Givens are given in FPS (feet- pound-second)

Volume of soil mass = 1ft³
Weight of soil mass at moist condition = 100Ibs
Weight of soil after dried in oven = 80Ibs

Required

Determine

Moist weight of soil (γt) = ?
Dry unit weight of soil (γdry) = ?
Water content(Ww) = ?

Quiz 2

August 3rd -2023GC

Determine unit weights, water content based on known volume and weight(SI units) given that the volume of soil mass is 0.0283m³ and the weight of soil mass at moist condition is 45.5kg and the weight of the soil after it dried in oven is 36.4kg ….. based on the formula which was posted in our channel on Saturday you can solve this problem

Quiz 3

August 3rd 2023 GC

Determine the void ratio (e), porosity ( n ), and degree of saturation based on known volume, weight and specific gravity (given in English units)
Given (English units)

Volume of soil mass = 1ft³
Weight of soil mass at moisture condition =125Ibs
Weight of soil after dry in oven = 100Ibs
Specific gravity of solid(Gs) = 2.65

YouTube :-

Quiz 4 determine void ratio (e) , porosity (n ), and degree of saturation (S) % based on known volume, weight, and specific gravity ( English units)

Given ( metric units (SI unit))

Volume of soil mass (Vt)= 0.0283m³

Weight of soil mass at moist condition (Wt) = 56.6kg

Weight of soil after dry in oven (Ws) = 45.5kg

Specific gravity of solids = 2.65

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ዛሬ ማለዳ በቀን 67 ሺህ ሜትር ኪዩብ ውሃ መስጠት የሚችሉ፣ ከግማሽ ሚሊዮን በላይ የአዲስአበባ ነዋሪዎችን ተጠቃሚ የሚያደርጉ 1.8 ቢሊዮን ብር ወጪ የተደረገባቸው የንጹህ መጠጥ ውሀ፣ የፍሳሽ ማጣሪያ እና የውሀ ላብራቶሪ ፕሮጀክቶችን ተመርቀው ተከፍተዋል።

በቀን 67 ሺህ ሜትር ኪዩብ ውሃ መስጠት የሚችሉ 25 የውሀ ጉድጓዶች ቁፋሮ እና የውሀ መሰረተ ልማት ግንባታን በማጠናቀቅ አስፈላጊ የሆኑ ቁሳቁሶች አሟልተን ስራ ያስጀመርናቸው ፕሮጀክቶች የከተማዋን ዕለታዊ ውሃ የማምረት አቅም ወደ 792 ሺህ ሜትር ኪዩብ ከፍ የሚያደርጉ ይሆናል፡፡

ለሕብረተሰቡ የሚሰራጨውን ውሀ ደህንነት የሚያረጋግጥ ዓለም አቀፍ ደረጃ ያለው ዘመናዊ የውሃ እና ፍሳሽ ላብራቶሪ ተቋቁሞ አስፈላጊ የሆኑ ግብዓቶችን አሟልተን ስራ ያስጀመርናቸው ሲሆን፣ በሌላ በኩል የፍሳሽ ማጣሪያ እና 40 ኪሎ ሜትር የተለያዩ መጠን ያላቸው የውሀ ማስተላለፊያ መስመሮች ዝርጋታ ስራ እንዲጀምር አድርገናል፡፡

ሐምሌ 28 ቀን 2015 ዓም

Via Mayor Office

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👉DEEP BEAMS

🌟Deep beams are Reinforced concrete structural elements with large depths in relation to their spans.

⏺A deep beam is a beam in which a significant amount of the load is carried to the supports by a compression thrust joining the load and the reactions. According to the EBCS 2 1995, beams are considered as deep beams when l/h≤...2 for simple span and 2.5 for continuous

▶️Where l is the effective span measured center to center of supports or 1.15 times clear span, whichever is smaller and h is the overall depth of the deep beam.

