👉የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ ለአክሱም አውሮፕላን ማረፊያ መልሶ ግንባታ ከ200 ሚሊዮን ብር በላይ መመደቡን አስታወቀ

🚧በሰሜን ኢትዮጵያ ጦርነት ወቅት ከፍተኛ ጉዳት ለደረሰበት የአክሱም አውሮፕላን ማረፊያ መልሶ ግንባታ ከ200 ሚሊዮን ብር በላይ በጀት መመደቡን፣ የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ ዋና ሥራ አስፈጻሚ አቶ መስፍን ጣሰው ለሪፖርተር አስታውቀዋል።

🌟ወቅቱ ክረምት በመሆኑ በመጪው ዓመት መስከረምና ጥቅምት አካባቢ፣ የመልሶ ግንባታ ሥራውን ለማስጀመር መታቀዱን በመጥቀስ የኮንትራክተር መረጣ ሒደት መጀመሩን ዋና ሥራ አስፈጻሚው ገልጸዋል፡፡

@etconp

👉የመውጫ ፈተና ተፈታኝ ከሆኑ!
በቀሪ ጊዚያችሁ!

1. የመውጫ ፈተናው አስፈላጊ መሆኑን አምኖ መቀበል (ልምድ እንዳላችሁ አለመርሳት ወደ ኮሌጅ እና ዩኒቨርስቲ ለመግባት ተፈትናችሁ ያለፋችሁ ናችሁ (10ኛ እና 12ኛ ክፍል)፡፡

የመውጫ ፈተናውን በአይምሮ ደረጃ አምኖ አለመቀበል ጊዚያችሁን ይበላል፡፡

2. ለፈተና ይጠቅማል ብላችሁ ያሰባችሁበትን ክፍል ለይታችሁ መከለስ! ያላጣራችሁት ቦታ ካለ በደንብ ለፈተና በሚሆን መልኩ ማንበብ/መከለስ (በእያንዳንዱ የኮሌጅ ቆይታ ወቅት ለፈተና  አንብባችሁ ሊሆን ስለሚችል ምን አልባት ክለሳ ማድረግ ሊበቃ ይችላል)፡፡

3. ከፈተናው ሁኔታ (ፎርማት) ጋር ፈጥኖ ለመግባባት መሞከር (ኦን ላይን ከሆነ መልመድ፤ ፈተናው ስለሚዳስሰው ነጥብ ማወቅ፤ ልምምድ ማድረግ፤ ሞዴል ፈተናዎችን በትኩረት መስራት፤ የጥያቄዎቹን ይዘት ለማወቅ መሞከር፡፡

4. የሚዘጋጁ የናሙና ፈተናዎችን በትኩረት መፈተን እና በደንብ መለማመድ የቀደመ የህግ እና የጤና መውጫ ፈተና ይዘቶችን ጠይቆ ልምዶችን መውሰድ፤ ምን አልባት ኦን ላይን ያሉ ናሙናዎችን እንደ መለማመጃ መውሰድ፡፡

5. የጊዜ መርሃ ግብር ማውጣት፤ በአንዴ ብዙ ለመሸፈን መሞከር ትኩረት ስለሚያሳጣ ቀሪ ጊዚያችሁን በጥብቅ ፕሮግራም መምራት (ከማህበራዊ ሚዲያ መቀነስ፤ ከጨዋታ መቀነስ፤ ከእንቅልፍ መቀነስ (በቀሪው ጊዜ ተቸግራችሁ ከቁጭት መዳን ትችላላችሁ) እና ለዚህ ፈተና የመጨረሻ አቅማችሁን መጠቀም፡፡

6. በዚህ ወቅቱ በቡድን ማጥናት፤ ሙከራዎችን መስራት፤ ሊያስረዷችሁ የሚችሉ ሰዎችን መፍጠር ያስፈልጋል፤ በከበዳችሁ ክፍል ላይ ጊዜ በማጥፋት ወደ ተስፋ መቁረጥ ውስጥ እንዳትገቡ የሌሎችን እርዳታ ለመቀበል ክፍት መሆን አስፈላጊ ነው፡፡

7. ከወዲሁ እና በፈተና በሚሰጥባቸው ቀናት ሊፈጠሩ የሚችሉ ስህተቶችን ቀንሱ የኮምፒዊተር አጠቃቀም፤ የማርፈድ፤ ጥሩ ስሜት ያለመፈጠር፤ የድካም፤ የመጨናነቅ፤ ወዘተ፡፡

🌟አስታውሱ በአብዛኛው መለኪያ ፈተናውን ማለፍ በእናንተ ጥረት እና ዝግጅት ልክ ነው የሚወሰነው! ሳያጠኑ ለማለፍ መመኘትም ሆነ ሳያጠኑ ወድቆ ቅር መሰኘት አዋጪ Rational አይሆንም!

