking)

Develops when shear stress exceeds the member's shear capacity.

Often produces diagonal cracks, commonly around 45° in simple cases.

Can occur in beams, columns, walls, and other structural members.

Shear failure can be relatively brittle and may provide limited warning.

Proper shear reinforcement/stirrups and adequate detailing are important.

🔹 2. Compression Failure (Crushing)

Occurs when compressive stress exceeds the material's capacity.

Concrete may crush, crack, and spall, particularly in heavily loaded or short compression members.

Lateral expansion can occur due to Poisson's effect.

Proper reinforcement, confinement, material strength, and load assessment are critical.

🔹 3. Buckling Failure (Structural Instability)

Common in slender columns and compression members.

The member can deflect laterally when the applied load approaches or exceeds its critical buckling load.

Buckling is strongly influenced by member slenderness, effective length, end restraints, stiffness, and lateral support.

A member can buckle before the material itself reaches its crushing strength.

🔑 Key Takeaways

✅ Design for possible failure modes—not just vertical strength.
✅ Provide adequate reinforcement and proper detailing.
✅ Check column slenderness and stability.
✅ Consider load paths, effective length, and lateral restraint.
✅ Follow the applicable structural design code.
✅ Good construction quality and inspection are essential for long-term performance.

A strong structure doesn't happen by chance—it comes from sound engineering, proper detailing, and quality construction.

​​🌐ለተጨማሪ መረጃ እና ሌሎች የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ዜናዎች የ YouTube ገፃችን ከታች ባለው ሊንክ በመግባት SubScribe አርገው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ👇

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction7?si=ils307xXQQpIdCwG
‎
‎@etconp

👉10 Essential Surveying Instruments & Their Uses

🚥Surveying instruments are essential for accurate measurement, positioning, levelling, alignment, and setting out in civil engineering and construction projects.

1. Total Station – Measures horizontal and vertical angles, distances, and coordinates electronically. Used for topographic surveys, setting out, traversing, and construction layout.

2. Automatic Level – Measures differences in elevation and establishes horizontal lines. Commonly used for levelling, height-difference measurements, profiles, and site grading.

3. Theodolite – Measures precise horizontal and vertical angles. Used for angular measurements, traversing, alignment, and control surveys.

4. GNSS/GPS Receiver – Uses satellite signals to determine accurate geographic coordinates and elevation. Useful for geodetic control, topographic surveys, GIS mapping, and large-area surveys.

5. Laser Level – Projects a visible horizontal or vertical reference plane. Used for levelling, alignment, interior layouts, and construction works.

6. Measuring Tape – Provides direct linear measurements over short distances. Useful for setting out, checking dimensions, and general site work.

7. Surveying Prism (Retroreflector) – Reflects the total station's signal back to the instrument for accurate distance measurement. Used in traversing, setting out, and deformation monitoring.

8. Ranging Rod / Levelling Staff – Used with surveying instruments to establish points and read elevations. Important for levelling, height differences, profiles, and cross-sections.

9. Plumb Bob – Provides a true vertical reference using gravity. Used for transferring points vertically and checking the alignment of columns, walls, and other elements.

10. Field Notebook – Used to record measurements, observations, sketches, calculations, and site information during surveying work.

🌟Key point: Accurate surveying starts with selecting the appropriate instrument, proper calibration, careful setup and centering, multiple observations, and systematic recording of field data.

@etconp

📐የሳይት ኢንጂነሪንግ የሌቭሊንግ (Surveying) ጥያቄ

🚥​በአውቶ ሌቭል (Auto Level) ስራ ወቅት በሌቭሊንግ ስታፍ (Levelling Staff) ላይ የሚታየውን ንባብ በትክክል ማንበብ ለሳይት ሌቭሊንግ፣ ለምድር ቆረጣ/ሙላ (Cut & Fill) እና ለኮንክሪት ሌቭል ቁጥጥር ወሳኝ ነው።

🌟​በምስሉ ላይ የሚታየውን ንባብ በትክክል አንብበውታል?

