🏗️ REINFORCEMENT QUANTITY CALCULATION FOR A FOUNDATION
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📌 GIVEN DATA
Foundation Length (L) = 15 m

Foundation Width (B) = 8 m

Number of Longitudinal Bars = 4

Stirrup Size = 15 cm × 15 cm

Stirrup Spacing (S) = 15 cm = 0.15 m

Hook Length = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m

Standard Bar Length = 12 m

Wastage Allowance = 10%
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 STEP 1: CALCULATION OF FOUNDATION PERIMETER
Formula:
P = 2 × (L + B)
Substitute the values:
P = 2 × (15 + 8)
P = 2 × 23
✅ Total Perimeter = 46 m
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🔹 STEP 2: CALCULATION OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Number of Longitudinal Bars = 4
Formula:
Total Length = Perimeter × Number of Bars
Total Length = 46 × 4
✅ Total Length = 184 m
📌 Number of 12 m Bars:
Number of Bars = Total Length ÷ Standard Bar Length
Number of Bars = 184 ÷ 12
Number of Bars = 15.33 ≈ 16 bars
Including 10% Wastage:
Required Length = 184 × 1.10
Required Length = 202.40 m
Number of Bars = 202.40 ÷ 12
Number of Bars = 16.87 ≈ 17 bars
✅ Provide 17 bars of 12 m, subject to proper lap lengths, anchorage, cutting arrangements, and detailing.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 STEP 3: CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF STIRRUPS
Given:
Perimeter = 46 m

Spacing = 0.15 m
Formula:
Number of Spaces = Perimeter ÷ Spacing
Number of Spaces = 46 ÷ 0.15
Number of Spaces = 306.67
For a closed perimeter, the number of stirrups depends on the actual layout and spacing arrangement.
✅ Preliminary Estimate = 307 stirrups
Note: Confirm the final number from the reinforcement layout and required spacing at corners and along each side.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 STEP 4: CALCULATION OF LENGTH OF ONE STIRRUP
Given:
Stirrup Length = 15 cm

Stirrup Width = 15 cm

Hook Length = 7.5 cm at each end
Formula:
Length of Stirrup = 2 × (Length + Width) + 2 × Hook Length
Substitute the values:
Length = 2 × (15 + 15) + 2 × 7.5
Length = 60 + 15
Length = 75 cm
Convert to meters:
Length = 75 ÷ 100
✅ Length of One Stirrup = 0.75 m
Note: This is a simplified geometric calculation. Actual cutting length must account for bend geometry, concrete cover, and the applicable reinforcement detailing requirements.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🔹 STEP 5: TOTAL LENGTH OF STIRRUPS
Formula:
Total Length = Number of Stirrups × Length of One Stirrup
Total Length = 307 × 0.75
✅ Total Length = 230.25 m
Number of 12 m Bars:
Number of Bars = 230.25 ÷ 12
Number of Bars = 19.19 ≈ 20 bars
✅ Provide approximately 20 bars of 12 m, before considering additional cutting waste and the final stirrup cutting schedule.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
📊 FINAL SUMMARY
✅ Foundation Perimeter = 46 m
✅ Longitudinal Reinforcement = 184 m
✅ Longitudinal Bars = Approximately 17 bars of 12 m, including 10% wastage
✅ Estimated Number of Stirrups = 307
✅ Length of One Stirrup = 0.75 m
✅ Total Stirrup Length = 230.25 m
✅ Stirrup Reinforcement = Approximately 20 bars of 12 m
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⚠️ IMPORTANT ENGINEERING NOTE
These calculations are preliminary estimates. Actual reinforcement quantities depend on the structural drawings, concrete cover, bar diameter, lap lengths, anchorage, bending details, and reinforcement spacing requirements.
Follow the approved structural drawings and applicable design standards before ordering or placing reinforcement.