@etconp

🚧According to ASTM standard types of portland cement are

1⃣. Type 1 or normal portland cement

👉 general purpose cement
used where there would be no severe climate change
👉 used where there is no severe exposure to sulphate attack from water or soil

2⃣. Type 2 or moderate portland cement

👉 used in climate of moderate sulphate attack
👉 moderate heat of hydration

3⃣. Type 3 or high early strength pc

👉used where high early strength is desired,usually less than one weak
👉 when a structure must be put into service as quickly as possible
👉 less C2S and more C3S

4⃣. Type 4 or low heat of hydration pc

👉 develops strength at a slower rate than does type 1
👉 intended for mass structures such as large gravity dams

5⃣. Type 5 or sulfate resisting pc

👉 when high sulfate resistance is desired
👉 when concrete is to be exposed to severe sulfate action by soil or water
👉 contains less C3A

@etconp

ውድ የ ETCONP ቤተሰቦች ባለፈው የተመዘገባችሁ ቤተሰቦች ብዛት 127 ነው ከ 127 ቤተሰቦች 5ቱ ብቻ ናቸው personal information ያጠናቀቁት ነገር ግን አንዱም personal ability proof (ብቃት ማረጋገጫ) ማለትም ዲግሪ ሊሆን ይችላል፣ ሰርተፊኬት ሊሆን ይችላል ወይም ከ client ጋር የተፃፈ ደቡዳቤ ( በ ኢንጊልዘኛ ቋንቋ ብቻ) ያስገባ የለም! በተጨማሪም work display ላይ አንድም የሰራውን sample ያስቀመጠ የለም ይሄ ማለት ሱቃችሁ ባዶ ሆኖ ሱቅ ተብሎ ተለጥፎ ገዢ እንዲመጣ መጠበቅ ነው። የተጠየቃችሁን የሰራችሁትን ስራ ናሙና (sample) ነው። client በ ኦንላይን ስራ ሳምፕል ሳያይ እንዴት እናንተ ዘንድ ይመጣል??????? አስቡት ! ሌላው ችግር ደግሞ ኢሜል ያለመክተት ችግር እንዴት ነው ኢንተርናሽናል ስራ ኢሜል ሳይኖር ከስተመር/client/አሰሪ contact ምታረጉት ? አሁንም አስቡበት!

ለማንኛውም ይሄን ሁሉ ግርታ ለማጥራት አንድ መፍትሄ አበጅተናል ይሄም በ ዩቱብ ቻናላችን detail ለማሳየት 10 ደቂቃ ማይሞላ ቪዲዮ ሰርተን ልንለቅላችሁ አስበናል።

ይህ በ እንዲ እንዳለ ለመመስገብ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ በመግባት free register የሚለውን በመጫን ተመዝገቡ አደራ instruction በደንብ አንብቡ የመማር አንዱ ጥቅም የተሰጠንን መመሪያ አንቡቦ መረዳት ነው ሌላው ደግሞ personal information ጨርሳችሁ ሙሉ

- ኢሜል(email) አስገቡ
- ስልክ ቁጥራችሁን አስገቡ
- አድራሻችሁን (ሀገር፣ከተማ፣
ክፍለከተማ)
- independent designer ናችሁ(በግል
ነው) ወይስ hired in a company
(የቀጥራችሁ ነው ምትሰሩት)

ይሄን የሚያረጋግጥ የስራ ልምድ ወይም ከ ደንበኛ ጋር ያሰራችሁት ውል አለ ? የ ኢንጊልዘኛ የተፃፈ ?