​A) 1.230 m
B) 1.250 m
C) 1.280 m
D) 1.300 m

​💡 የእርስዎን መልስ ከነምክንያቱ ኮሜንት ላይ ያስቀምጡ! ትክክለኛውን አሰራር እና ንባብ በቅርቡ በኮሜንት መስመር የምናጋራ ይሆናል።

​​​🌐ለተጨማሪ መረጃ እና ሌሎች የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ዜናዎች የ YouTube ገፃችን ከታች ባለው ሊንክ በመግባት SubScribe አርገው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ👇

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction7?si=ils307xXQQpIdCwG
‎
‎@etconp

🏗️ Construction Project Management & Cost Control System

🇪🇹 ለኢትዮጵያ የኮንስትራክሽን ፕሮጀክቶች የተዘጋጀ ሙሉ የExcel ሲስተም!
የግንባታ ፕሮጀክትዎን BOQ፣ ወጪ፣ ክፍያ፣ ፕሮግረስ፣ Cash Flow እና የፕሮጀክት አፈጻጸም በአንድ እና ሙሉ በሙሉ Editable Excel System ያስተዳድሩ!

✅ BOQ & Quantity Takeoff
✅ Cost & Actual Cost Tracking
✅ Payment & IPC Management
✅ EVM – Earned Value Management
✅ Cash Flow & P&L Analysis
✅ Variation & Change Log
✅ Advance Payment & Retention
✅ Risk & Milestone Tracking
✅ Unit Rate Library
✅ Payment History
✅ Real-Time Project Monitoring
✅ Unlimited Data
📘 User Guide Included

👷 ለContractors፣ Project Managers፣ Quantity Surveyors፣ Engineers፣ Consultants እና Construction Companies ተስማሚ👇


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🚨 ሰበር ዜና! 🔥 ከቴምር ፕሮፐርቲስ

በወር 1% ብቻ እየከፈሉ የሱቅ ባለቤት የምትሆኑበት እድል እንደቀጠለ ነው::

በሳርቤት,በቡልጋሪያ እና በገላን

ከ10ካሬ ጀምሮ እስከ 861ካሬ በፈለጉት የካሬ አማራጭ

ከፍተኛ የንግድ እንቅስቃሴ ባለባቸው ቦታዎች፣ ለሬስቶራንት፣ ካፌ እና የንግድ መደብሮች የተመቸ።

ከ1.8 ሚሊየን ብር አጠቃላይ ክፍያ ጀምሮ ወይም በ25% ቅድመ ክፍያ የሱቅ ባለቤት መሆን ይችላሉ

ይህ እድል ለአጭር ጊዜ ስለሆነ ቀድመው ያናግሩን።

+251998878106

ከ 80 በላይ አፓርትመንቶች፣ የንግድ ሱቆች እና ቢሮዎች ሙሉ መረጃ ለማግኘት ከታች ያለውን መተግበሪያ ይጠቀሙ። 👇

http://t.me/realtorbisrat_bot/realtorbisrat

​👉የግንባታ ስራ ላይ የደህንነትና ጤንነት አጠባበቅ ስታንዳርድን የመተግበር አስገዳጅነት

​የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለስልጣን (ኢኮባ) ከአዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ጋር በመቀናጀት አዳዲሶችን ጨምሮ 48 ያህል ሀገራዊ የህንጻ ኮዶችና ስታንዳርዶችን ወደ ስራ ማስገባቱ ይታወሳል።

​ከእነዚህ ውስጥ አንዱና ዋነኛው የሆነው "የግንባታ ስራ ቦታ ላይ የደህንነትና ጤንነት አጠባበቅ ስታንዳርድ" ምን እንደሚጠይቅ
እነሆ፡- ​ዕቅድ ማዘጋጀት፡ ማንኛውም የግንባታ ፕሮጀክት ሲጀመር የስራ ከባቢ ዕቅድ፣ የግንባታ ቦታ አቀማመጥ እና የደህንነት ዕቅድን ያካተተ ጤንነትና ደህንነት አጠባበቅ ዕቅድ መዘጋጀት አለበት።

