👉What are the types of column in construction?

🌟Common types of columns in construction include:

1. Concrete Columns: Made of reinforced or precast concrete, widely used for their strength and durability.

2. Steel Columns: Fabricated from steel sections or tubes, providing structural support in many buildings.

3. Wooden Columns: Typically used in residential construction, often as decorative elements.

4. Composite Columns: Combine materials like steel and concrete to optimize strength and cost-effectiveness.

5. Masonry Columns: Constructed with bricks or stones, commonly used in historical or traditional architecture.

6. Hollow Steel Sections (HSS) Columns: Tubular steel columns that offer a high strength-to-weight ratio.

7. Timber Columns: Utilized in various forms, such as solid timber or laminated timber, especially in residential and low-rise structures.

8. Braced Columns: Designed with additional bracing to enhance lateral stability, common in seismic-prone areas.

9. Prestressed Concrete Columns: Reinforced with tensioned cables to minimize cracking and increase strength.

10. Fiberglass Columns: Lightweight and corrosion-resistant, suitable for certain architectural applications.

🫵The choice of column type depends on factors like the building's design, load-bearing requirements, and environmental conditions.

📌አዳዲስ የ ኮንስትራክሽን ስራ ቅጥር እና ጨረታ በ ትኩሱ ሊደርስዎ ከፈለጉ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ገበተው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ 👇

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

Sad picture of the day 😢

📍 Bole micheal on the way to bole bulbula

👉Staircase Design Principles
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▶️A staircase is an integral part of a building. It is a series of steps arranged in an order so that people can go from one floor of a building to another . The stair should be as per standard design principles and constructed in a such a manner that people can negotiate the steps with ease.
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▶️Staircase
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▶️A staircase is an integral part of a building; residence, office or public utility. It is designed and built according to the local building codes. A staircase may be straight, circular, flared or spiral. Ergonomic design principles are to be followed in the planning and construction of stairs to avoid inconvenience to the users as well as to avoid accidents.
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▶️Staircase Design Principles
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▶️Stairs are a series of steps arranged in an order to provide access from one floor of a building to another floor. They should be provided in a convenient location of the building. In case of a multistory building, though elevators will be there for the normal movement from one floor to another, stairs are a must for emergency exit in case of fire or other calamities.
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▶️Technical Terms
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👉The following are the technical terms associated with a stair.

1. Step: The portion of the stair where the foot lands during ascending/descending.

2. Tread: The horizontal portion of a step.

3. Riser: The vertical portion of a step.

4. Stringer: The inclined member which supports the steps.

5. Landing: It is the horizontal platform provided at the end of each flight.

6. Pitch: It is the slope of the stair.

7. Railing: It is the inclined member of a stair which is to support the hand.

8. while descending or ascending.

9. Baluster: It is the vertical intermediate support of the hand-rail.

▶️Characteristics of a Good Stair

👉 The following are the characteristics of a good stair.

10. It should have easy access from all sides of the building

11. It should be well ventilated

12. It should have wide landing at end of each flight

13. Normally there should not be more than 12 steps in a flight.

14. The rise and go of the steps should be so proportioned that the ascending and descending of the flight is easy.

15. Handrail must be provided at least on one side of the stair

16. The inclination of the stair should be between 30 to 45 degrees.

▶️Types of Stairs
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👉The different types of stairs are:
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*Straight stairs

*Quarter-turn stairs

*Dog-legged stairs

*Open-newel stairs

*Circular stairs

*Bifurcated stairs

*Geometrical stairs

*Spiral stairs

*Construction of Stairs
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👉Stairs are constructed with any of the following materials.
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▶️Brick masonry, Stone masonry, Timber, Steel, Reinforced Cement Concrete
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▶️Summary of Staircase Design Principles

17. Type of Stair: The type of stair depends on the type of building, availability of space and the purpose of stair.

18. Rise and Going: The standard rise and tread is 15 x 25 cm. However the dimensions can be changed depending on the actual site conditions.

19. Number of rises: The number of rises is equal to the total height of the room divided by one rise.

20. Number of threads: This is equal to number of rises minus one.

📌አዳዲስ የ ኮንስትራክሽን ስራ ቅጥር እና ጨረታ በ ትኩሱ ሊደርስዎ ከፈለጉ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ገበተው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ 👇

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

👉Retaining wall failure

🚧Dominican Republic

@etconp

How do you fix cracks from earthquakes?