ካለ ሊንኩ ይኸው:- https://m.buildmost.com/#/main_Promotion_page?code=U3WB0Y

👉አዋሽ ባንክ በአምቦ ከተማ አዲስ ህንፃ ሊገነባ ነው

🚧በአዲስ አበባ እና በተለያዩ የክልል ከተሞች የራሱን ህንፃ በመገንባት የሚታወቀው አዋሽ ባንክ በአምቦ ከተማ  ከምድር በታች ቤዝመንት ያለው ባለ ሰባት ወለል (G+7) አዲስ ዘመናዊ ህንፃ ለመገንባት መሳይ ኦሊ ህንጻ ተቋራጭ ድርጅት ጋር የውል ስምምነት ተፈራርሟል፡፡

🚧ለአምቦ ከተማ የመልካም ገፅታ ግንባታ ከፍተኛ አስተዋፅኦ እንደሚኖረው የሚታመነው አዲሱ የአዋሽ ባንክ አምቦ ቅርንጫፍ ህንፃ ግንባታም በፍጥነት እንደሚጀመርና በአጭር ጊዜ ውስጥ ተጠናቆ ለአገልግሎት እንደሚውል የባንኩ ዋና ሥራ አስፈፃሚ አቶ ፀሀይ ሽፈራው በፊርማ ሥነ ስነስርዓቱ ላይ ተናግረዋል፡፡

@etconp

👉ዘምዘም ባንክ ለዋና መስሪያ ቤት ሕንጻ ግንባታ የሚጠቀምበትን ቦታ ተረከበ!!

🌟በኢትዮጽያ ሙሉ በሙሉ ከወለድ ነጻ የባንክ አገልግሎት በመጀመር ፈር ቀዳጅ የሆነው ዘምዘም ባንክ፤ ለዋና መስሪያ ቤት ሕንጻ ግንባታ የሚውል 4,135.66 ካሬ ሜት ቦታ በሊዝ ልደታ ክፍለ ከተማ ሰንጋ ተራ አካባቢ መረከቡን አስታውቋል።

✨ህንፃው በ 2 ቢሊየን ብር ወጭ የሚሰራ ሲሆን አራት ምድር ቤቶች ያሉት G+30 ሆኖ እንሚገነባ መታቀዱም ተነግሯል።

🚧የሚገነባው ህንፃ በምስሉ ኣያይዘንላቹዋል።

@etconp

እንደምትመለከቱት ነው ሁሉም unsubmitted ነው ሚለው ….. እንዲህ አይነት ውዥንብሮችን ለማጥራት ቪዲዮ ያስፈልጋል ችግር የለውም እንሰራለን

እስከዛ ተመዝገቡ ከዚህ ሊንክ:- https://m.buildmost.com/#/main_Promotion_page?code=U3WB0Y

👉Grillage Foundation

🚧Grillage Foundation design is applied for heavy structural loads from columns, piers or beams are required to transfer bearing capacity of a soil comparatively poor.

🌟The grillage foundation helps in distributing the load over a wider area of the subsoil.

🌟This foundation helps in avoiding deep excavations as the necessary base area is provided for the load of the transmission.

📍The depth of foundation is limited from 1m to 1.5m

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We have provided you with AutoCAD blocks that can be utilized to save time and ensure consistency in your designs. These pre-defined block objects are easily modifiable.
@etconp

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እስቲ ስለ ፕሮጀክት ርእስ እና እንዴት እንደምንሰራ እንይ
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▶Project topic
▶Selection of guide
▶How to do it?

🚧HOW TO CHOOSE PROJECT TOPICS?

⏺This depends on

1. Personal interest
2. Availability of resources
3. Costing of projects
         1. Personal interest
🎓Interest in a topic decides
     your passion for work.
🎓Interest drives your project
     and related work.
🎓You will be eager to know
     more and more, if you are
     interested in a given topic at
     hand.
      2. Availability of resources
🎓If your projects demands use
     of some resources, which
     are not available to you and
     your college, you better
     switch over to other topic.
🎓If you and your college have
    better resources, use
    maximum of it, this
    will helps you accelerate the
    speed of project under taking.
       3. Costing of project
🎓Project cost is the main
     criteria which drives the
     complete project .
🎓Never undertake a project for
    which you and your college
    are financially incapable.
    Rather, switch to other
    topic in the same area.
🎓First make sure of costing
     factor before choosing
     costly project.
      ✔ SELECTION OF GUIDE
🔭Always approach relevant
      guide who is capable of
      guiding in the subject you
      have choosen.
🔭Have frequent and effective
     meeting  with guide.
🔭Meetings and discussion
     keeps you on track.
🔭Never choose a guide who is
    not really interested in your
    work.
🔭Do take advice from seniors
     about him / her.
       ✔ HOW TO DO ITS?
🎓First read about topic on
     library and Internet's.
🎓Get the necessary facts and
     information, which can be
     implemented.
🎓Start plan for the overall
     undertaking of the project.
🎓You should meet your project
     guide to get plan for
     execution.
🎓Have time span in mind.
🎓Read and research.
🎓Do the work as team.
🎓Divide the work between
     project partners.