@ETCONp

👉The incredible anatomy of a highway retaining wall

🚥Dive deep into the cross-section of gabion wall structures, road foundations, and backfill layers👷‍♂️🛠️

@ETCONP

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🏗️ Interlocking Pavement – Main Layers

🔹 Layers (Top to Bottom):

Concrete Edge Restraint

Concrete Pavers (60–100 mm)
Joint Sand

Bedding Sand (20–40 mm)

Crushed Stone Base (100–150
mm)

Sub-base (150–300 mm)
Compacted Subgrade

✅ Key Tips:

• Compact all layers properly.

• Ensure proper drainage (1–2% slope).

• Select layer thickness based on traffic load and soil conditions.

@ETCONP

🛣️ የለሚ ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ - ጀማ ወንዝ የሲሚንቶ ኮንክሪት መንገድ ግንባታ በይፋ ተጀመረ

​📍 ግንባታው የሚከናወንበት ቦታ፡ አብክመ ሰሜን ሸዋ ዞን፣ እንሳሮ ወረዳ
የአካባቢውን ማኅበራዊና ኢኮኖሚያዊ ትስስር ከማጠናከር ባለፈ ለኢንዱስትሪ ግብዓት አቅርቦት ከፍተኛ ፋይዳ የሚኖረው የለሚ ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ - ጀማ ወንዝ የሲሚንቶ ኮንክሪት መንገድ የግንባታ ፕሮጀክት በይፋ ተጀምሯል።

​የግንባታ ሥራውን የመስመር ጅምር ማብሰሪያ መድረክ ላይ የሰሜን ሸዋ ዞንና የእንሳሮ ወረዳ ከፍተኛ አመራሮች፣ የሀገር ሽማግሌዎች፣ የኢትዮጵያ መንገዶች አስተዳደር የደብረ ብርሃን አካባቢ ፕሮጀክቶች ማኔጅመንት ጽሕፈት ቤት ኃላፊዎች እንዲሁም የለሚ ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ ተወካዮች ተገኝተዋል።

​📊 የፕሮጀክቱ ዋና ዋና ዝርዝሮች

​ርዝማኔ፡ 20 ኪሎ ሜትር ​የመንገድ ዓይነት፡ የሲሚንቶ ኮንክሪት መንገድ

​የጎን ስፋት፡ በቀበሌ መቀመጫዎች 12 ሜትር፤ በገጠር አካባቢዎች ከ8 እስከ 10 ሜትር

​የሥራ ተቋራጭ፡ ሕብር ኮንስትራክሽን ኮርፖሬሽን (የመንግሥት የልማት ድርጅት)
​አማካሪ መሐንዲስ፡ የኢትዮጵያ ኢንጅነሪንግ ኮርፖሬሽን

​የማጠናቀቂያ ጊዜ፡ በኮንትራት ውሉ መሠረት በ14 ወራት ውስጥ ይጠናቀቃል ተብሎ ይጠበቃል።

​💡 የፕሮጀክቱ ትልልቅ ፋይዳዎች፡

​ለለሚ ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ ዋነኛ ጥሬ ዕቃዎች የሆኑትን የኖራ ድንጋይ እና ጂፕሰም በከፍተኛ ፍጥነትና ቅልጥፍና ለማጓጓዝ ያስችላል።

በለሚ ከተማ ዙሪያና በደብረ ብርሃን ከተማ ለተገነቡ ፋብሪካዎች የኢንዱስትሪ ግብዓቶችን ለማቅረብ ትልቅ አስተዋጽኦ አለው።

​የለሚ-አለምከተማ -ደጎሎ የመንገድ ፕሮጀክት አካል በመሆኑ የአካባቢውን ማኅበረሰብ በማኅበራዊና ኢኮኖሚያዊ ትስስር አብዝቶ ያጠናክራል።

​የኢትዮጵያ መንገዶች አስተዳደር ይህ የግንባታ ፕሮጀክት በተያዘለት የጊዜ ሰሌዳና ጥራት እንዲጠናቀቅ የሚመለከታቸው የፌደራል፣ የክልል፣ የዞን እና የወረዳ መዋቅሮች እንዲሁም የአካባቢው ማኅበረሰብ አስፈላጊውን ድጋፍና ትብብር እንዲያደርጉ ጥሪ አቅርቧል።

Via Ethio Con

@etconp

🏗️ TYPES OF BEAMS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Beams carry loads and transfer them to columns, walls, or other supports.

