👉Construction Engineering Abbreviation Tips

🚧The common abbreviation used in Our Industry👇

👷 A.A.S.H.T.O – American Association of state highway Transport Official.

👷 A.C.I – American Concrete Institute.


👷 A.R.E.A – American Railway Engineering Association.

👷 A.B – Anchor  Bolt Or Asbestos Board

👷 AC – Asphalt Concrete

👷 A.S.C – Allowable Stress of concrete.

👷 A.S.T.M – American society for testing materials

👷 AC – Asbestos Cement.

👷 AE – Assistant Engineer

👷 APM – Assistant Project Manager

👷 B.M – Benchmark

👷 B.M – Bending Moment.

👷 BLK – Block Work

👷 BOQ – Bill Of Quantities

👷 BRW – Brick Retaining Wall

👷 BWK – Brick Work

👷 B.O.F – Bottom Of Foundation

👷 BHK – Bedroom, Hall, Kitchen

👷 C.I.Pipe – Cast iron pipe.

👷 C.I.Sheet – Corrugated Iron sheet.

👷CL- Centre Line

👷CRW – Concrete Retaining Wall

👷 CBW – Concrete Block Wall

👷 CIP – Cast In Place

👷 CMU – Concrete Masonry Unit

👷 CJ – Construction Joint

👷 CC – Centre To Centre

👷 CC – Cement concrete.

👷 CE – Chief Engineer

👷 CP – Cement plaster.

👷 CPM – Critical path method.

👷 CS – Comparative statement.

👷 D – Diameter

👷 DL – Development Length

👷 Dia – Diameter

👷 DIM – Dimension

👷 D.L – Dead load.

👷 DPC – Damp proof course.

👷 DPR – Daily Progress Report

👷 DRG – Drawings

👷 DWLS – Dowels

👷 EJ – Expansion Joint

👷 E.L – Environmental load.

👷 EL – Existing Load

👷 EGL – Existing ground level.

👷 ELCB – Earth Leak Circuit Breaker

👷 F.M – Fineness Modulus.

👷 Ft – Foot Or Feet

👷 FL – Floor Level

👷 FGL – Formation ground level.

👷 FOC – Factor Of Safety

👷 GL – Ground Level

👷 GL – Ground level.

👷 GP – Ground plane.

👷 HFL – Highest Flood Level.

👷 HAC – High Alumina Cement

👷 HP – Horizontal plane.

👷 IOM – Inter Office Memo

👷 ISI – Indian standard institute.

👷 JE – Junior Engineer

👷 JST – Joist

👷 Kg  – Kilogram.

👷 L.L – Live load.

👷 LW – Light  Weight

👷 LWC – light Weight Concrete

👷 LC – Lime concrete.

👷 M – Meter

👷 MM – Millimeter.

👷 MB – Measurement book.

👷 MCB – Miniature Circuit Breaker

👷 MEP – Mechanical Electrical Plumbing

👷 MFL – Maximum Flood Level

👷 MRC – Material Receipt Challan

👷 MT – Metric Tonnes

👷 N – Newton

👷 NCF – Neat cement finishing.

👷 OPC – Ordinary Portland Cement

👷 OGL – Original ground level.

👷 OSR – Open Soace Reservation Area

👷 PC – Pile Cap

👷 PC – Precast Concrete

👷 PCC – Plain Cement Concrete

👷 PERT – Programme Evaluation and Review Technique.

👷 PL – Plinth level.

👷 PM – Project Manager

👷 PO – Purchase Order

👷 PPE – Personal Protective Equipment

👷 PPR – Poly Propylene Random.

👷 PVC – Poly vinyl choloride .

👷 PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride

👷 PSF – Pound Per Square Foot

👷 PSI – Pound Per Square Inch

👷 PWD – Permanent Works Engineer

👷 QC – Quality control

👷 QS – Quantity Surveyor

👷 RC – Reinforced Concrete

👷 R.B.W – Reinforced brick work.

👷 RBC – Reinforced Brick concrete.

👷 RCC – Reinforced Cement Concrete

👷 RMC – Ready Mixed Concrete concrete.

👷 RL – Reduced level.

👷 SCC – Self Compacting Concrete

👷 STP – Sewage Treatment Plant

👷 SRC – Sulphate Resisting Cement

👷 SWG – Standard wire gauge.