@etconp

🏗Construction engineering softwares

✏️SAP 2000

The most popular structural analysis and design software used by civil engineers all over the world.

✏️AutoCAD

One of the most popular civil engineering software by autodesk. This is used for 2D and 3D design, drafting, modeling, architectural drawing etc

✏️Etabs

The integrated software package for the structural analysis and design of buildings, ETABS offers unmatched 3D object based modeling and visualization tools, blazingly fast linear and nonlinear analytical power, sophisticated and comprehensive design capabilities for a wide-range of materials, and insightful graphic displays, reports, and schematic drawings that allow users to quickly and easily decipher and understand analysis and design results.

✏️Revit

BIM software is specifically built for Building Information Modelling (BIM), including features for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering and construction.

✏️Autodesk civil

Builds on Autodesk Land Desktop with tools that automate civil engineering tasks and enhance collaboration on projects from transportation engineering to hydraulics, site development to hydrology

✏️Site 3D

Site3D is a fully featured software product for the engineering design of road systems and housing developments. Quickly and accurately design whole sites including roads, junctions, roundabouts, footways, surface interfacing, contours, volumes, drainage, housing and more.
These are some the software for design purpose.

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👉Classification of Construction Materials

🚧Construction materials can be classified into:

I) Metallic and Non-metallic

a. Non-metallic
- Cementing materials
- Concrete
- Timber
- Stone
- Plastics
- Ceramics

b. Metallic
- Ferrous
• Wrought iron
• Cast iron
• Steel
- Non Ferrous
• Aluminium
• Copper
• Lead
• Zinc

II) Based on their physical Nature:
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gaseous

III) Based on their mode of manufacture
a) Naturally occurring materials
b) Industrially produced materials
c) Materials produced at construction site

▶️Properties of Materials

a) Physical properties
• Density and specific gravity
•Mechanical properties
• Thermal properties
• Acoustical properties
b) Chemical properties
• Corrosion Here only the mechanical properties are dealt with since they have a great practical significance in Civil Engineering.

▶️Mechanical Properties When forces are applied to a solid body, two results are produced:

1) Internal resisting forces
2) Deformation .
The internal forces and deformations are called stresses and strains respectively.

⏺Depending up on the arrangement and direction of the external forces, the stress produced may be:

a) Tensile stress
b) Compressive stress
c) Shearing stress
d) Bending stress
e) Torsional stress
f) Combinations of the above stresses Deformation:

a) Elastic if it recovers when the external force is released
b) Plastic if it fails to recover when the external force is released If a material is capable to carry its own weight and any applied load, it is assumed to be strong material.

This way is that the strength of the material is determined. When a material is said to be strong it is its strength in tension or compression that is usually referred to, but it is often necessary to know its strength in shear and torsion as well.

▶️Tests for Mechanical Properties Selection of material for a particular structural application depends on its mechanical properties.
There are standard mechanical tests to measure these properties. Mechanical tests are used to examine the performance of materials under the action of external force.
 
▶️Classification of Mechanical Tests

I) II) With reference to the direction of the external
forces
a) Tension test
b) Compression test
c) Shear test
d) Bending test
e) Torsion test
With reference to the rate and duration of the load application
a) Static Tests: these are made with gradually
increasing load, such as ordinary tests in tension,
compression etc.
b) Dynamic test: these are made with suddenly
applied loads, as by falling weight
c) Wear tests: these are made to determine
resistance to abrasion and impact, as in the case of
paving materials
d) Longtime tests: there are made with loads
applied to the object under test for a long period of
time. They are used for materials such as concrete.
e) Fatigue test: these are made with fluctuating
stresses repeated a large number of times
III) With reference to the effect of the test on the
specimen
a) Destructive tests: Under these test methods, the
specimens are either crushed or ruptured and made useless at the end of the tests
b) Non-destructive tests: These are usually used to
test the strength of members of existing structures without affecting their performance.

@etconp

👉Building Spatial Design
Definition

🚧Accessible - a site, building, facility or portion thereof that can be approached, entered and used by physically disabled persons.