​ኃላፊ ወይም ኮሚቴ መመደብ፡ ስራ ተቋራጩ የስራ ቦታ ደህንነትን የሚከታተል ኃላፊ መመደብ ወይም የሰራተኞች ተወካይን ያካተተ ኮሚቴ ማቋቋም አለበት።

​የግል መከላከያ እቃዎች፡ ሰራተኞች የስራ ቦታ ደህንነት መከላከያዎችን (PPE) በአግባቡ መጠቀማቸውን ማረጋገጥ ቀዳሚ ግዴታ ነው።

​ግንዛቤና ስልጠና፡ ስለ ስራ ቦታ ደህንነት በቂ መረጃ መስጠት እና ስልጠና ማመቻቸት አማራጭ የሌለው አስገዳጅ ተግባር ነው።

​ድንገተኛ አደጋ ምላሽ፡ አደጋ ሲከሰት የሚወሰዱ እርምጃዎች፣ የሚገናኙ አካላት፣ አቅራቢያ የሚገኙ የህክምና ተቋማት እና የመጓጓዣ ሁኔታዎች ግልጽ ሊሆኑ ይገባል።

​⚠️ ማሳሰቢያ፡ በ2015 ዓ.ም የወጣው ደንብም ሆነ አዲሶቹ ስታንዳርዶች እንደሚደነግጉት፣ የግንባታ ቦታዎች ደኅንነታቸው የተጠበቀና በሰዎች ጤና ላይ ጉዳት የማያደርሱ መሆናቸውን ማረጋገጥ የሁሉንም የስራ ተቋራጮች ሙያዊ፣ ሰብአዊ እና ሕጋዊ ግዴታ ነው።

​Via Ethio Con

@etconp

👉የዚህ መደገፊያ ግንብ ስም ማን ይባላል? Gabion Retaining Wall / የጋቢዮን መደገፊያ ግንብ!

በምስሉ ላይ በቀይ ቀስቱ የተመለከተው እና የመንገዱን የጎን አፈርና ስሎፕ የሚደግፈው መዋቅር Gabion Retaining Wall (የጋቢዮን መደገፊያ ግንብ) ይባላል።

🔹 Gabion Basket፦ በጠንካራ የብረት መረብ ሳጥኖች ውስጥ ተስማሚ የሆኑ ድንጋዮችን በመሙላት ይሰራል።
🔹 Stepped / Tiered Structure፦ በምስሉ እንደሚታየው ግንቡ በደረጃ ወደ ላይ እየተደራረበ ተሰርቷል። ይህም የግንቡን መረጋጋት ለማጠናከር ይረዳል።
🔹 Gravity Retaining Wall፦ የጋቢዮን ግንብ በከፍተኛ የራሱ ክብደት የአፈርን የጎንዮሽ ግፊት በመቋቋም የመሬት መናድን ለመቆጣጠር ይረዳል።
🔹 Good Drainage፦ በድንጋዮቹ መካከል ክፍተት ስላለ ውሃ በቀላሉ እንዲያልፍ ያደርጋል። ይህም ከግንቡ ጀርባ የሚከማች የውሃ ግፊትን ለመቀነስ ይረዳል።
🔹 Slope & Erosion Protection፦ በተራራማ መንገዶች፣ በወንዝ ዳርቻዎች እና በስሎፕ አካባቢዎች የአፈር መሸርሸርንና የስሎፕ መናድን ለመቆጣጠር ይጠቅማል።