🔹 1. Simply Supported Beam: Supported at both ends; commonly used in bridges and floors.

🔹 2. Cantilever Beam: Fixed at one end and free at the other; used in balconies and canopies.

🔹 3. Fixed Beam: Both ends are restrained against rotation; provides greater stiffness.

🔹 4. Continuous Beam: Extends over three or more supports; commonly used in buildings and bridges.

✅ Engineering Note: Beam design must consider bending, shear, deflection, loading, and applicable design codes.
📚

@ETCONP

🏗️ ለኮንስትራክሽን ኩባንያዎች እና ለጥቃቅን የቢዝነስ ባለቤቶች ልዩ የማኔጅመንት ሲስተም አዘጋጀንላቹ📊

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⛑️ SAFETY HELMET COLOURS IN CONSTRUCTION

🔹 White: Engineers, managers, supervisors, and visitors.

🔹 Blue: Electricians, plumbers, and technical workers.

🔹 Red: Firefighters and emergency response teams.

🔹 Green: Safety, environmental, or first-aid personnel.

🔹 Gray: Visitors and trainees.

🔹 Yellow: General construction workers and labourers.

🔹 Brown: Welders and workers performing hot work.

⚠️ Note: Helmet colour codes vary by country and construction site. Always follow site-specific safety rules.

@ETCONP

📐 CONSTRUCTION CALCULATION: HOW TO CALCULATE CONCRETE VOLUME

Concrete volume calculations are essential for estimating material requirements, preparing BOQs, planning concrete orders, and controlling construction costs.

🔹 Formula for a Rectangular Element

Concrete Volume = Length × Width × Thickness or Height
The dimensions must be expressed in metres to obtain the volume in cubic metres (m³).

🏗️ Example: Calculate the Volume of a Slab

Given:-

Length = 5 m
Width = 4 m
Thickness = 150 mm = 0.15 m
Calculation:
Volume = 5 × 4 × 0.15

Required geometric volume = 3.00 m³

🔹 Example: Calculate the Volume of a Beam

Given:

Length = 6 m
Width = 0.25 m
Height = 0.40 m
Volume = 6 × 0.25 × 0.40

Required geometric volume = 0.60 m³

📌 Important Considerations

✅ Convert millimetres to metres before calculating.

✅ Account for openings and intersecting elements where applicable.

✅ Calculate each element separately when dimensions differ.

✅ Consider ordering allowances according to site conditions and project procedures.

@ETCONP

🏗️ የ ኮንስትራክሽን ስራ ውል ደብዳቤዎች ይፈልጋሉ?

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🏗️ CONCRETE MIX RATIO 1:2:3

🔹 Mix Proportion (by volume):

• 1 part Cement

• 2 parts Sand

• 3 parts Gravel

🔹 Approximate Materials for 1 m³ of Concrete:

• Cement: 7–7.5 bags (50 kg each)

• Sand: 0.51 m³

• Gravel: 0.77 m³

🔹 Key Quality Tips:

✅ Use clean sand, gravel, and water.

✅ Maintain the correct water-cement ratio.

✅ Compact and cure concrete properly.

✅ Use an approved mix design for structural work.

⚠️ Note: A 1:2:3 nominal mix does not automatically guarantee M20 strength. Use a verified mix design and applicable standards for structural concrete.

📌 @ETCONP

🏗️ ISOLATED FOOTING vs. RAFT FOUNDATION

Foundations transfer structural loads safely to the supporting ground. The appropriate foundation depends on soil conditions, building loads, settlement requirements, groundwater, and engineering design.

🔹 1. Isolated Footing

An isolated footing generally supports one column and spreads its load over a larger area of soil.

Common characteristics:

#Often used where soil can safely support the applied loads.

#Can be square, rectangular, or another designed shape.

#May be economical when columns are sufficiently separated and soil conditions are suitable.

🔹 2. Raft Foundation

A raft foundation is a large foundation slab that supports several columns and/or walls over a broad area.

Common characteristics:

#Distributes loads across a larger foundation area.

#May be considered where individual footings would cover a substantial portion of the building footprint.

#Can help manage differential settlement when properly designed.

Requires careful consideration of bending, punching shear, soil pressure, and groundwater conditions.

📊 Comparison

Isolated footing: Supports an individual column.

Raft foundation: Supports multiple structural elements across a larger area.

⚠️ Engineering Tip: A raft foundation is not automatically better or safer. The selection must be supported by geotechnical information and structural calculations.

@ETCONP

📊 RATE ANALYSIS IN CONSTRUCTION — A PRACTICAL GUIDE

Rate analysis is the process of determining the estimated cost of completing one unit of a construction activity.

It helps contractors prepare estimates, evaluate rates, develop tender prices, and understand where project costs come from.

🔹 Main Components of Rate Analysis

1️⃣ Materials: Cement, sand, aggregates, reinforcement, blocks, and other materials required for the work.

2️⃣ Labour: Wages and associated costs for workers involved in the activity.

3️⃣ Equipment: Machinery, tools, operation, and equipment-related costs.

4️⃣ Transportation: Delivery and handling costs where applicable.

5️⃣ Overheads: Relevant site and company operating expenses.

6️⃣ Profit and Other Allowances: Included according to the estimating method and project requirements.

🏗️ Example: Concrete Work

For a concrete activity, the estimator considers the specified concrete grade or mix, material quantities, labour productivity, equipment, transport, and applicable overheads.

The total estimated cost is then divided by the quantity of work to establish a rate per unit.

📌 Why Is Rate Analysis Important?

✅ Supports realistic cost estimates.
✅ Helps prepare competitive tenders.
✅ Identifies major cost components.
✅ Supports budget planning and cost control.
✅ Helps compare alternatives.

⚠️ Actual rates depend on location, date, specifications, productivity, supplier prices, and contract conditions.

@ETCONP

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📐 CONSTRUCTION CALCULATION

🚥HOW TO CALCULATE CONCRETE VOLUME

Concrete volume calculations are essential for estimating material requirements, preparing BOQs, planning concrete orders, and controlling construction costs.

🔹 Formula for a Rectangular Element

Concrete Volume = Length × Width × Thickness or Height
The dimensions must be expressed in metres to obtain the volume in cubic metres (m³).

🏗️ Example: Calculate the Volume of a Slab

Given:

Length = 5 m
Width = 4 m
Thickness = 150 mm = 0.15 m
Calculation:
Volume = 5 × 4 × 0.15

Required geometric volume = 3.00 m³

🔹 Example: Calculate the Volume of a Beam

Given:

Length = 6 m
Width = 0.25 m
Height = 0.40 m
Volume = 6 × 0.25 × 0.40

Required geometric volume = 0.60 m³

📌 Important Considerations

✅ Convert millimetres to metres before calculating.

✅ Account for openings and intersecting elements where applicable.

✅ Calculate each element separately when dimensions differ.

✅ Consider ordering allowances according to site conditions and project procedures.

@ETCONP

🏗️ አሁናዊ የኮንስትራክሽን ማቴሪያል ገበያ
📅 ቀን፦ 07/02/2019
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⛓ ሰብ ስትራክቸር ማቴሪያል ዋጋ

📌 ብረት
• ባለ 8 — 900.00
• ባለ 10 — 1,406.00
• ባለ 12 — 2,025.00
• ባለ 14 — 2,758.00
• ባለ 16 — 3,600.00
• ባለ 20 — 5,633.00
• ባለ 24 — 8,105.00
🧵 የስታፋ ሽቦ (በኪሎ)
• 1.5 — 350.00
• 2.5 — 350.00
📌 ሚስማር (በኪሎ)
• ሆራይዘን አከፋፋይ — 270.00 - 360.00
• አፖሎ ቸርቻሪ — 340.00 - 400.00
• አፖሎ አከፋፋይ (3-4) — 248.80
• አፖሎ አከፋፋይ (5-15) — 228.80
🏠 ቆርቆሮ (DH Geda)
• G-28 — 2,480.00
• 30 ቁጥር — 1,980.00
• 32 ቁጥር — 1,530.00
• 35 ቁጥር — 1,170.00
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🚰 ፓይፖች
🔹 PPR (Rack)
• ባለ 25 — 950.00
• 32 — 1,800.00
• 40 — 2,500.00
• 50 — 3,500.00
• 63 — 5,800.00
• 75 — 12,500.00
• 90 — —
• 110 — —
🔹 PPR (Roxi)
• ባለ 25 — 1,450.00
• 32 — 2,500.00
• 40 — 4,500.00
• 50 — 7,000.00
• 63 — 8,500.00
• 75 — 14,000.00
• 90 — 25,000.00
• 110 — 28,000.00
🔹 HDPE
• 20 — 80.00
• 25 — 160.00
• 32 — 235.00
• 40 — 385.00
• 50 — 506.00
• 63 — 740.00
• 75 — —
• 90 — —
• 110 — —
🔹 U-PVC (PN 4)
• 50ሚ.ሜ — 1,000.00
• 75ሚ.ሜ — 1,550.00
• 110ሚ.ሜ — 2,300.00
• 160ሚ.ሜ — 4,800.00
• 200ሚ.ሜ — 7,500.00
🔹 U-PVC (PN 6)
• 50ሚ.ሜ — 1,300.00
• 75ሚ.ሜ — 2,000.00
• 110ሚ.ሜ — 3,200.00
• 125ሚ.ሜ — 5,800.00
• 160ሚ.ሜ — 7,000.00
• 200ሚ.ሜ — —
• 250ሚ.ሜ — 25,000.00
🔹 U-PVC (PN 10)
• 90ሚ.ሜ — 6,700.00
• 110ሚ.ሜ — 7,000.00
• 160ሚ.ሜ — 15,000.00
• 200ሚ.ሜ — 21,000.00
• 250ሚ.ሜ — —
• 380ሚ.ሜ — 35,000.00
🔹 U-PVC (PN 16)
• 20ሚ.ሜ — 2,200.00
• 25ሚ.ሜ — 2,800.00
• 50ሚ.ሜ — 3,500.00
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⚡ ኤሌክትሪክ እቃዎች
🌀 ጉሮሮ ኮንድዩት (በሜትር)
• ባለ 13 — 1,500.00
• ባለ 16 — 2,000.00
• 19 — 2,400.00
• 20 — 2,500.00
• 25 — 2,500.00
🔌 ኖርማል ኮንድዩት (በሜትር)
• ባለ 16 — 80.00
• 19 — 110.00
• 25 — 130.00
💡 ዋየር ጥቅል (Wire Rolls)
▪️ ዩሮ ኬብል
• 1.5 — 8,800.00
• 2.5 — 13,200.00
• 4.0 — 22,500.00
▪️ ዩ.ኤፍ (UF)
• 1.5 — 7,800.00
• 2.5 — 10,300.00
• 4.0 — 18,700.00
▪️ ቢሜት (Bmet)
• 1.5 — 8,600.00
• 2.5 — 13,000.00
• 4.0 — 21,900.00
▪️ Blue Nile
• 1.5 — 7,000.00
• 2.5 — 7,250.00
• 4.0 — 10,800.00
▪️ Addis Cable
• 1.5 — 7,500.00
• 2.5 — 12,000.00
• 4.0 — 19,300.00
▪️ Rhino
• 1.5 — 7,500.00
• 2.5 — 12,600.00
• 4.0 — 18,700.00
🎛 ብሬከር ቦርድ
• ባለ 4 — 600.00
• ባለ 6 — 750.00
• ባለ 8 — —
• ባለ 12 — 1,500.00
• ባለ 24 — 2,100.00
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧱 ሲሚንቶ፣ አሸዋ፣ ድንጋይ እና ጠጠር
🔹 ሲሚንቶ
• ዳንጎቴ (PPC/OPC) — —
• ናሽናል PPC — 1,740.00
• ናሽናል OPC — —
🏖 አሸዋ
• 16 ሜትር ኩብ — 120,000.00
• በሜትር ኩብ — 4,000.00 - 8,000.00
• በሳጥን — 1,000.00
⛰ ድንጋይ
• 16 ሜትር ኩብ — 36,000.00
🪨 ጠጠር
• 16 ሜትር ኩብ — 95,000.00
• በሜትር ኩብ — 5,000.00
• በሳጥን — 700.00
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🧱 ብሎኬት
🔹 ብሎኬት ክላስ
• ክላስ A — 126.00 - 200.00
• ክላስ B — 109.00 - 180.00
• ክላስ C — 138.00 - 165.00
🔹 ብሎኬት ሎካል
• ባለ 20 — 89.00
• ባለ 15 — 75.00
• ባለ 10 — 63.00
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

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🏗️ የ ኮንስትራክሽን ስራ ውል ደብዳቤዎች ይፈልጋሉ?

📑120+ ለስራ ዝግጁ የሆኑ ስታንዳርድ ደብዳቤዎች
✅ ለኮንትራክተሮችም ሆነ ለአማካሪዎች ተዘጋጅቶ የቀረበ
✅ ከ PPA 2025 እና FIDIC Red Book 2017 ህጎች ጋር ሙሉ በሙሉ የተጣጣመ
✅ በ Microsoft Word በቀላሉ ኤዲት የሚደረግ (Editable) ከተጨማሪ PDF ፋይሎች

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📊 MICROSOFT EXCEL SKILLS EVERY ASPIRING QUANTITY SURVEYOR SHOULD LEARN

Excel is a valuable tool for quantity estimation, cost calculations, BOQs, valuations, and construction reporting.

🔹 Start With These Skills

1️⃣ Basic formulas: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

2️⃣ SUM: Calculate totals.

3️⃣ Percentage calculations: Work with tax, allowances, or percentage-based values where applicable.

4️⃣ Cell references: Understand relative and absolute references.

5️⃣ IF functions: Apply simple logical conditions.

6️⃣ Sorting and filtering: Organize large datasets.

7️⃣ Lookup functions: Retrieve relevant information from tables.

8️⃣ Formatting: Make cost reports and BOQs easier to read.

🏗️ Practical Exercise

Create a small BOQ containing:
Item description.
Unit.
Quantity.
Unit rate.
Total amount.

Use a formula to calculate:

Amount = Quantity × Unit Rate
Then calculate the overall total using the SUM function.

📌 Always verify quantities, formulas, units, and rounding. A spreadsheet can calculate incorrectly if its inputs or formulas are wrong.

@ETCONpWORK

🏗️ RCC PARAPET WALL DETAIL

🔹 Dimensions • Height: 1200 mm • Thickness: 200 mm • Scale: 1:20

🔹 Material Specifications • Concrete: 21 MPa • Main Reinforcement: Ø12 mm bars • Stirrups: Ø8 mm @ 150 mm c/c • Concrete Cover: Minimum 25 mm • Haunch: 200 mm high, 1:2 cement mortar

🔹 Key Construction Notes

✅ Ensure proper bar anchorage at corners.

✅ Follow structural reinforcement details.

✅ Provide waterproofing on the top surface.

✅ Comply with applicable building codes.

⚠️ Note: Final dimensions and reinforcement must be verified by a qualified structural engineer.

@ETCONP

👉ምርጥ እና አስደናቂ ሲስተም

🌟የግንባታ ፕሮጀክትዎን BOQ፣ ወጪ፣ የሥራ አፈጻጸም፣ ክፍያ፣ Cash Flow እና Profit/Loss በአንድ ፕሮፌሽናል Excel System በቀላሉ ለማስተዳደር የሚያግዝ ሲስተም ካስፈለግዎ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇

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