🚧Approved - approved by the building official having jurisdiction.

🚧Balcony - a horizontal projection, including a hard nail, or balustrade to serve as an outside space.

🚧Basement - that portion of a building that is partly or completely below grade.

🚧Building line - the line established by law, beyond which a building shall not extend, except as specifically provided by law.

🚧Building official - the officer or other designated authority charged with the administration and enforcement of this code, or duly authorized representative.

🚧Court - an open, uncovered space, unobstructed to the sky, bounded on three or more sides by exterior building walls or other enclosing devices.

🚧Combination sign - a sign incorporating any combination of the features of pole, projecting and roof signs.

🚧Dwelling - a building that contains one or two dwelling units used, intended or designed to be used, rental, leased, let or hired out to be occupied for living purposes.

🚧Exit - a passage or means of egress from any building, storeys or floors to street or other open space of safety.

🚧Fire door - a door and it's assembly so constructed and assembled in place as to give protection against the passage of fire.

@etconp

👉LOAD ON FOUNDATION

🚧A foundation may be subjected to two or more of the following loads.

1⃣ Dead Loads:

⏺Weight of structure.
⏺All materials permanently attached to structure.
⏺Static earth pressure acting permanently against the structure below ground surface.
⏺Water pressure acting laterally against basement walls and vertically against slab.

2⃣  Live loads

⏺Temporary loads expected to superimpose on the structure during its useful life.

3⃣ Wind Loads

⏺Lateral load coming from the action of wind.
⏺Local building codes provide magnitude of design wind pressure.

4⃣ Earthquake Loads

⏺Lateral load coming from earthquake motion.
⏺The total lateral force(base shear) at the base of structure is evaluated in accordance with local building code.

5⃣ Dynamic Loads:

⏺Load coming from vibrating object (machinery)
⏺In such case, separate foundation should be provided.

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🎯 Construction tips

1- Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm.
2- Chair spacing maximum spacing is 1.00 m (or) 1 No per 1m2.
3- For dowels rod minimum of 12 mm diameter should be used.
4- Chairs a minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.
5- Longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross C/S.
6- Minimum bars for the square column are 4 No’s and 6 No’s for the circular column.
7- Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm (HYSD) or 10 mm (Plain bars) and the distributors not less than 8 mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.
8- Minimum thickness of the slab is 125 mm.
9- Dimension tolerance for cubes + 2 mm.
10- Free fall of concrete is allowed a maximum of 1.50m.
11- Lap slices not be used for bars larger than 36 mm.
12- Water absorption of bricks should not be more than 15 %.
13- The PH value of the water should not be less than 6.
14- Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N / mm2.
15- In steel reinforcement binding wire required is 8 kg per MT.
16- In soil filling as per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for the core cutting test for every 100m2.
17- The PH value of the water should not be under 6.
18- Electrical conduits shall not run in the column.

@Etconp

👉HOW TO BUILD A PROJECT SCHEDULE IN 5 EASY STEPS

🌟Step One: Define Activities
The goal of the activity definition step is to identify all the tasks required to accomplish the product. This frequently results in identifying all the work products and deliverables that comprise the project. These deliverables are found as the components of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The project schedule further decomposes these deliverables into the actual activities required to complete the work.
If the project team doesn't have an established scope statement, WBS, or sufficient scope definition, you may need to host a workshop or two to gather the requirements and further develop the project schedule. Since you need to produce a project schedule by next week, you will likely create tasks in your project schedule for "Analysis" or "Scope Definition." At this point in the project, it is OK to not have all the project details. You can build activities in your project schedule to gather the information. It is perfectly acceptable to build a plan for the analysis of the project before committing to the implementation or delivery phase of the project.
Assume for now you either have a WBS available or have enough information to build a sample set of tasks to further define the scope. Once you have all the activities defined, the next step is the sequence the activities.

🌟Step Two: Sequence Activities At this point you've entered all the task names and have further decomposed the deliverables listed in the WBS. The next step is to sequence the activities with dependencies. During this step, you'll identify any dependencies of related tasks and document them in the project schedule. You'll need to analyse each of the tasks to understand which task has a dependency on additional tasks. In your favourite project schedule development book, be sure to read about the different types of dependency  include Finish-to-Start and Start-to-Start dependencies. These relationships will impact your task start and finish dates.

