👉የቅዱስ ጳውሎስ ሆስፒታል የማስፋፊያ ግንባታ አሁንም በሲሚንቶ እጥረት ምክንያት እየተስተጓጎለ ይገኛል ተብሏል፡፡

ከ2 ነጥብ 6 ቢሊየን ብር በላይ በጀት ተመድቦለት ወደ ግንባታ የገባው የቅዱስ ጳውሎስ ሆስፒታል የማስፋፊያ ግንባታ በህክምናው ዘርፍ አዳዲስ ገጽታዎችን አካቷል፡፡

በአንድ ጊዜ አምስት ታካሚዎችን ሊያስተናግድ የሚችል የጨረር ህክምና መስጫ ማእከል እና ለታካሚዎች የሚሰጠውን ጨረር የሚያመርት ፋብሪካም በውስጡ የያዘ ነው፡፡

ይሁን እንጂ የግንባታው ሂደት በተለያዩ ምክንያቶች ሲቋረጥ በመቆየቱ መጠናቀቅ ከነበረበት ጊዜ እንዲዘገይ ምክንያት ሆኗል፡፡የቅዱስ ጳውሎስ ሆስፒታል የማስፋፊያ ግንባታ አማካሪ መሃንዲስና ፕሮጀክት አስተባበሪ አቶ ሳሙኤል አባይ ለአሃዱ እንደገለጹት ግንባታው በአጠቃላይ ከ72 በመቶ በላይ ቢደርስም የሲሚንቶ እጥረት አሁንም ለግንባታው ሂደት እንቅፋት እንደሆነ ተናግረዋል፡፡ ስራ ተቋራጩ የሚፈልገውን አይነት ሲሚንቶ በበቂ ሁኔታ ማግኘት አለመቻሉን አንስተዋል፡፡

የማስፋፊያ ግንባታው የማጠናቀቂያ ምዕራፍ ላይ ይገኛል፡፡አብዛኞቹን የማጠናቀቂያ ስራዎች ለማከናወን የግንባታ ዕቃዎቹ ከውጭ የሚገቡ በመሆናቸው የውጭ ምንዛሬ እጥረት ሌላው ችግር መሆኑንም ገልጸዋል፡፡
ከስራ ተቋራጩ ጋር እያጋጠሙ ያሉ ችግሮችን በመፍታት አጠቃላይ ስራውን በመጪው ጥር ለማጠናቀቅ መታቀዱንም ተናግረዋል፡፡

Via Ahadu

@etconp

What is the name of this laboratory instrument ?

1️⃣. UTM (universal testing machine)

2️⃣. CTM (compression testing
machine )

3️⃣. Cassagrade

4️⃣. None



SPONSOR

ELEGAS ENGINEERING PLC
Elevator and Escalator

📞 +251 971 71 71 71
📞 +251 994 69 69 69

Office:- Bulgariya street awebane trading S.C Bulding 1st floor

Website:- www.elegas.com.tr

Email:- ethiopia@elegas.com.tr

ታምራት ፕሌት & jbolt አቅራቢ

፦የአገልግሎታችንን አድማስ በማስፋት የክቡራን ደንበኞቻችንን ፍላጎት ለማርካት በታማኝነት እንተጋለን

፦ፕሌት 1mm-30mm any size

፦jbolt 12mm-32mm

፦ankerbolt

፦stafa

፦any modefic wor

፦ማንኛዉንም አይነት ብረታ ብረት እንገዛለን
telegram:https://t.me/heavenic1
ቁ.1  መርካቶ ኮርቻ ተራ
ቁ.2 ተክለሐይማኖት ወረድ ብሎ
ቁ.3 አየር  ጤና ኪዳነምህረት
ቁ.4 በቅርቡ ቄራ ላይ
0904040477
0911016833
0994941706

👉በኮንስትራክሽን ውል አሰሪው የተቋራጩን ክፍያ አዘግይቶ መክፈል ጉዳይ /Delay payment/
        ----------------------
▶️የኮንስትራክሽ ውል መሰረታዊ ባህሪው ሲታይ በዋናነት አሰሪና ተቋራጭን በተዋዋይነት የሚይዝ ሲሆን ጉልህ የሆነው ግዴታቸው ሲታይ ደግሞ ተቋራጩ በውሉና ዲዛይኑ/ስፔስፊኬሽኑ መሰረት ግንባታውን የማከናወን ሀላፊነት የሚኖርበት ሲሆን ክፍያ የመክፈል ጉዳይ ደግሞ ለአሰሪው ዋናውና ትልቁ ግዴታው ነው፡፡የፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 2610፣3019እና 3020 እንዲሁም 3244 ተገናዝቦ ሲታይ ይሄን ሁኔታ ያስገነዝባል፡፡

*የፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 3020(1) ላይ "ሁለቱ ወገን ተዋዋዮች ስለሚፈጽሙት ስራዎችና ስለዋጋው ካልተስማሙ በቀር የተቋራጭነት ውል አለ አይባልም" በሚል የተደነገገው በኮንስትራክሽን ውል ለተቋራጩ የሚከፈለው ክፍያ ጉዳይ የውሉ መሰረታዊ ነጥብ መሆኑን የሚጠቁም ነው፡፡ ስለክፍያ አይነቶች የህጉን ጉዳይ ወደፊት በሌላ ጽሁፍ የምናየው ይሆናል፡፡
*አሰሪው ለተቋራጩ ክፍያ የመክፈሉን ሁኔታ ያለበቂ ምክንያት ማዘግየት አይችልም፡፡

*አማካሪ መሀንዲሱ በተለይ ከተቋራጩ የክፍያ ጥያቄ በቀረበለት ጊዜ የማረጋገጥና የማጽደቁን ስራ በ7(ሰባት) ቀናት ውስጥ የማጠናቀቅ ግዴታ አለበት፡፡(የመመሪያው አንቀጽ 28.5(d) 
*አሰሪው መስሪያ ቤት ደግሞ በአማካሪ መሀንዲሱ የጸደቀ የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት በደረሰው በ14(አስራ አራት) ቀናት ውስጥ ለተቋራጩ ክፍያ የመፈጸም ግዴታ አለበት፡፡(የመመሪያው አንቀጽ 28.5(e) 
*አማካሪ መሀንዲሱ በተቋራጩ የቀረበውን የክፍያ ጥያቄ በሰባት ቀናት ውስጥ የማረጋገጥና የማጽደቅ ስራ ባይፈጽም ምን ውጤት ይኖረዋል?
*በዚህ ረገድ የመመሪያው አንቀጽ አንቀጽ 28.5(f) ግልጽ ምላሽ አስቀምጧል፡፡
*ይሄውም ተቋራጩ በዚህ ምክንያት ከአሰሪው ላይ ተጨማሪ ክፍያ/additional payment/ የጠየቀ እንደሆነ አማካሪ መሀንዲሱ ይህን ተጨማሪ ክፍያ የመሸፈን ግዴታ ይኖርበታል፡፡

*ሆኖም ግን አማካሪ መሀንዲሱ ለሚሰጠው አገልግሎት ከሚከፈለው ክፍያ በላይ የሆነ ክፍያ ለመክፈል ሀላፊነት አይኖርበትም፡፡
*በዚህ ረገድ የፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 2636 የአማካሪ መሀንዲሱን የእውቀት ስራ ውል ግዴታ ይደነግጋል፡፡ይሄውም አማካሪው "የኪነ ጥበብን ደንቦች በማፍረስ ጥፋት ጥፋት ካላደረገ በቀር በአሰሪው በኩል ስራ ተቋራጩን ሀላፊነት አይነካውም" በሚል ተቀምጧል፡፡(2636(2)) እንደዚሁም አማካሪው ሳይሰራ ከመቅረቱ የተነሳ ወይም በአሰሪው ላይ ጉዳትን የሚያመጣ ስራ ያደረገ እንደሆነ አጥፊ ነው ለመባል እንደሚችል የፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 2636(3) ይደነግጋል፡፡ ስለዚህ አማካሪው ክፍያ የማረጋገጥ እና የማጽደቅ ስራውን በህጉ በተቀመጠው የጊዜ ገደብ ባለማከናወኑ አሰሪው ተጨማሪ ክፍያ እንዲከፍል በተቋራጩ የተጠየቀ እንደሆነ አማካሪው አጥፊ ነው ሊባል ያስችለዋል ማለት ነው፡፡   
*አሰሪው በአማካሪው የጸደቀው የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት በደረሰው በ14 ቀናት ውስጥ ለተቋራጩ ክፍያ ባይፈጽም ምን ውጤት ይኖረዋል?

*አሰሪው ያለበቂ ምክንያት ክፍያ ያዘገየ እንደሆነ ለተቋራጩ ተጨማሪ ክፍያ/additional payment/ ለመክፈል ሀላፊነት እንደሚኖርበት የፌዴራል የግዥ መመሪያ/Federal public procurement directive/ አንቀጽ 28.5(g) ይደነግጋል፡፡

*ተጨማሪ ክፍያ ሲባልስ ምንን ያጠቃልላል? የሚለው ሲታይ በዋናነት ወለድ የመክፈል ሀላፊነትን የሚመለከት ይሆናል፡፡በዚህ ረገድ የፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 3268 ተቋራጩ መክፈልን በማዘግየት የሚታሰበውን ወለድ እንዲያገኝ መብት ይሰጠዋል፡፡የወለዱ መጠንም በውል ያልተወሰነ የሆነ እንደሆነ በአንቀጽ 1751 መሰረት ህጋዊ ወለድ በአመት 9(ዘጠኝ) በመቶ ሆኖ የሚሰላ ይሆናል፡፡