👷 TB – Tie Beam

👷 TBM – Tunnel Boring Machine

👷 TDS – Total Dissolved Solids

👷 TOB – Top Of Beam

👷 TMT – Thermo Mechanical Treatment

👷 TOC – Top Of Concrete

👷 TOW – Top Of Wall

👷 U.S.C – Ultimate stress of concrete.

👷 UPVC – Unplasticized Polyvinyl chloride.

👷 USD – Ultimate strength design.

👷 VP – Vertical plane.

👷 W.C – Water closet.

👷 WL – Working Level

👷 W.S.D – Working stress Design

👷 WO –  Work Order

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Here are most popular project management methodologies and their applications:
1. Waterfall: follows a linear, sequential approach where each phase is completed before progressing to the next. It is not commonly used in construction due to its inflexibility in accommodating changes during the project.

2. Agile: Agile emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and iterative improvements. Agile can be applied to construction by breaking the project into smaller tasks and frequently reassessing progress. Examples include Scrum and Kanban.

3. Critical Path Method (CPM): CPM is widely used in construction, as it identifies the most crucial tasks and helps in optimizing the project schedule. It allows for efficient resource allocation and improved project monitoring.

4. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT): PERT is a statistical method used to estimate project completion time based on the analysis of task duration and dependencies. It is well-suited for construction projects with uncertain activity durations.

5. Lean Construction: Inspired by lean manufacturing principles, LC focuses on minimizing waste and enhancing value through continuous process improvement. This methodology optimizes project performance and resource efficiency.

6. Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK): PMBOK is a set of standardized best practices and processes applicable to various industries, including construction. It covers areas like risk management, quality control, and cost estimation.

7. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD): IPD is a collaborative approach specifically designed for the construction industry. It involves all project stakeholders (owners, designers, contractors) working together from project inception to completion, which fosters teamwork, communication, and shared responsibility for project success.
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👉Thinking about building a house?

🔰We can provide all the attractive designs. May the house built with your hard earned money be beautiful and safe. Ensuring proper use of land, our main goal is to build attractive and safe homes by managing green and natural ventilation. Every man has a dream to have a very attractive and loving home.

🔰What work have you started by designing correctly? The first condition for every home's construction is to get design work done with experienced architecture and engineering institutions. Design is the first step to a homework. This is where the decision is basically taken how the house will be, how much budget and how much work will be done.

🔰The first thing to do before designing is to visit your land. Designing without seeing the land is like throwing dirt in the dark with your eyes closed. You can or may not if you need it. But the right design establishment will visit your land first and take pictures and video. If necessary, you will do the maintenance or you will get the survey done by a surveying company. And then the design work begins.

🔰Design is basically what we explain to the collection of many designs. These designs are:

1⃣ Architectural Design
Architectural design is the first step of building design. This will be an architect. Especially in highrise and duplex design. First there will be briefing on what design the homeowner wants and what the design wants then start the architect design work. Initially a design will change on top after showing it and after some cuts the design will be finalized for the next job. Remember engineers never work as architects. In many local areas, the engineer himself designs the architectural to explain something to the client. Which is completely wrong and an incomplete job.

2⃣ After 2D Design Architectural Design will go to 2 D Visualizer. Sometimes the architects design  by themselves. But when visualizer works, the beauty of the work maintains. visualizer's main job is to bring a beautiful home shape. Often visualizer does some extra work on design with the permission of the architect that later adjusts the architect in the design.

3⃣ Structural Design
Structural Designer's job is to design details of columns, beams and slabs and design foundation details..etc. To do this, you must take the help of the Soil Test Report. No structural design is acceptable without the soil Test Report.

4⃣ Electrical Design The next step is to design electrical based on this design. Electrical design is important because,
Often it is seen that beam columns are cut for electrical wiring after building is built. Which destroys the long-time stability of the building and destroys the stability. So every point will have details like Lights, Fans, Switching Point, AC Point, Adjust Fans, TV Lines, Internet and PABX Line.

5⃣ Plumbing Design
Plumbing design will work next. After making a house all the pipes come out naked that makes your beautiful home naked and a full sight. So need to design the plumbing. Plumbing designs will have geysers in each bathroom. Hot and cold piping all over the bathroom and all arrangements to decorate the bathrooms. There will also be a different design for kitchen lines and other piping.