⏺Deep beams are usually found at at transfer girders (girders support one or more columns transferring it laterally to other columns) used in multistory buildings to provide column offset , in foundation wall, pile cap rectangular suspended containers (tanks), raft slabs, pile caps, floor diaphragms, shear walls etc.
Behavior of Deep Beams
The behavior of deep beams is significantly different from that of beams of normal proportion (shallow beams) that it requires special consideration in analysis, design and detailing of reinforcement.

⏺Elastic analysis of such beams indicates that the usual hypothesis plane section before bending remains plane after bending is not valid for such members Thus flexural stresses are not linearly distributed even in the elastic range and hence the usual methods used for analysis and design of ordinary reinforced concrete beams are neither suitable nor adequate to determine the strength of reinforced concrete deep beams.

▶️The followings are the major different of deep beam element compared with ordinary beam

⏺Two-Dimensional Action: because of the dimension of deep beam they behave as two-
dimensional action rather than one-dimensional action.

⏺Plane Section Do Not Remain Plane: the assumption of plane section remains plane cannot
be used in the deep beam design and The strain distribution is no longer linear.

⏺Shear Deformation: the shear deformation cannot be neglected as The stress distribution is not linear even in the elastic stage and At the ultimate limit state the
shape of concrete compressive stress block is not parabolic shape again.

▶️The distribution of tensile stress at bottom fiber is constant over the span. In other word the value of tensile stress at bottom fiber at support and at mid span is only little different, for this reason in deep beam the tension reinforcement must be extend to the end of support although that region is small bending moment region (in ordinary beam we can cut off the tension reinforcement and not all of the tension reinforcement in mid span is extended to the end of support, practically only two for anchor the stirrups).

▶️The maximum tensile stress at the bottom fiber is far exceeding the magnitude of
compressive stress.

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👉What do we mean by workability of concrete?

🌟Workability of concrete is defined as the ease and homogeneity with which a freshly mixed concrete or mortar can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. Strictly, it is the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce 100% compaction.

⏺Another similar term used to describe a freshly prepared concrete is ‘consistency’ which is the ease with which it will flow. It is the wetness of the concrete and the measure of fluidity or mobility. Wet concretes are more workable than dry concrete, but concretes of the same consistency may vary in workability. A concrete which has high consistency and which is more mobile, need not be of right workability for a
particular job. Type of work, thickness of section, reinforcements and mode of compaction are the aspects to be considered while specifying the workability for any particular job.


Workable concrete shows very less internal friction between particles and overcomes the frictional resistance with just the amount of compacting efforts provided. Workability of the concrete depends on a number of interrelating factors. Water content, aggregate properties, use of admixtures, fineness of cement are the factors affecting workability.

1. Water content: The increase in watercontent increases the fluidity of the
concrete thus providing greater lubrication.

2. Size of aggregates: The surface area of bigger aggregates is less and hence less amount of water is required for lubricating the surface to reduce the friction. Thus the concrete having large sized aggregate is more workable (of course, within certain limits). And other properties of aggregate will affect the workability of concrete.

3. Mix proportions: Aggregate/cement ratio
is the measure of how lean or rich the concrete is. If aggregate/ cement ratio is
higher, the concrete becomes leaner. In lean concrete less paste is available for the lubrication of the aggregate, while in rich
concrete with low a/c ratio, more paste is available which makes the mix more
cohesive and hence provides better workability.

4. Use of admixtures: Use of admixtures in concrete is the major factor that affects the workability. The use of plasticizers and super-plasticizers amply increase the workability of the concrete. Air entraining
agents produce air bubbles which act as rollers between particles and provide better mobility thus improving the workability.

5. Time and temperature: Fresh concrete gets stiffened as the time flows. This is because some of the water used to mix the concrete gets evaporated and some gets absorbed
by the aggregates. Thus the workability of concrete reduces with time. This loss of workability with time is known as slump
loss. The effect of temperature on workability of concrete is noteworthy. As the temperature increases, the workability of the mix reduces.
Measurements of Workability/ workability Tests:
-Slump Test
-Compacting Factor Test
-Vee-Bee Test
-Flow Test
-Kelly Ball Test

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