*ሌላው እዚህ ላይ ሊታወቅ የሚገባው ነጥብ ተዋዋዮች በውላቸው ላይ ክፍያን ማዘግየት የሚኖረውን ውጤት አስመልክቶ የቅጣት ስምምነት/penality clause/ ያካተቱ ከሆነ የፍትሀብሄር ህጉ አንቀጽ 1889 እና ተከታዮቹ ድንጋጌ እውቅና ስለሚሰጠው እና በአንቀጽ 1731 መሰረት ውል በተዋዋዮች መካከል እንደ ህግ ስለሚቆጠር ተፈጻሚነት ይኖረዋል፡፡
*አንዳንድ ክልሎችም በዚህ ረገድ በግዥ መመሪያቸው ላይ ዝርዝር ውጤቱን ያስቀምጣሉ፡፡
*አሰሪው ክፍያ በወቅቱ ባለመፈጸሙ ምክንያት ከወለድ ባለፈ ሌላም ጉዳት የደረሰበት ተቋራጭስ ከጉዳቱ ጋር እኩል የሆነ ኪሳራ ሊከፈለው አይገባም ወይ? የሚል ጥያቄም ሊነሳ ይችላል፡፡ምክንያቱም የፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 2091 እና 1790(2) ለደረሰው ጉዳት ሀላፊ መሆኑ በህግ የታወቀ ሰው የሚከፍለው የጉዳት ካሳ ሀላፊነቱን ያመጣው ጉዳይ በተበዳዩ ላይ ከደረሰው ጉዳት ጋር እኩል ሆኖ መመዛዘን አለበት በሚል በግልጽ ይደነግጋል፡፡
 
▶️በአጠቃላይ አሰሪው በማናቸውም ምክንያት የተቋራጩን ክፍያ በሚያዘገይበት ጊዜ ተቋራጩን ለውድቀት የማጋለጥ እድሉ የሰፋ ነው፡፡ምክንያቱም በሀገራችን አብዛኛው ተቋራጭ ድርጅት የፋይናንሽያል ማኔጅመንት ስርአት የለውም፡፡ተቋራጮቻችን የገንዘብ አቅማቸውም ደካማ ነው፡፡
አብዛኛው ተቋራጭ ለአንዱ ፕሮጀክት የሚወስደውን የቅድሚያ ክፍያ ሌላ ፕሮጀክት ላይ ይጠቀምበታል፡፡በዚህ ምክንያት አንድ ተቋራጭ ሲከስር ብዙ ሰራተኛ እንደሚበተን መገንዘብ ያስፈልጋል፡፡ስለዚህ በአሰሪዎች በኩል ተቋራጮች የሰሩበትን ክፍያ በወቅቱ እና በተሰራው ስራ ልክ አንዲከፈላቸው ለማድረግ እና በህጉ የተቀመጠው የክፍያ የጊዜ ገደብ እንዲከበር ጠንከር ያለ አቋም ወስዶ መስራት ይጠበቅበታል፡፡

#ConstructionLaw

@etconp

What is the typical cunng period for stundand concrete to attin its full ktrength?
A 1 day
B 7 days
C 28 days
D 90 days

@etconp

SPONSOR

ELEGAS ENGINEERING PLC
Elevator and Escalator

📞 +251 971 71 71 71
📞 +251 994 69 69 69

Office:- Bulgariya street awebane trading S.C Bulding 1st floor

Website:- www.elegas.com.tr

Email:- ethiopia@elegas.com.tr

In structural design, the ratio of the applied load to the cross-sectional area of the structural member is known as:

1️⃣. Stress
2️⃣. Strain
3️⃣. Delicetion
4️⃣.Modulus of elasticity

@etconp

@etconp

SPONSOR

ELEGAS ENGINEERING PLC
Elevator and Escalator

📞 +251 971 71 71 71
📞 +251 994 69 69 69

Office:- Bulgariya street awebane trading S.C Bulding 1st floor

Website:- www.elegas.com.tr

Email:- ethiopia@elegas.com.tr

The point in a structure where the entire weight of the stricture can be considered to act vertically downwand is