⚠️ በሳይት ላይ ሊታሰቡ የሚገቡ ነጥቦች፦

1️⃣ የሚሞሉት ድንጋዮች ጠንካራና ዘላቂ መሆን አለባቸው።
2️⃣ የጋቢዮን ሳጥኖች በLacing/Tie Wire በጥሩ ሁኔታ መታሰር አለባቸው።
3️⃣ በግንቡ እና በኋለኛው አፈር መካከል ተስማሚ Filter/Geotextile መጠቀም የአፈር መሸርሸርን ይቀንሳል።
4️⃣ የግንቡ መሠረትና አጠቃላይ መረጋጋት በዲዛይኑ መሠረት መፈተሽ አለበት።

💬 እርስዎ ይህን የጋቢዮን ግንብ በሳይት ላይ አይተውታል? የግንቡን ትክክለኛ ስም ያውቃሉ? 👇

@etconp

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*ለ ሬስቶራንቶች
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ቤትዎ ወይም የመስሪያ ቦታዎ ንጹህ፣ ማራኪ እና ምቹ እንዲሆን ይፈልጋሉ? ጎጆ Shine ዘመናዊ በሆኑ ማሽኖች እና በሰለጠኑ ባለሙያዎች ጥራት ያለው የጽዳት አገልግሎት ይሰጥዎታል።

□ የምንሰጣቸው አገልግሎቶች፦
🛋️ የሶፋ እና የ ፍራሽ እጥበት
🧹 የምንጣፍ እጥበት እና የአረቢያን መጅሊስ እጥበት
🏢 የቤት እና የቢሮ ጽዳት
✨ ጥልቅ ጽዳት (Deep Cleaning)
🏗️ ከግንባታ በኋላ ጽዳት
🪟 የመስኮትና መስታወት ጽዳት
🚗 የመኪና እጥበት (Car Wash)

ያሉበት ድረስ መጥተን በታማኝነትና በጥራት እናገለግላለን!

📞 አሁኑኑ ይደውሉልን፦
📱 0986416457
📱 0965635149
📱 0704982721

🔻Website:- http://gojoshine.vercel.app

#የጽዳትአገልግሎት #GojoShine #CleaningService #AddisAbaba #Ethiopia

📊 የአዲሱ ዓመት ሁለተኛው የኮንስትራክሽን ዕቃዎች አሁናዊ የገበያ መረጃ

📅 ቀን፦ መስከረም 16 ቀን 2019 ዓ.ም

🏗️ 1. ብረት እና ማያያዣ ዕቃዎች

🔹 የኮንክሪት ብረት (Rebar)፦

• ባለ 8 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 886.00 ብር
• ባለ 10 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 1,383.00 ብር
• ባለ 12 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 1,993.00 ብር
• ባለ 14 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 2,715.00 ብር
• ባለ 16 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 3,543.00 ብር
• ባለ 20 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 5,549.00 ብር
• ባለ 24 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 7,977.00 ብር
🔹 የስታፋ ሽቦ (በኪሎ)፦
• 1.5 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 350.00 ብር
• 2.5 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 350.00 ብር
🔹 ሚስማር (በኪሎ)፦
• ሆራይዘን (አከፋፋይ) ➜ 270 – 340 ብር
• ሆራይዘን (ቸርቻሪ) ➜ 340 – 400 ብር
• አፖሎ (3–4) ➜ 248.80 ብር
• አፖሎ (5–15) ➜ 228.80 ብር

🏠 2. ቆርቆሮ (DH Geda)