SPONSOR

ELEGAS ENGINEERING PLC
Elevator and Escalator

📞 +251 971 71 71 71
📞 +251 994 69 69 69

Office:- Bulgariya street awebane trading S.C Bulding 1st floor

Website:- www.elegas.com.tr

Email:- ethiopia@elegas.com.tr

👉Foundation Types
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1. Shallow Foundations..
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▶️Types: Strips, Pads, Rafts
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*Shallow Foundations are common in construction and are inexpensive due to their lightweight properties. It is usually not required to employ heavy equipment for constructing shallow foundations.
Situations where they should be used in:
Shallow foundations are used when the strata at shallow depths is strong and has enough bearing capacity to support the above building loads, with respect to reasonable differential settlements. The strong strata must be consistent at the shallow depth, so that settlement can be relatively small.
●     Rock or dense sand or gravel that goes towards great depths

○     However, it should be noted that shallow foundations should not be designed below GWT and when there are great uplift conditions. The more moisture content is in he soil, the less resistance the foundation gives to the above loads.

●     Firm clays at shallow depths lying on top of soft clays that go towards great depths

●     Uniform firm clays when there are no trees around the proximity of the foundation structure and around temporary works and where loads can be distributed on the surface area of the foundation

*Situations where they can be used in with ground improvement techniques:
●     Loose sands and soft clays at great depths

○     Ground improvement should be used because towards the greater depths, groundwater level changes. Also, vibration of equipment can cause overall and differential settlement.

●     Peat

○     Consider the acidity of soil when implementing ground improvement techniques

●     Fill

○     More appropriate if the fill is well compacted which will create a higher bearing capacity

●     Stiff or high density sand or clay on top of soft clay lying over compact clays at great depths

●     Sloping site where sloping effects should be considered and support, such as ground improvement and temporary works, should be used to construct the foundation

●     Site with high GWT where dewatering techniques should be used

2. Deep Foundations
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▶️Types: Piles (Click to learn the different types of piles)
*Deep foundations are heavy foundation structures used to transmit heavy loads created from loading and self-weight of the superstructure into the soils of the deep stratum. They can prevent large differential settlements that will affect the strength and robustness of the building. Information that need to be included during scheme design consist of:
●     Number of piles

●     Diameter of piles

●     Thickness of pile caps

*Situations where they should be used in:
Deep foundations are used when the strong strata is located at a depth and piles, caissons, or piers are driven or bored to the strong strata so that structural columns or walls can transmit loads directly to the rock strata. Deep foundations are also used when the soils between the surface and the rock strata has high settlement rate, such as peat and silt. Loads are transmitted and resisted by end-bearing and skin friction.
●     Weak soil stratum or loose sand underneath strong or weak stratum

○     Driving piles can also help to increase the density of sand and stiffness of clay

●     Uniform stiff and firm clays, with trees at the proximity of the foundation

○     Even though trees can affect the shrinkage and expansion of soil, trees will not affect the foundation negatively due to piling.

●     Peat

○     Consider drag on piles and acidicity of soil when implementing ground improvement techniques

●     Suitable for high water tables and uplift conditions

○     Deep foundations do not need as much dewatering as shallow foundations

○     Bored piles should be cased to prevent water damage to piles

○     Temporary works should be carefully designed for the stability of the foundation

●     Stiff or high density sand or clay on top of soft clay lying over compact clays at great depth

●     Soft clay on top to stiff clay at great depths

○     Use deep bored piles with casing

●     Proposed foundation is close to adjacent building

@etconp

📌አዳዲስ የ ኮንስትራክሽን ስራ ቅጥር እና ጨረታ በ ትኩሱ ሊደርስዎ ከፈለጉ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ገበተው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ 👇