6⃣ Fire Safety Design It's basically needed for highrise buildings. Fire safety design work will basically be done by an experienced Engineer in fire. Often it is seen that this design is not given any importance that is later responsible for all the horrific accidents in the building.

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🔰Basic terms for Mechanics🔰

♻️1.Torque or Turning Force

✅It is the total amount of force which is required to create acceleration on moving substance.

♻️2.Couple

✅Two forces those acts on equally, parallely & oppositely on two separate points of same material.

♻️3.Moment

✅It is the amount of moving effect which is gained for action of turning force.

♻️4.Stress

✅It is the force that can prevent equal & opposite force.
✅That means, it is the preventing force.
✅If one force acts on outside of a material, then a reactive force automatically acts to protest that force.
✅The amount of reactive force per unit area is called stress.
✅For instance:- Tensile Stress, Compressive Stress, Thermal Stress.

♻️5.Strain

✅If a force acts on a substance, then in that case if the substance would deform.
✅Then the amount of deformation per unit length of that substance is called strain.

♻️6.Spring

✅It is one type of device which is being distorted under certain amount of load & also can also go to its original face after the removal of that load.
Its function

⚜i. To store energy
⚜ii. To absorb energy
⚜iii. To control motion of two
elements

♻️7.Stiffness

✅Load per unit deflection. The amount of load required to resist the deflection.

♻️8.Specific Weight

✅Weight per unit volume of the fluid.

♻️9.Specific Volume

✅Volume per unit mass of the fluid.

♻️10.Specific Gravity

♻️It is the ratio of specific weight of required substance to specific weight of pure water at 4 degree centigrade temperature.
________
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👉Common Thesis Defense
Questions You Should Be Prepared For Defense

1. The most common question you may be asked is what you learned from the study you have done. You have to sum up your entire study in a few sentences and remember the technical terms you have mentioned in your research because that is what your examiner wants to hear from you.

2. The next question to follow by default is why you chose this particular topic or what your Inspiration behind this study?.

This is one of the trickiest questions as you have to prove your convenience power to the panel of the teachers that what you did is valuable for the society and was worth their time.

3. What is the importance of your study or how will it contribute or add up to the existing body of knowledge?

4. You may be asked to summarize your key findings of the research.

5. What type of background research have you done for the study?

6. What are the limitations you have faced while writing?

7, Why did you choose this particular method or sample for the study?

8. What will you include if you are told to add something extra to the study?

9. What are the recommendations of your study??

10, Who formed your sample and why did you select this particular age group?

11. What was your hypothesis and how did you frame it?

12. If given a chance, would like to do something different with your work?

13. What are the limitations you faced while dealing with your samples?

14. How did you relate your study to the existing theories?

15. What is the future scope of this study?

16. What do you plan to do with your work after you have completed your degree?

17. What are the research variables you used?

18. Do you have any questions to be asked?

19. Did you evaluate your work?

20. How would you Improve your work?

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👉Why is concrete strong in compression?

Concrete is a heterogeneous material which is made up of cement (15–20%), Sand (25–30%), Coarse Aggregate (55–60%) and air (2–4%).

Compressive strength of concrete is based on the least of the compressive strength of cement-sand mixture, coarse aggregate, and the bond between C/S mixture and coarse aggregate.

Usually all three of these are comparable in compressive strength and none of them are particularity weak in compression hence, compressive strength of concrete is quite high as compared to its strength in tension.

Moreover given the fact that coarse aggregate occupies largest volume in concrete, its has the largest effect on the compressive strength of concrete. Usually coarse aggregate is the strongest of the three components in concrete, unless it is a high strength concrete (fc’>8,000 psi) in which case failure can occur due to shearing of coarse aggregates.

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📌ለ ነባር እና ለ አዲስ ስራ ተቋራጮች እና ማህበራት በመሉ

✨የአዲስ አበባ ቤቶች ልማት እና አስተዳደር ቢሮ የቤቶች ልማት ኮርፖሬሽን በቀጣይ በጀት አመትም በያዘው መደበኛ እቅድ  በመንግስት እና በግል አጋርነት የቤት ልማት ፕሮግራሞች አዲስ ለሚያስገነባቸው 120ሺ የጋራ መኖሪያ ቤቶች በተለያዩ ዘርፎች  በግንባታ ፣ በአገልግሎት እና በአምራች ዘርፍ በቀጣይ 5 ወራት ከ4500 በላይ ለሚሆኑ ዜጎች አዲስ የስራ እድል ለመፍጠር በዝግጅት ላይ ሲሆን በዘርፉ የተሠማሩ ስራ ተቋራጮችንና ማህበራትን አሳታፊ አድርጎ ለመስራት አስቧል።