• G-28 ➜ 2,480.00 ብር
• G-30 ➜ 1,980.00 ብር
• G-32 ➜ 1,530.00 ብር
• G-35 ➜ 1,170.00 ብር
🚰 3. የውሃ እና ፍሳሽ መስመር ፓይፖች
🔹 PPR (Rack)፦
• ባለ 25 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 950.00 ብር
• ባለ 32 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 1,800.00 ብር
• ባለ 40 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 2,500.00 ብር
• ባለ 50 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 3,500.00 ብር
• ባለ 63 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 5,800.00 ብር
• ባለ 75 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 12,500.00 ብር
🔹 PPR (Roxi)፦
• ባለ 25 ➜ 1,450.00 | ባለ 32 ➜ 2,500.00
• ባለ 40 ➜ 4,500.00 | ባለ 50 ➜ 7,000.00
• ባለ 63 ➜ 8,500.00 | ባለ 75 ➜ 14,000.00
• ባለ 90 ➜ 23,000.00 | ባለ 110 ➜ 28,000.00
🔹 HDPE፦
• 20 ሚ.ሜ (80.00) | 25 ሚ.ሜ (160.00)
• 32 ሚ.ሜ (235.00) | 40 ሚ.ሜ (385.00)
• 50 ሚ.ሜ (506.00) | 63 ሚ.ሜ (740.00)
• 110 ሚ.ሜ ➜ 2,500.00 ብር
🔹 U-PVC (PN 4)፦
• 50 ሚ.ሜ (1,000) | 75 ሚ.ሜ (1,550) | 110 ሚ.ሜ (2,300) | 160 ሚ.ሜ (4,800) | 200 ሚ.ሜ (7,500)
🔹 U-PVC (PN 6)፦
• 50 ሚ.ሜ (1,300) | 75 ሚ.ሜ (2,000) | 110 ሚ.ሜ (3,200) | 125 ሚ.ሜ (5,800)
• 160 ሚ.ሜ (7,000) | 200 ሚ.ሜ (9,200) | 250 ሚ.ሜ (25,000)
🔹 U-PVC (PN 10)፦
• 90 ሚ.ሜ (6,700) | 110 ሚ.ሜ (7,000) | 160 ሚ.ሜ (15,000) | 200 ሚ.ሜ (21,000) | 380 ሚ.ሜ (35,000)
🔹 U-PVC (PN 16)፦
• 20 ሚ.ሜ (2,200) | 25 ሚ.ሜ (2,800) | 50 ሚ.ሜ (3,500)

⚡ 4. የኤሌክትሪክ ዕቃዎች

🔹 ኮንዱት (በሜትር)፦
• ጉሮሮ፦ ባለ 13 (1,500) | ባለ 16 (2,000) | 19 (2,400) | 20 (2,700) | 25 (2,700)
• ኖርማል፦ ባለ 16 (98) | 19 (115) | 25 (125)
🔹 የዋየር ጥቅል (Wire Roll)፦
• Euro Cable፦ 1.5 (9,200) | 2.5 (14,700) | 4.0 (22,500)
• UF Cable፦ 1.5 (7,200) | 2.5 (10,600) | 4.0 (21,700)
• bmet፦ 1.5 (8,700) | 2.5 (12,600) | 4.0 (21,500)
• Blue Nile፦ 1.5 (6,200) | 2.5 (10,500)
• Addis Cable፦ 1.5 (7,300) | 2.5 (11,500) | 4.0 (19,300)
• Rhino፦ 1.5 (8,300) | 2.5 (12,500) | 4.0 (19,800)
🔹 ብሬከር ቦርድ፦
• ባለ 4 መስመር ➜ 650.00 ብር
• ባለ 6 መስመር ➜ 750.00 ብር
• ባለ 8 መስመር ➜ 900.00 ብር
• ባለ 12 መስመር ➜ 1,500.00 ብር
• ባለ 24 መስመር ➜ 2,400.00 ብር

🧱 5. ሲሚንቶ፣ አሸዋ፣ ድንጋይ፣ ጠጠር እና ብሎኬት

• ሲሚንቶ፦ ናሽናል PPC ➜ 1,900.00 ብር
• አሸዋ፦ 16 ሜትር ኩብ (125,000) | በሜ/ኩብ (4,000 – 8,000) | በሳጥን (1,000)
• የመሠረት ድንጋይ፦ 16 ሜትር ኩብ ➜ 36,000.00 ብር
• ጠጠር፦ 16 ሜትር ኩብ (95,000) | በሜ/ኩብ (5,000) | በሳጥን (700)
• ብሎኬት (በክላስ)፦ Class A (112 – 148) | Class B (95 – 129) | Class C (102 – 121)
• ብሎኬት (ሎካል)፦ ባለ 20 (89) | ባለ 15 (75) | ባለ 10 (63)

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🏗️ Cost Breakdown Analysis & BOQ for Building

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👉Structural Concrete Slab – Key Details 🏗️

🌟A reinforced concrete (RCC) slab is designed to safely carry dead loads, live loads, finishes, and other imposed loads and transfer them to beams and columns.

🏛Key construction details:

1. Beam & Column Reinforcement – Reinforcement must be provided according to the structural design, including proper anchorage and development length.

2. Slab Reinforcement – Main reinforcement carries bending stresses, while distribution reinforcement controls cracking and distributes loads.

3. Shuttering/Formwork – Formwork must be rigid, properly supported, level, and adequately braced before concreting.

4. Props/Shoring – Props support the formwork and fresh concrete until the concrete reaches sufficient strength.

5. Slab Thickness – Thickness is determined by structural design, span, loading, deflection and durability requirements; the 125–150 mm shown is only an example.

6. Concrete Placement – Concrete should be placed systematically and compacted properly to avoid honeycombing and voids.

7. Curing – Adequate curing is essential to develop strength and reduce shrinkage cracking.

8. Concrete Quality – The required grade, water–cement ratio, aggregate grading and mix proportions should follow the approved structural specification.

9. Testing – Concrete strength is commonly verified using standard specimens/cubes at the specified testing age.

⚠️ Important: The 1:1.5:3 mix and material quantities shown in the graphic are illustrative/nominal values, not a universal M20 design mix. Actual concrete proportions should be established according to the applicable code, materials, exposure conditions and approved mix design. Reinforcement, slab thickness and formwork removal should always follow the structural engineer's design and local requirements.

​​🌐ለተጨማሪ መረጃ እና ሌሎች የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ዜናዎች የ YouTube ገፃችን ከታች ባለው ሊንክ በመግባት SubScribe አርገው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ👇

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction7?si=ils307xXQQpIdCwG
‎
‎@etconp

👉Failures of Retaining Walls: Overturning and Sliding

🚥Retaining walls must be checked for stability against overturning, sliding, and bearing failure before construction.

1. Overturning Failure

Overturning occurs when the moment produced by lateral active earth pressure is greater than the resisting moment provided by the wall weight and soil above the base.

Active earth pressure:
Pa = ½ Ka γ H²

The resultant active pressure acts approximately at H/3 above the base.

Overturning moment: Mo = Pa × H/3

Resisting moment: Mr = Ww × Xw + Ws × Xs

Typical preliminary factor of safety against overturning: FS ≥ 2.0

2. Sliding Failure

Sliding occurs when the horizontal earth pressure exceeds the available resistance at the foundation base.

Resisting force may include:

Base friction: Ff = μN

Passive earth pressure in front of the toe, where it is reliably available.

Additional measures such as a shear key may be used when required.

A commonly used preliminary check is:

FS = Fr / Pa ≥ 1.5

3. Overturning Movement

If overturning occurs, the wall rotates about the toe. This can cause:

Rotation of the wall

Cracking near the heel

Loss of stability

Potential structural or geotechnical failure

Possible corrective measures include increasing base width, increasing wall weight, adding counterforts/buttresses, reducing backfill height, or using suitable lightweight fill.

4. Sliding Movement

In sliding failure, the wall moves horizontally along its foundation.

Possible measures include:

Increasing the base width

Providing a shear key

Increasing the effective normal load

Improving base friction

Providing reliable passive resistance in front of the toe

⚠️ Important: The factors of safety shown are common preliminary values, but the final retaining-wall design must consider the applicable design code, soil parameters, groundwater, surcharge loads, bearing capacity, drainage, seismic effects where applicable, and site-specific geotechnical investigation.

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​📌 ተጨማሪ ዝርዝር መረጃዎችን እና የሳምንቱን የኮንስትራክሽን ዜናዎች ለማግኘት ​የፌስቡክ ገፃችን ይጎብኙ👇

https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61592085774934

@etconp