🌟Step Three: Estimate Activity Resources The next step is to identify the resources and their availability to your project. Remember that not all team members will be 100% available to your project as some team members will be working on multiple projects. In this step, you'll also assign resources to each of the tasks. I usually assign resource to tasks using the standard Gantt Chart view in Microsoft Project. For each task at the lowest point in the WBS, click on the drop down box in the Resource Names column and select the available team member.

I recommend breaking down the tasks so you can assign one task to one resource to avoid adding multiple resources to a given task. It creates a larger project schedule, but it allows me better control in allocating and tracking resources as the project executes.

🌟Step Four: Estimate Activity Durations With resources assigned, the next step is to estimate each task's duration. The activity's duration is the number of working periods required to complete the task. In Microsoft Project, this can be defined in days, weeks, and even months! It is also important to understand the difference of the different duration types including Fixed Work, Fixed Duration and Fixed Units. Selecting the correct duration type impacts the resource availability and the forecasted task end date.

🌟Step Five: Develop Schedule
The next step is to analyse the project schedule and examine the sequences, durations, resources and inevitable scheduling constraints.

The goal of this step is to validate the project schedule correctly models the planned work. In this step you'll not only validate the duration estimates are accurate, but validate the resource allocations are correct.
Resource levelling is a key step in ensuring the project dates are realistic and the resources are appropriately assigned. Microsoft Project has an automatic resource levelling feature, but I recommend against using it. Instead of automatic levelling, I recommend using a manual process to resolve resource over-allocation.

@etconp

👉በኮንስትራክሽን ውል የስራ ለውጥ/Variation/ 
                        
▶️ቫሬሽን/variation/ ምን አይነት ትርጉም ሊሰጠው ይችላል?

*በ ኮንስትራክሽን ውል የስራ ለውጥ (variation) የሚባለው በዋናነት የግንባታ ስራ ጥራትን ፣መጠን ፣ዲዛይን ፣የግንባታ ቁሳቁስ፣የስራ ጊዜ፣የግንባታ ማከናወኛ ቦታ መጠን የመሳሰሉትን የማሻሻል፣የመጨመር ወይም የመቀነስን የሚመለከት የኮንስትራክሽን ውል መሰረታዊ ነጥብ ነው፡፡

*ስለዚህ ቫሬሽን የዋናውን የኮንስትራክሽን ውል ይዘት/object of the contract/ በመጠኑ የመለወጥ ባህሪ ይኖረዋል ማለት ነው፡፡

*PPA 2011 ክሎስ 15.1 ይሄንኑ አረዳድ በሚያጠናክር ሁኔታ ለቫሬሽን ትርጉም ይሰጠዋል፡፡

▶️ቫሬሽን ኦርደር/variation order/ የሚባለውስ ምንድን ነው? ማነው ኦርደር ሰጭው? በቃል ኦርደር መስጠት ይቻላል? በምን አይነት መልኩ ነው ትእዛዝ የሚሰጥ? በዚህ ረገድ ህጉ ምን ይላል?
*ቫሬሽን ኦርደር ከመሀንዲሱ ለተቋራጩ በጽሁፍ የሚሰጥ የስራ ለውጥ ትእዛዝ ነው፡፡

*አማካሪ መሀንዲሱ ለግንባታ ስራው መልካም አፈጻጸም ሲባል የስራ ለውጥ ትእዛዝ አስፈላጊ ነው ብሎ ካመነ ትእዛዝ መስጠት ይችላል፡፡

*በመጀመሪያ ግን በአማካሪ መሀንዲሱ አማካይነት ለተቋራጩ ስለለውጥ ስራው ባህሪና ምንነት ማሳወቂያ/ኖቲስ/ እንዲደርሰው ይደረጋል፡፡

ኖቲስ እንደደረሰው ተቋራጩ የለውጥ ስራውን አስመልክቶ ትሮፖዛል ያቀርባል፡፡

⏺ፕሮፖዛሉም የጊዜ ማራዘሚያ ስኬጁል፣የዋጋ ሁኔታን የሚያካትት ይሆናል፡፡(PPA 15.3)

*የስራ ለውጥ ትእዛዝ በጽሁፍ ነው መደረግ እንዳለበት PPA 2011 ክሎስ 15.2 ያስቀምጣል፡፡
አንዳንዴ ግን አማካሪ መሀንዲሱ በቃል የቫሬሽን ትእዛዝ መስጠት እንደሚችል PPA 2011 ክሎስ 15.2(a) ላይ ፈቃጅ ሆኖ ተቀምጧል፡፡
ነገር ግን በቶሎ የለውጥ ስራ ትእዛዙ ወደ ጽሁፍ መቀየር ይኖርበታል፡፡

እዚህ ጋር አብሮ የሚታየው ነገር የአስተዳደር መስሪያ ቤት ጋር የሚደረጉ ውሎች በጽሁፍ መደረግ ይኖርባቸዋል፡፡ይሄውም ስለውሎች በጠቅላላው በሚመለከተው የውል ህግ አንቀጽ 1724 ላይ በግልጽ ተቀምጧል፡፡

*አንድ ውል የሚሻሻለው ደግሞ ከመጀመሪያው ውል ጋር ተመሳሳይ በሆነ ፎርም ነው፡፡
በዚህ ረገድ የፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 1722 ላይ "ዋናውን ውል የመለወጥ ጉዳይ ለዚሁ ውል በተደነገገው አጻጻፍ(ፎርም) መሰራት አለበት፡፡" በሚል የተደነገገው የሚያስገነዝበውም ቫሬሽን ዋናውን ውል በከፊል የመለወጥ ሁኔታ ስለሚኖረው ከዋናው የኮንስትራክሽን ውል ጋር በተመሳሳይ የአጻጻፍ ፎርም በጽሁፍ መደረግ ይኖርበታል ማለት ነው፡፡
ለዚህ ነው በመርህ ደረጃ ቫሬሽን በጽሁፍ መደረግ አለበት የሚባለው፡፡

▶️የስራ ለውጥ ውል/change agreement/ ምን ማለት ነው? ከህግ አንጻር በዚህ ረገድ ምን ነጥቦች ሊነሱ ይችላሉ?

*PPA 2011 ክሎስ 15.9 ላይ እንደተቀመጠው በየስራ ለውጥ ውል የሚባለው ከቫሬሽን ኦርደር በኋላ አሰሪው/ተወካይ መሀንዲሱ እና ተቋራጩ በጽሁፍ የሚስማሙበት የማሻሻያ ውል ነው፡፡ ሆኖም በዚህ የፒፒኤ ትርጉም ጸሀፊው አይስማማም፡፡
ምክንያቱም አማካሪው ስራ ለመቆጣጠር እንጅ ውል ለመዋዋል በአማካሪነት ውሉ ላይ ብዙ ጊዜ ስልጣን አይኖረውም፡፡

በተቋራጭና አሰሪ መካከል የተደረገ የኮንስትራክሽን ውል በአሰሪና ተቋራጭ በሚደረግ ስምምነት/ውል ሊሻሻል ከሚችል በስተቀር አማካሪ መሀንዲሱን ውል እንዲዋዋል እስከመፍቀድ የሚደርስ ትርጓሜ መሰጠቱ ተገቢነት የለውም፡፡

*የስራ ለውጥ ውሎች ቀን፣ቁጥርና ቅደምተከተል ይሰጣቸዋል፡፡(ፒፒኤ15.10)

*ሌላው የስራ ለውጥ ውል ወደኋላ ሄዶ እንደማይሰራና ውሉ ከተደረገበት ቀን ጀምሮ ብቻ አስገዳጅ እንደሚሆን PPA 2011 ክሎስ 15.10 ላይ ተቀምጧል፡፡

▶️በቫሬሽን የተሰሩ ስራዎች የዋጋ አወሳሰን/Valuation of variation/ በምን ሁኔታ ይከናወናል?

*የተሰራው ተጨማሪ ስራ ከሆነ እና በቢል ኦፍ ኳንቲቲ ላይ ዋጋ ተተክሎለት ካለ በዚያው የዋጋ ሬት የሚሰላ እንደሚሆን PPA 2011 ክሎስ 15.5(a) ላይ ተቀምጧል፡፡

*በቫሬሽን የሚሰራው ስራ በቢል ኦፍ ኳንቲቲ ያልተካተተ አዲስ የስራ አይተም ከሆነ በመሀንዲሱና ተቋራጩ በስምምነት በወቅታዊ ዋጋ የሚሰላ እንደሚሆን PPA 2011 ክሎስ 15.5(b) ላይ በግልጽ ተቀምጧል፡፡

*በቫሬሽን የተካተተው የስራ አይተም ዋጋው በቢል ኦፍ ኳንቲቲ ላይ የተካተተ ቢሆን እንኳ የተጋነነ ከሆነ በመሀንዲሱ ሊስተካከል እንደሚችል ደግሞ PPA 2011 ክሎስ 15.5(c) ይገልጻል፡፡

*ቫሬሽኑ የተከሰተው በተቋራጩ ጥፋት ከሆነ ደግሞ በአሰሪው ለተቋራጩ ዋጋ አይከፈልበትም በሚል PPA 2011 ክሎስ 15.5(d) በግልጽ አስቀምጦታል፡፡

▶️ቫሬሽን እስከስንት ፐርሰንት ይፈቀዳል? በፍርድ ቤቶች አካባቢ ያለው የህጉ አረዳድስ ምን ይመስላል?

*የቫሬሽኑ መጠን ከ25% በላይ በሆነ ጊዜና ከተቋራጩ ጥፋት ባልሆነ ሁኔታ የተከሰተ ከሆነ አማካሪ መሀንዲሱ ስለብልጫው መጠንና ስለዋጋው ከአሰሪው መስሪያ ቤት ጋር በመመካከር ይወስናል በሚል PPA 2011 ክሎስ 15.7 ላይ ተቀምጧል፡፡

የቫሬሽን መጠን ከመጀመሪያው ዋጋ ከ30% በላይ መብለጥ እንደሌለበት በአስገዳጅ ሁኔታ PPA 2011 ክሎስ 15.8 ላይ ተቀምጧል፡፡

*በዚህ በጀኔራል ኮንዲሽን ከተቀመጠው ተርሰንት/ከገደቡ በላይ በቫሬሽን ስራ ተሰርቶ ቢገኝስ ምን ይሆናል? እንግዲህ በዚህ ረገድ ጀኔራል ኮንዲሽኑም ሆነ አግባብነት ያለው የግዥ አዋጅና መመሪያ ግልጽ ምላሽ አያስቀምጥም፡፡
ሆኖም ግን ተቋራጩ ስራውን እስከሰራው ድረስ አሰሪው አላግባብ በተቋራጩ ድካምና ገንዘብ በልጽጐ እንዲቀር ፈቃጅ ህግ ሊኖር አይችልም ፍትሀዊም አይሆንም፡፡

*ስለዚህ በዚህ ረገድ በአማካሪ መሀንዲሱ እውቅና እና ትእዛዝ በቫሬሽን ለተሰሩ ስራዎች  ከገደቡ በላይ ያለፈ ቢሆንም እንኳ አሰሪው ለተቋራጩ ሊከፍለው እንደሚገባ የፌዴራል ጠቅላይ ፍርድ ቤት ሰበር ሰሚ ችሎት በ5ዳኞች እንደህግ በሚቆጠር ሁኔታ አስገዳጅ የህግ ትርጉም ሰጥቶበታል፡፡
ይሄውም አስገዳጅ ውሳኔ በሰ/መ/ቁ 71972 ቅጽ 14 ገጽ 25 ላይ ይገኛል፡፡ 

▶️ቫሬሽን ከሙስና ጋር ምን ያገናኘዋል?
*በዚህ ረገድ የኢፌዴሪ የኮንስትራክሽን ሚኒስቴር በኮንስትራክሽን ኢንዱስትሪ የኪራይ ሰብሳቢነት መንስኤዎችና የመፍትሄ አቅጣጫዎች በሚል በመስከረም 2010ዓ.ም ባዘጋጀው የውይይት ሰነድ ላይ ቫሬሽን ለሙስና አንዱ ምንጭ መሆኑ ተጠቅሷል፡፡

*ይሄውም ለምሳሌ ያህል የማይጣጣሙ ዲዛይኖችና የስራ ዝርዝር መኖር አንዱ ነው፡፡

*ሌላኛው ደግሞ ሆነ ብሎ የስራ ዝርዝር መዝለል/omission of work item/ ነው፡፡

▶️በአይነቱ አዲስ የሆነ ተጨማሪ ስራ/unrelated and new item of additional work/ ሲያጋጥምስ በየትኛው ህግ የሚታይ ይሆናል?
*በመርህ ደረጃ አሰሪው መስሪያ ቤት በውል ውስጥ የሌሉትን ስራዎች በአዲስ ዋጋ እንዲሰራቸው ስራ ተቋራጩን ለማዘዝ እንደሚችል በፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 3284(1) ላይ በግልጽ ተቀምጧል፡፡

#ConstructionLaw

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