✨በመሆኑም ተቋሙ በቤት ልማት መሳተፍ የሚፈልጉ አዳዳስ እና ነባር ከ2006 ዓ.ም ወዲህ በተቋሙ የስራ ዕድል ተፈጥሮላቸው በተቋማችን ሲሰሩ የነበሩትን ባለድርሻ አካላት በአዲስ መልክ ለመጀመሪያ ዙር ለመመልመል እንዲሁም  አሰራሩን ለማዘመን እንዲያስችለው በተደራጀ እና በዘመናዊ በሆነ መልኩ  አዲስ እና ዘመናዊ የዌብ ሳይት ፕላትፎርም አዘጋጅቶ መረጃዎችን በማደራጀትና በማጥራት ወደ ስራ ለመግባት ዝግጅቱን አጠናቋል፡፡

✨ስለሆነም በቅርቡ በተቋሙ ድረ-ገጽ በሚለቀቀው አዲስ ፕላት ፎርም ለአግልግሎቱ ፈላጊ በሙሉ ምዝገባ ስለሚጀምር  ከወዲሁ ዝግጅት እንድታደርጉ ኮርፖሬሽኑ እያሳሰበ

📜ተመዝጋቢዎች ከታች ያሉትን መረጃዎች አደራጅታችሁ እንድትጠብቁ  ያሳውቃል

👉 የታደሰ ንግድ ፍቃድ 
👉 TIN NO
👉 የስም ስያሜ ምዝገባ ሰርተፊኬት
👉 የብቃት ማረጋገጫ
👉 የስራ ልምድ በአንድ በተጠቃለለ ገጽ
👉 የስራ ክብደት በገንዘብ ሲቀየር  የሚያሳዩ መረጃዎች ከ ገፅ 1 - 2
👉 እና ሌሎች ስራ ተቋራጩን እና ማህበራቱን የሚገልጽ ሰነዶችን ናቸው።

📍የአዲስ አበባ ቤቶች ልማት እና አስተዳደር ቢሮ የቤቶች ልማት ኮርፖሬሽን

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👉Sketch Up Steel Ware house

🚧From The Ground Up

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Stairs are important building elements that are used to provide vertical circulation and access across different floor levels in a building. It is also recommended that when an access height exceeds 600mm, a staircase should be provided. For stairs in a building, the recommended slope for comfort is 27°, but for practical purposes, this can sometimes be extended to 35°.
Types of staircase
straight flight staircase, circular staircase, helical staircase, spiral staircase, or a combination of the above mentioned types.
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Functional parts of a staircase
Flight: A series of steps extending from floor to floor, or from a floor to an intermediate landing or platform.
Guard: Protective vertical barrier along edges of stairways, balconies, and floor openings.
Landings (platforms): Used where turns are necessary or to break up long climbs. Landings should be level, as wide as the stairs, and at least 1000mm long in the direction of travel.
Step: Combination of a riser and the tread immediately above.
Rise: Distance from floor to floor.
Run: Total length of stairs in a horizontal plane, including landings.
Riser: Vertical face of a step. Its height is generally taken as the vertical distance between treads.
Tread: Horizontal face of a step. Its width is usually taken as the horizontal distance between risers.
Nosing: Projection of a tread beyond the riser below.
Soffit: Underside of a stair.
Railing: Framework or enclosure supporting a handrail and serving as a safety barrier.
Baluster: Vertical member supporting the handrail in a railing.
Balustrade: A railing composed of balusters capped by a handrail.
Handrail: Protective bar placed at a convenient distance above the stairs for a handhold.

Ideas on the selection of staircase dimensions

Headroom
Ample headroom should be provided not only to prevent tall people from injuring their heads but to give a feeling of spaciousness. The minimum vertical distance from the nosing of a tread to overhead construction should preferably never be less than 2100 mm.

Stairway Width
The width of a stairway depends on its purpose and the number of persons to be accommodated in peak hours or emergencies. Also, there are building codes that regulate the geometric design of stairways. The following can be used as guidelines;
For residential flats between two to four storeys, use a minimum width of 900 mm, for flats more than 4 storeys, use a width of 1000 mm. For public buildings of under 200 persons per floor, use a width of 1000 mm, for buildings between 200 – 400 persons per floor, use a width of 1500 mm. For over 400 persons, use a width between 1500 – 3000 mm. However, when the width of a stairway exceeds 1800 mm, it is necessary to divide it using handrails.

Step Sizes
Risers and treads generally are proportioned for comfort and to meet accessibility standards for the handicapped. Treads should be at least 250 mm, exclusive of nosing. The most comfortable height of riser is 175 mm. Risers less than 100 mm and more than 200 mm high should not be used. The steeper the slope of the stairs, the greater the ratio of the riser to tread. In the design of stairs, account should be taken of the fact that there is always one less tread than riser per flight of stairs. No flight of stairs should contain less than three risers.
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👉Here are four common types of guarantees in the construction industry

1. bid bond is a financial guarantee provided by a bidder (contractor) to the project owner(client) during the bidding phase of a construction project. The purpose of a bid bond is to protect the project owner from bidders who may withdraw their bids after the bidding process or fail to provide the necessary bonds if awarded the project. It financially compensates the owner in case of such situations so they can re-tender the project or choose an alternative bidder without incurring additional costs.

The bid bond is ranging from 5-10% of the total bid amount. If the bidder is successful and signs the contract while providing the required performance and payment bonds, the bid bond becomes void. However, if the bidder fails to meet these obligations, the project owner can claim the bid bond to recover damages.

2. Performance Bond: a financial guarantee provided by a surety company or a bank, which ensures that the contractor will fulfill their contractual obligations according to the agreed terms. If the contractor fails to meet their obligations, the surety will compensate the project owner either by finding a replacement contractor or providing financial compensation. a performance bond is mostly 10% total contract amount.

2. Advance Payment Guarantee: This guarantee safeguards the project owner's interest in cases where they provide an initial payment to the contractor to cover initial expenses, such as mobilization or procurement of materials. The guarantee ensures that the contractor will properly utilize the advance payment according to the contract, and will refund any unspent amount in case of non-completion or contract breach. The advance guarantee ranges from 5-20% of the contract amount.

3. Retention Money Guarantee: an amount withheld by the project owner from the contractor's payments to ensure proper completion of the project and to cover any defects or issues that may arise during the defects liability period. The contractor can provide retention money or guarantee, allowing them to receive their full payment during the project while giving the project owner assurance that funds will be available to address any defects or issues. a retention guarantee is mostly 5% total paid amount.

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👉Calculation of Lap length in Reinforced Concrete Structures

🔰Lap length in Reinforced Concrete
______
Lap length is one of the important term in the reinforcement.

This is usually confused with another important term called development length and anchorage length. In this article, the lap lengths of bars is discussed. During the placement of steel in Reinforced concrete structure, if the required length of single bar may fall short. To get the desired design length, lapping of two bars side by side is done. An alternative to this is to provide mechanical couplers.
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Lapping can be defined as the overlapping of two bars side by side to upto the design length. Usually, the stock length of steel bars is limited to 12m. This is for easy transportation of steel bars to the construction site. For example, imagine there is a need to build a 100ft tall column. But it’s not practically available. Hence the bars are cut every second story.

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Then the tension forces are required to be transferred from one bar to the other bar at the location of discontinuity of the bar. So the second bar is kept closely to the first bar and overlapping is done. This amount of overlapping between two bars is called “lap length”. Lapping is usually done where minimum bending stress is encountered. In general, lap length is 50d which means 50 times the bar diameter, if both bars are of same diameter.

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🔰Lap length in tension:

The lap length including anchorage value of hooks shall be
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For flexural tension – Ld or 30d whichever is greater is considered. For direct tension – 2Ld or 30d whichever is greater is considered.
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The straight length of lapping of bars shall not be less than 15d or 20cm.
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🔰Lap Length in Compression:

The lap length is equal to the development length calculated in compression but not less than 24d.
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🔰For Different Diameter Bars:

When the bars of different diameters are to be spliced, the lap length is calculated considering the smaller diameter bar.
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🔰Lap Splices

Lap splices should not be catered for the bars which are having diameter greater than 36 mm. In such cases, welding should be considered. But if welding is also not feasible in some conditions, then lapping may be allowed for the bars larger than 36 mm diameter. But along with lapping, additional spirals of 6 mm should be provided around the lapped bars.
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