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

👉ታምራት ፕሌት & jbolt አቅራቢ

🖱ፕሌት 1mm-30mm any size ቆርጠን በስተን ጣጣዉን ጨርሰን እናስረክቦታለን

🖱jbolt 12mm-32mm በፈለጉት ቁመት ጥርስ አዉጥተን አጥፈን እንሰጦታለን

🚧anker bolt

🌟stafa(ስታፋ ባለ 6 እና ባለ 8)በየትኛዉም size የተዘጋጀ አለን

🫵ማንኛዉንም የሞደፊክ ስራዎችን እንሰራለን

☄ማንኛዉንም አይነት ብረታ ብረት እንገዛለን

▶️አድራሻችን
ቁ.1  መርካቶ ኮርቻ ተራ
ቁ.2 ተክለሐይማኖት ወረድ ብሎ
ቁ.3 አየር  ጤና ኪዳነምህረት
ቁ.4 በቅርቡ ቄራ ላይ

0904040477
0911016833
0994941706 ይደውሉልን

ወይም በ @heavenic1 ፃፉልን።

👌ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም ቢሆኑ ካሉበት እንልክልዎታለን።

What is the split between the floors? When do we use this ?

📍 Queens supermarket, next to Ghion hotel

SPONSOR

ELEGAS ENGINEERING PLC
Elevator and Escalator

📞 +251 971 71 71 71
📞 +251 994 69 69 69

Office:- Bulgariya street awebane trading S.C Bulding 1st floor

Website:- www.elegas.com.tr

Email:- ethiopia@elegas.com.tr

👉የ ዕለቱ ጠቃሚ ጉርሻ
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▶️የፕረዘንቴሽን ፍርሀትን እንዴት ማስወገድ እንችላለን?
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✍ፕረዘንቴሽን በትምህርት ሂወታችን ውስጥ ከሚያጋጥሙን ሂደቶችና የመፈተኛ መንገዶች ውስጥ አንዱ ነው፡፡
*በተለይ በከፍተኛ ትምህርት ላይ መምህራን አሳሳይንመንቶችን ፣ ፕሮጀክቶችን ፣ የምርምር ስራዎችን እና የመሳሰሉትን ተማሪዎች በክላስ ውስጥ ፕረዘንት እንዲያደርጉ ይጠይቃሉ፡፡
*ከትምህርት አለም ውጪም በተለያዮ የስራ ጉዳዮች ላይ ፕረዘንት እንድናደርግ ሊጠበቅብን ይችላል፡፡
*ታዲያ በፕረዘንቴሽን ጊዜ የብዙዎች ችግር ፍርሀት ነው፡፡ ሰው ፊት ቆሞ የመናገር ፍርሀት፡፡
*የፕረዘንቴሽን ፍርሀት የብዙ ሰዎች ችግር ነው፡፡ ጥናቶች እንደሚጠቁሙት እስከ 80 % የሚሆኑትን ሰዎች ጋር ያለ ችግር ነው፡፡ በእርግጥ ችግር ነው ተብሎም ሊነሳም አይችል ይሆናል፡፡ ምክንያቱም መምህራንን ጨምሮ የ public speaking ልምድ ያላቸው አርቲስቶች፣ ፓለቲከኞች፣ የሀይማኖት መሪዎች ሁሉ የሚጋሩት common ስሜት ስለሆነ ነው፡፡
*ይህ የፕረዘንቴሽን (public speaking) ፍርሀት ጤናማ ስሜት ነው፡፡ የሁሉም ሰው የጋራ ሰሜትና እንዲያውም የራሱ ጥቅሞችም ያሉት ስሜት ነው፡፡ ችግር የሚሆነው ፍርሀቱ በጣም ከበዛና ቅጥ ካጣ ነው፡፡
የሚከተሉት መንገዶች የፕረዘንቴሽንን ፍርሀት ለመቀነስና ውጤታማ ፕረዘንቴሽን ለማድረግ ያግዛሉ፡፡
1. የፕረዘንቴሽን ፍርሀት ጤናማና common ስሜት እንደሆነ መረዳት፡፡
Literally ሁሉም ሰው ይፈራል፡፡ ልዮነቱ፡አንዳንዶች ማኔጅ ያደርጉታል አንዳንዶች አያደርጉትም፡፡
*ይህ የፍርሀት ስሜት ሊያስደነግጠን ሳይሆን በደንብ እንድንዘጋጅ ሊያመላክተን ይገባል፡፡
*ፍርሀት ጥቅም አለው፡፡ ይሄውም ባዮሎጂካሊ በሰውነታችን ውስጥ የሆርሞንን መጠን ከፍ በማድረግ የበለጠ ኢነርጂ እንዲኖረን ያደርጋል፡፡
2. ፕረዘንቴሽን ልምምድ (rehearsal )
ፕረዘንቴሽን ልምምድ ይፈልጋል፡፡ ፕረዘንት የምናደርገውን ነገር በደንብ ማወቃችንን፣ ቋንቋችንን፣ ድምፃችንን እንዲሁም ሰአት አጠቃቀማችንን የምናስተካክለው በልምምድ ኀው፡፡
*ፕረዘንት የሚያደርግ ሰው ልክ እንደ መድረክ ተዋናይ ነው፡፡ ፕረዘንቴሽንም በራሱ በተወሰነ መንገድ ትወና ነው፡፡ በመሆኑም ማንም ተዋናይ በደንብ ሳይለማመድ መድረክ ላይ እንደማይወጣ ፕረዘንት የሚያደርግ ሰውም በበቂ ሁኔታ ልምምድ ማድረግ ይኖርበታል፡፡
*በምንለማመድበት ጊዜ ጓደኞቻችን ፊት ሊሇን ይችላል ወይም ብቻችንን ቆመን ሰው ፊት እንዳለን በማሰብ መለማመድ ይቻላል፡፡
" Practice makes perfect"
3. መረጋጋት፣ እራስን ማረጋጋት
4. በቂ አየር መውሰድ ፣ መተንፈስ
5. ፕረዘንት የምናደርግበትን ቦታና መምህራኑን ቀድሞ ማወቅ፡፡ ይህም ሲባል ፕረዘንት የምናደርግበት ቦታ ቀደም ብለን በመሄድ ማየትና የምንቆምበትን ቦታ ስሜቱን መረዳት ነው፡፡
6. አለባበስን ማስተካከል፡፡ ጥሩ አለባበስ በራስ መተማመንን ይጨምራል፡፡
7. ፕረዘንት የማድረግ ፍላጎትን ማዳበር፣ ይህም ሲባል ፕረዘንቴሽንን እንደ ግዴታ ሳይሆን የሰራነውን ነገር ለሰዎች እንደምናሳይበት እንደ ጥሩ አጋጣሚ መውሰድ፡፡
8. በቂ አረፍት ወስዶ መገኘት
9. ቀደም ብሎ መገኘት (አለማርፈድ)
10. ከመጀመሪያው ውጤታማ ስራ መስራት፡፡ ምክንያቱም የአንዳንዶች የፍርሀት ምንጭ በቂ ስራ ካለመስራትና ካለመዘጋጀት ነው፡፡
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http://t.me/COTMp