1️⃣. Center of mass

2️⃣. Center of graviry

3️⃣.Point of equilibrium

4️⃣.Point of application


@etconp

SPONSOR

ELEGAS ENGINEERING PLC
Elevator and Escalator

📞 +251 971 71 71 71
📞 +251 994 69 69 69

Office:- Bulgariya street awebane trading S.C Bulding 1st floor

Website:- www.elegas.com.tr

Email:- ethiopia@elegas.com.tr

🫵ኣዲስ የ ኮንስትራክሽን ፍቃድ ለምታወጡ

🚧አብዘኛዎቻቹ በጠየቃቹን መሠረት

👉የኮንስትራክሽን ባለሙያ ፣ አማካሪ፣ የስራ ተቋራጭ ብቃት ማረጋገጫና ምዝገባ መመሪያ ፋይል።

🌟በሕንፃ፣ በመንገድ ሥራ እና በጠቅላላ ሥራ ተቋራጭነት ለመመዝገብ የሚያስፈልጉ መመዘኛዎች ኣካተዋል

🚧እናንተም ለወዳጆቻቹ በማጋራት አዳርሱት🙏

@etconp

👉የመንገድ ዓይነቶች እና የአገልግሎት ደረጃ
   
🚧መንገዶች በሶስት ይመደባሉ፡- የፌደራል፣ የክልል እና የከተማ መንገዶች።

⏺የፌዴራል መንገዶችን በባለቤትነት የሚያስተዳድረው የኢትዮጵያ መንገዶች አስተዳደር ሲሆን፣ የክልል እና የአካባቢ መንገዶችን በባለቤትነት የሚያስተዳድሩት ለዚሁ ዓላማ ተብለው በየክልሉ መንግስታት የተቋቋሙ የክልል መንገድ ኤጄንሲዎች ናቸው፡፡ በተመሳሳይ የከተማ መንገዶችን በባለቤትነት የሚያስተዳድሩት በየከተማ አስተዳደሩ ለዚሁ ዓላማ የተቋቋሙ ተቋማት ናቸው፡፡ 

▶️በዚህም መሰረት የፍጥነት መንገዶች፤ዋና መንገዶች እና አገናኝ መንገዶች የፌዴራል መንገዶች፣ ሰብሳቢ እና መጋቢ መንገዶች የክልል መንገዶች ሲሆኑ፣ በከተማ አስተዳደር ወሰን ውስጥ የሚገኙ ነገር ግን የፌዴራል መንገዶች አካል ያልሆኑ መንገዶች የከተማ መንገዶች ናቸው፡፡ 

🚧ኢ.መ.አ የፌደራል መንገዶች ማለትም የፍጥነት፣ አውራ፣ ዋና መዳረሻ መንገዶችን የማልማትና የማስተዳደር ኃላፊነት ተሰጥቶታል፡፡ የፍጥነት መንገዶች እና አውራ መንገዶች  አዲስ አበባን ከጐረቤት ሀገራት እና ወደቦች ጋር የሚያገናኙ እና አዲስ አበባን ከክልል ዋና ከተሞች እና ከሌሎች ከፍተኛና መካከለኛ ከተሞች ጋር የሚያገናኙ መንገዶች ናቸው፡፡

⏺ዋና መዳረሻ መንገዶች ለልማት ሊውል የሚችል ሰፊ እምቅ የተፈጥሮ ሀብት ከሚገኝባቸውና ከአቅራቢያቸው በሚገኙ ወንዞች በመስኖ ሊለሙ ከሚችሉ አከባቢዎች ፣ ከፍተኛ ትርፍ የምግብ ሰብል (Cash Crops) ከሚመረትባቸው አከባቢዎች፣ እምቅ የማዕድን ሃብት ከሚገኙባው ቦታዎች እንዲሁም ከፍተኛ የሕዝብ ብዛት ከሚገኝባቸው የገጠር አካባቢዎች ጋር የሚያገናኙ መንገዶች ናቸው፡፡

▶️የክልል እና የአካባቢ መንገዶችን የማልማትና የማስተዳደር ኃላፊነት የተሰጣቸው የክልል መንገድ ኤጄንሲዎች በዋናነት የወረዳ ከተሞችን ከዞን ዋና ከተሞች ጋር የሚያገናኙ፣ የወረዳ ዋና ከተሞች ከወረዳ መለስተኛ ከተሞች ጋር የሚያገናኙ እንዲሁም የወረዳ ዋና ከተሞች ከወረዳ የልማት ከተሞች ጋር የሚያገናኙ መንገዶችን የማልማትና የማስተዳደር ሥራዎችን ያከናውናሉ፡፡ በቀጣይም የክልል መንገድ ኤጀንሲዎች ያላቸውን ኃላፊነት የሚያሻሽል/የሚያሳድግ ጥናት የተጠናቀቀ ሲሆን፣ ለመንግስት ቀርቦ ሲጸድቅ ተግባራዊ የሚደረግ ይሆናል፡፡ 

▶️በተመሳሳይ የከተሞች መንገድ ኤጄንሲዎች በከተማ አስተዳደር ወሰን ውስጥ የሚገኙ ነገር ግን የፌዴራል መንገዶች አካል ያልሆኑ መንገዶችን የመገንባት፣ የመጠገንና የማስተዳደር ሥራዎችን በመስራት ላይ ይገኛሉ፡፡
ዋና መዳረሻ መንገዶች እንደየሚገነቡበት ዓላማ እየታየ የፌዴራል፤ የክልል ወይም የከተማ መንገዶች ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ፡፡ የኢትዮጵያ መንገዶች አስተዳደር  የማናቸውንም የፌዴራል መንገዶች የመንገድ ክልል ስፋት ይወስናል፡፡ በተመሳሳይ የክልል የመንገድ ተቋም የማናቸውንም የክልል መንገዶች የመንገድ ክልል ስፋት የሚወስን ሲሆን፣  የከተማ የመንገድ ተቋም የማናቸውንም የከተማ መንገዶች የመንገድ ክልል ስፋት ይወስናል፡፡

Via ERA

@etconp

👉What Is Soil?

🚧Part 1

🌟Soil is a mixture of organic materials, minerals, organisms, air, and water that provide the medium for plant growth. Soil is also important for construction as it is the material upon which infrastructure is built. In this article, we’ll discuss the classification of soil.

▶️After analyzing the soil behavior, if they seem to be similar, they are grouped into one; this helps understand the character and properties of different soils.

⏺These soil classification systems help engineers decide the suitability of different soils for different uses and applications. Soil is classified based on specific requirements such as:

• The classification of soil must be based on engineering properties.
• The classification must contain only a limited number of groups with similar characters and properties.
• It should be simple and easy to understand.

🚧Classification Of Soil

⏺The classification of soil is as follows:

▶️Massachusetts Institute of Technology System (MIT)
Textural Classification of Soils
Unified Soil Classification System Indian Standard System of Soil Classification AASHTO System of Soil Classification

1. Massachusetts Institute Of Technology System (MIT)
The MIT soil classification system was first developed at Massachusetts Institute in the USA by Prof. G. Gilboy. Here, soils are classified based on grain size. These grain sizes are allowed certain names or terms that specify a particular size range as shown below.
Following are the 4 types of soil based on grain size:

Gravel (> 2mm).
Sand (0.06mm to 2mm).
Silt (0.002mm to 0.06mm).
Clay (< 0.002mm).

2. Textural Classification Of Soil

⏺Soil texture classification is based on particle size and percentage distribution. These are represented or plotted along the three axes of an equilateral triangle.
▶️Their boundary lines are drawn to indicate different percentages of sand, silt, and clay-sized particles, as shown in the below image.

⏺The textural classification of soils is most preferred for classifying coarse-grained soils, and the U.S. Bureau of Soils first developed this.

⚡️will Continue Part 2

@etconp

🫵PART 2

🌟3. Unified Soil Classification System

▶️This soil classification is based on the grain size and plasticity characteristics of the soil.

⏺These are classified into 3 main groups as follows:
Coarse-grained soils with up to 50% passing No. 200 ASTM Sieve

⏺Fine-grained soils with more than 50% pass No. passing No. 200 ASTM Sieve
Organic Soils

🚧Coarse-grained soil

⏺According to the uniform soil classification system, the soil is coarse-grained if more than 50% of the soil remains in a sieve of 0.075 mm. Coarse-grained soil is further divided into two types:

⏺Gravel (G) – If more than 50% of the coarse particles are retained on the 4.75mm sieve, it is known as Gravel.

⏺Sand (S) – If more than 50% of the coarse particles are not retained on the 4.75mm sieve, it is known as Sand.

🚧Fine-grained soils 

▶️According to the uniform soil classification system, fine-grained soils are those for which more than 50% of soil passes through 0.075 mm sieve size. The plasticity chart provided by the unified soil classification system is based on the data on the liquid limit and the plasticity index.
A line is drawn on the chart. With the help of this plasticity chart, we can determine silt, clay, and organic soils. Based on their liquid limit (W.L.) and plasticity index (Ip), the fine-grained soil is further divided into two types:

⏺i) Silt (M) – Fine-grained soils are said to be slit when the data lies below the A-line.
⏺ii) Clay (C) – Fine-grained soils are said to be clay when the data on the L.L. and P.L. plot both lie above the A-line

⏺iii) Organic Soil (0)

– Fine-grained soils are said to be organic if the drying of the silt reduces the L.L. by 30% or even more, the soil is organic else the soil is inorganic silt.

🚧Organic Soil

▶️Organic soils are fine-grained soils that possess organic properties such as high compressibility, dark color, strong odor, prominent visible organic materials, etc.
Organic soils are further classified into three types:
Low-plastic organic soils (O.L.)
Highly plastic organic soils (OH) 
Peat (Pt)

🌟4. Indian Standard System Of Soil Classification
The Indian Standard Classification System (ISC) is a similar type of Unified soil classification system developed according to Indian standards. The Indian Standards Bureau first adopted this. 

Here, the soils are further classified into three different types:
i) Coarse-grained soil – If 50% or more of the total weight of the material is stored in a 75 micro I.S. screen.
ii) Fine-grained soils – If more than 50% of the total material passes through a 75-micron I.S. sieve.
iii) Organic soils – Soils possess organic properties such as high compressibility, dark color, strong odor, prominent visible organic materials, etc.

🌟5. AASHTO Classification System Of Soil

⏺This type of soil classification is also known as the PRA classification system. The U.S. Bureau of Public Roads first developed it in 1920 to classify soil used in highway subgrade.
Here the soils are classified based on the particle size and plasticity characteristics of soil mass. After multiple revisions, It was adopted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1945. 

The soils are further divided into eight groups: A-1 to A-7, with an additional group A-8 for peat. The suitability of soil is determined according to the group index.

Group Index (GI) = 0.2a + 0.005ac + 0.01bd

where,
a = Soil percentage passing the 75 µ sieve greater than 35 and not exceeding 75.
b = Soil percentage passing the 75µ sieve greater than 15 and not exceeding 55.
c = Soil liquid limit greater than 40 and not greater than 60.
d = Soil plasticity index greater than 10 and not exceeding 30.

▶️Soil with a lesser group index is more desirable soil for highway construction. Hence group index 0 indicates a good subgrade material, whereas group index of 20 or more indicates a very poor subgrade material.

@etconp

Factors affecting the size of column

1. Number of story - when the number of story increase the size of the column increases for example we are not using the same size of column for G+1 building and G+9 building

2. Loading condition - Loading is the most important factor to be considered in column design the loads are two types gravity loads and lateral loads. The loading condition is also directly proportional to dimensions of the column. If the total load on the building increases the dimensions of the column is also increases and if the less amount of the loading is taken by the building then the less dimensions of column are assumed in building design.

3. Center to center distance between columns

The dimensions of column is also affected by the center to center distance between the columns. If the columns center to center distance increases the column size increases.

@etconp

👉ለኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ተቋራጮች ማኅበር አባላት በሙሉ!

17ኛው “ኢትዮ-ኮን” ዓለም አቀፍ የኮንስትራክሽን ኤግዚቢሽን ከጥቅምት 1 – 4 ቀን 2016 ዓ.ም ድረስ በአዲስ አበባ ኤግዚቢሽን ማዕከል ይካሄዳል፡፡

በዚሁ ወቅት ዓርብ ጥቅምት 2 ቀን 2016 ዓ.ም. ከጠዋቱ 3፡00 ሰዓት ጀምሮ በኤግዚቢሽን ማዕከል ቁጥር 2 አዳራሽ ውስጥ አዲስ በሥራ ላይ ለመዋል በሂደት ላይ የሚገኘውን የተቋራጮች የብቃት ማረጋገጫና ፈቃድ ዕድሳት ጉዳይን በማስመልከት ከከተማ እና መሠረተ ልማት ሚኒስቴር እና ከኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለሥልጣን የሚመጡ ከፍተኛ የሥራ ኃላፊዎች በዚሁ መመሪያ ላይ መግለጫ ለመስጠትና ከእናንተ ከሥራ ተቋራጮች የሚነሱ ጥያቄዎችን ለመመለስ በመድረኩ ስለሚገኙ በዕለቱና በሰዓቱ በሥፍራው ተገኝታችሁ በዚሁ ወቅታዊና አንገብጋቢ በሆነ ጉዳይ ንቁ ተሳታፊ እንድትሆኑ የአክብሮት ጥሪያችንን እናስተላልፋለን፡፡

ሐሙስ ጥቅምት 1 ቀን 2016 ዓ.ም ከቀኑ በ7፡00 ሰዓት ላይ በመክፈቻው ላይ እንድትገኙልን እና ከዚሁ ጎን ለጎንም ኤግዚቢሽኑን እንድትጎበኙ በታላቅ አክብሮትና ትህትና ተጋብዛችኋል፡፡

የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ተቋራጮች ማኅበር

@etconp

👉The difference between SAP and ETABS

🌟As the name states ETABS( Extended Tridimensional Analyses of Building Structures), this program is mostly used for design of highrise building structure.

🌟While SAP2000( Structural Analyses Programme) is a general purpose analyses software which can be used for any building or non building structures.

⏺The answer to your primary question is that both are used for various aspects of building design depending on which tool is best suited for the application.

⏺If there is a more specific question regarding a particular application, I'd be happy to address that as well.

▶️I will try to describe how we utilize both of these tools in current practice.

⏺Perhaps this will help bring the strengths of each to light.

🚧SAP2000

• This program is primarily used for gravity analysis and design
• This tool is often utilized for smaller structures, or portions of a larger structure. 
• It is great at handling complex geometry as it offers users a lot of different element types and a lot of customization with regards to meshing options.
• It can also be used for wind analysis and for more simplified seismic design procedures. However, it will take more data post-processing to retrieve the desired results for story drift, story shear, base shear etc.
• It lacks some of the simplicity that ETABS has of discretizing the structure into macroscopic elements.

🚧ETABS

• This program is most utilized for handling large scale seismic (or wind) projects, including those that involve Non-Linear modeling.
• It allows for more simplified modeling of the entire structure, enabling the designer to focus on macroscopic performance targets
• It is well equipped to handle simplified lateral procedures, Push-over analysis, Response Spectrum Analysis, and Response History Analysis.
• The data output options are much more conducive to lateral design

▶️Please note that there are likely are some finer points regarding the differences between each program in regards to the analysis engine and solver.

⏺This is something only some folks from Computers & Structures Inc (the manufacturer) can answer.

@etconp

Concrete cancer is when concrete absorbs water and salt air which rusts the steel within. When steel corrodes, it expands. When it expands, it cracks the concrete. The cracking accelerates the concrete cancer process by exposing more of the steel, which weakens the building.

@etconp

SPONSOR

ELEGAS ENGINEERING PLC
Elevator and Escalator

📞 +251 971 71 71 71
📞 +251 994 69 69 69

Office:- Bulgariya street awebane trading S.C Bulding 1st floor

Website:- www.elegas.com.tr

Email:- ethiopia@elegas.com.tr

#ወደ_ጥቅምት_3_ተዘዋውሯል!!!
BAGA AYYAANA IRREECHA NAGAAN GEESSAN!
እንኳን ለኢሬቻ በዓል በሰላም አደረሳችሁ!


በ#ኢሬቻ በዓል ምክነያት ዛሬ ማለትም #መስከረም #26/2016 ዓ.ም የሚጀምረው #training ወደቀጣይ ሳምንት ቅዳሜ (#ጥቅምት_3 ) ተዘዋውሯል።

መልካም የኢሬቻ በዓል ይሁንላችሁ!😊😊

ይምጡ!!! ይሰልጥኑ!!!  ተፈላጊ ይሁኑ!!!

📞 ለበለጠ መረጃ ይደውሉልን
👉  0975404374
@YEHAEngineering

#Irreecha #Holiday #Training #Etabs #AutoCAD #Msproject #Primavera

Join us
👉  https://t.me/yeha_engineering

📍 @ልደታ መርካቶ ህንፃ 6ኛ ፎቅ #644

YEHA Engineering| Interior| consult| Training|

👉Tests on Concrete @ETCONp
.
1. Crushing strength test.
2. Slump test.
3. Compaction factor test.

🌟1.Crushing Strength Test: Metallic moulds of size 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm are used for casting concrete cubes. Before filling mould, it is properly oiled on its inner surfaces, so that cubes can
be easily separated.
Fresh cube is filled with concrete to be tested in 3 layers and kept in the room. After
24 hours, cube is removed from the mould and kept under water for curing. After 28 days of curing cubes are tested in the compression testing machine. In this test cubes are placed over the smooth surface which is in contact with side plates of mould. The crushing load is noted and crushing strength
is found as load divided by surface area (150 × 150 mm2).
Code specify the desirable strength of concr

🌟2.Slump Test :This test is conducted to determine the workability of concrete. It needs a slump cone for test (See fig).

✓ Slump cone is a vessel in the shape of a frustum of a cone with diameter at bottom 200 mm and 50 mm at top and 300 mm high.
✓This cone is kept over a impervious platform and is filled with concrete in four layers. Each layer is tamped with a 16 mm pointed rod for 25 times.
✓After filling completely the cone is gently pulled up. The decrease in the height of the concrete is called slump. Higher the slump, more workable is the concrete. The desired values of slumps for various

🌟3.Compaction Factor Test: This is another test to identify the workability of concrete. This
test is conducted in the laboratory.

✓The test equipment consists of two hoppers and a cylinder fixed to a
stand, the dimensions and the distances between the three vessels being standardized. Vessel A and B
are having hinged bottoms whereas cylinder C is having fixed bottom.
✓Top vessel A is filled with the concrete to be tested. As soon as it is filled, the hinged door is opened. Concrete is collected in vessel B. Then the hinged door of B is opened to collect concrete in
cylinder C. The concrete in cylinder C is weighted. Let it be W1.
✓Now cylinder is again filled with the sample of concrete in 50 mm layers, which is compacted by
ramming and vibrating. Then the weight of compacted concrete is determined. Let this weight be W2.
✓The ratio W1/W2 is termed as compaction factor.

@etconp

👉Staircase Design Principles

▶️A staircase is an integral part of a building. It is a series of steps arranged in order so that people can go from one floor of a building to another.

The stair should be as per standard design principles and constructed in a such a manner that people can negotiate the steps with ease.

▶️Staircase

⏺A staircase is an integral part of a building; residence, office or public utility. It is designed and built according to the local building codes. A staircase may be straight, circular, flared or spiral. Ergonomic design principles are to be followed in the planning and construction of stairs to avoid inconvenience to the users as well as to avoid accidents.

🚧Staircase Design Principles
.
▶️Stairs are a series of steps arranged in an order to provide access from one floor of a building to another floor. They should be provided in a convenient location of the building. In case of a multistory building, though elevators will be there for the normal movement from one floor to another, stairs are a must for emergency exit in case of fire or other calamities.

🌟Technical Terms

🫵The following are the technical terms associated with a stair.

1. Step: The portion of the stair where the foot lands during ascending/descending.

2. Tread: The horizontal portion of a step.

3. Riser: The vertical portion of a step.

4. Stringer: The inclined member which supports the steps.

5. Landing: It is the horizontal platform provided at the end of each flight.

6. Pitch: It is the slope of the stair.

7. Railing: It is the inclined member of a stair which is to support the hand.

8. while descending or ascending.

9. Baluster: It is the vertical intermediate support of the hand-rail.

⏺Characteristics of a Good Stair

🌟The following are the characteristics of a good stair.

10. It should have easy access from all sides of the building

11. It should be well ventilated

12. It should have wide landing at end of each flight

13. Normally there should not be more than 12 steps in a flight.

14. The rise and go of the steps should be so proportioned that the ascending and descending of the flight is easy.

15. Handrail must be provided at least on one side of the stair

16. The inclination of the stair should be between 30 to 45 degrees.

▶️Types of Stairs
.
🚧The different types of stairs are:
.
*Straight stairs

*Quarter-turn stairs

*Dog-legged stairs

*Open-newel stairs

*Circular stairs

*Bifurcated stairs

*Geometrical stairs

*Spiral stairs

*Construction of Stairs
:
👉Stairs are constructed with any of the following materials.
.
▶️Brick masonry, Stone masonry, Timber, Steel, Reinforced Cement Concrete

⏺Summary of Staircase Design Principles

17. Type of Stair: The type of stair depends on the type of building, availability of space and the purpose of stair.

18. Rise and Going: The standard rise and tread is 15 x 25 cm. However the dimensions can be changed depending on the actual site conditions.

19. Number of rises: The number of rises is equal to the total height of the room divided by one rise.

20. Number of threads: This is equal to the number of rises minus one.

@etconp

ታምራት ፕሌት & jbolt አቅራቢ

፦የአገልግሎታችንን አድማስ በማስፋት የክቡራን ደንበኞቻችንን ፍላጎት ለማርካት በታማኝነት እንተጋለን

፦ፕሌት 1mm-30mm any size

፦jbolt 12mm-32mm

፦ankerbolt

፦stafa

፦any modefic wor

፦ማንኛዉንም አይነት ብረታ ብረት እንገዛለን

፦ማሳሰቢያ በስማችን የሚነግዱ ስላሉ ከተጠቀሱ ስልክ ቁጥሮች ዉጪ ባለመደወል ካጨበርባሪዎች ይጠበቁ !
ቁ.1  መርካቶ ኮርቻ ተራ
ቁ.2 ተክለሐይማኖት ወረድ ብሎ
ቁ.3 አየር  ጤና ኪዳነምህረት
ቁ.4 በቅርቡ ቄራ ላይ
0904040477
0911016833
0994941706

👉 Facts about the Eiffel Tower

▶️The history and design aspects of the Eiffel Tower are interesting for engineers even today. Wrought iron was used for the construction of Eiffel Tower with the employment of scaffolds. Mathematical formulas were deliberated for numerous calculations for wind forces and load conditions.
.
▶️History Of Eiffel Tower
.....................................
The Eiffel Tower was constructed in Paris for the World Fair 1889 celebrating the centennial of the French Revolution. The Prince of Wales inaugurated the tower. The number of proposals submitted for the design of Eiffel Tower exceeded 700, and Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was selected for this important task. The Eiffel Tower is an iron lattice of the 19th century that is considered to be a universal symbol. It is amongst the Seven Wonders of the World, and one of the most familiar structures. The Eiffel Tower was initially intended to be built in Barcelona, but the location was changed since it was considered to be an expensive proposal. Three hundred workers were employed for this gigantic task that was completed in 2 years and 2 months. The construction involved extensive risks since the safety technology was not yet developed adequately in that era. Risks were severe since neither the modern skyscrapers were available nor the other modern safety equipment had yet been developed. However, due to the care and precautions adopted in the construction, only one labor died during the process.
.
▶️Soil Analysis
............................................
Soil analysis was conducted to accurately establish the suitability of soil for the tower with a weight of approximately 10,000 tonnes. It was discovered that though some of the soil was firm and suitable for enduring the tower load, a lot was soft soil that could not resist the heavy load. Additionally, this area was vulnerable to flooding. Using his engineering genius, Eiffel designed two separate systems for the tower foundations, namely the dry foundation and the compressed air system. The foundations near the riverside were dug deeper than those located on the dry side. These foundations were injected with compressed air and metal components normally used for the underwater construction. After completion of the digging, quick drying cement was poured for the provision of the base for the foundation piers. Massive limestone blocks were placed over the cement and sealed by layers of cut stone.
.
▶️Engineering Characteristics of Eiffel Tower
.........................................
The Eiffel Tower was built utilizing the most modern engineering technology available in the nineteenth century. Advanced information about the performance of metal trusses and metal arcs under load, including the calculations related to the wind forces, were incorporated in the design. The tower was made of wrought iron and was intended to withstand high wind pressures near the top and throughout the structure. Many similar structures constructed during that era had much less capability to resist such high wind pressures, and a few of the bridges failed due to inaccurate calculations. The design of the Eiffel Tower was not based on a single mathematical formula. Instead, graphical results were used to determine the necessary structural strength, and empirical evidence was utilized to establish the effects of wind on this gigantic structure.

@etconp