👉SHORT COLUMN VS LONG COLUMN
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▶️SHORT COLUMN: Short column is defined as the column that contains very large lateral dimension with reference to its length or height is called as short column. Here, the proportion of effective length to its lateral dimension is under or equivalent to 12.
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*The proportion of effective length of a short column to its radius of gyration remains under 40 or equivalent to 40.
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*Bulking tendency is very poor. A column buckling analysis results in finding out the maximum load that a column can sustain prior to collapsing.
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*The load bearing strength is high with reference to the long column of the similar cross-sectional area.
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*The collapsing of short column occurs due to crushing.
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▶️LONG COLUMN: Long column is defined as the column that contains small lateral dimension with reference to its length or height. Here, the proportion of effective length of column to its lowest lateral dimension surpasses 12.
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*The proportion of effective length of a long column to its lowest radius of gyration surpasses 40.
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*Column buckling easily occurs in long and slender column.
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*The load bearing strength of a long column remains under with reference to short column with similar cross sectional area.
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*The column normally collapses in buckling.
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http://t.me/ETCONpWORK

👉የዩኒቨርሲቲው የምርምርና ማማከር ቡድን ‘የጎጃም በረንዳ ኮሪደር’ እና ‘ቡልጋሪያ - ቄራ’ የአካባቢ ልማት ፕላን ፕሮጀክት ጥናት አጠና።

የአዲስ አበባ ሳይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርሲቲ የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ፕላን እና ልማት ኮሚሽን ‘የጎጃም በረንዳ ኮሪደር’ እና ‘የቡልጋሪያ-ቄራ’ የአካባቢ ልማት ፕላን ፕሮጀክቶችን አሰርቷል፡፡

የጎጃም በረንዳ -አውቶቡስ ተራ አካባቢ የልማት ፕሮጀክት የጥናት አስተባባሪ የሆኑት መምህር ዳዊት አድብብ ፕሮጀክቱ 33.90 ሄክታር የሚሸፍን መሆኑን ተናግረዋል፡፡

የቡልጋሪያ- ቄራ የአካባቢ ልማት ፕሮጀክት ስራን ሲሰሩ የቆዩ የዩኒቨርሲቲው የጥናት ቡድን 79 ሄክታር ፕሮጀክቱን ማስረከባቸውን መምህር መስፍን አለሙ ሄክታር ገልፀዋል፡፡

79 ሄክታር የሚሸፍን ሲሆን ቄራ፤ቡልጋሪያ እና ቴሌ አካባቢን የሚሸፍን የልማት ፕሮጀክት መሆኑን ገልፀዋል::

የፕሮጀክት ስራው የዩኒቨርሲቲውን ተማሪዎች ያሳተፍ እንደነበር እና ተማሪዎች የተግባራዊ የመስክ ስራዎችን እንዲማሩ እና እውቀታቸውን እንዲያሳድጉ የረዳ ነበር።

በመጨረሻም የፕሮጀክቱ ባለቤት የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ፕላን እና ልማት ኮሚሽን የጥናት እና ማማከር ቡድኑ የሰራውን ስራ በተረከበበት ወቅት ዩኒቨርሲቲው ለማህበረሰብ እድገት ትኩረት በመስጠት ይህን የመሰለ ስኬታማ ስራ በማጠናቀቁ የተሰማውን ደስታ ገልፆ መሰል የልማት ፕሮጀክት ስራዎችን በቀጣይነት በጋራ መስራት የሚቻል መሆኑን አስረድተዋል፡፡

Via አዲስ አበባ ሳይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርስቲ

@etconp

👉Properties of Fresh Concrete

🌟Fresh Concrete

▶️Fresh concrete is that stage of concrete in which concrete can be moulded and it is in plastic state. This is also called "Green Concrete". Another term used to describe the state of fresh concrete is consistence, which is the ease with which concrete will flow.

🌟Properties of Fresh Concrete
 
⏺1. Setting of Concrete
The hardening of concrete before its hydration is known as setting of concrete. OR
The hardening of concrete before it gains strength. OR
The transition process of changing of concrete from plastic state to hardened state. Setting of concrete is based or related to the setting of cement paste. Thus cement properties greatly affect the setting time.

▶️Factors affecting setting

1. Water Cement ratio 
2. Suitable Temperature 
3. Cement content 
4. Type of Cement 
5. Fineness of Cement 
6. Relative Humidity 
7. Admixtures 
8. Type and amount of Aggregate

⏺2. Workability of Concrete
Workability is often referred to as the ease with which a concrete can be transported, placed and consolidated without excessive bleeding or segregation.

▶️The internal work done required to overcome the frictional forces between concrete ingredients for full compaction. It is obvious that no single test can evaluate all these factors.

In fact, most of these cannot be easily assessed even though some standard tests have been established to evaluate them under specific conditions.
In the case of concrete, consistence is sometimes taken to mean the degree of wetness; within limits, wet concretes are more workable than dry concrete, but concrete of same consistence may vary in workability.

Because the strength of concrete is adversely and significantly affected by the presence of voids in the compacted mass, it is vital to achieve a maximum possible density.

This requires sufficient workability for virtually full compaction to be possible using a reasonable amount of work under the given conditions.

Presence of voids in concrete reduces the density and greatly reduces the strength: 5% of voids can lower the strength by as much as 30%.

Slump Test can be used to find out the workability of concrete. 

⚡️አዳዲስ የስራ ቅጥሮች እና ጨረታዎች በ ትኩሱ እንዲደርስዎ ከፈለጉ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ይቀላቀሉ

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK