Cervical Rotation
#mstest_lower

Cervical Extension
#mstest_lower

Cervical Flexion
#mstest_lower

Cervical Lateral Flexion
#mstest_lower

Diaphragm.
#Anatomy_4

أسئلة على Foot (Dorsum & sole) و Joints of lower limb
#Anatomy_2

أسئلة على المحتوى ده #mtest_upper
1. Laboratory evaluation of balance
2. Objective measures in physical therapy
3. Shoulder manual muscle test
4. Elbow manual muscle test
5. Wrist manual muscle test
#AIU

Gate theory:-
Neural gate can open and close thereby modulating pain

Gate is located in the spinal cord (It is the SG)

When the gate is closed signals from small diameter pain fibres do not excite the dorsal
horn transmission neurons.

• When the gate is open pain signals excite dorsal horn transmission cells.

✓✓Three Factors Involved in Opening and Closing the Gate:-

• The amount of activity in the pain fibers.

• The amount of activity in other peripheral fibers.

• Messages that descend from the brain.

opioid theory:-

short peptides secreted from CNS and GIT and...

opioid peptides:-

• endorphin
• encephalins
• dynorphin
• Endomorphine

✓✓Depend on (descending tracts)

👉 it involves encephalin secreting neurons in the
reticular formation.
👉 starting from the PAG (periaqueductal grey area)
of the midbrain.
👉ending in the NRM (nucleus raphe magnus) of the medulla.
👉 from their ending in the substantia gelatinosa of
the dorsal horn.

☑️ in the subtantia gelatinosa:-
enkephalin secreting neuron is involved in presynaptic inhibition of the pain impulse transmission by blocking substance P release.

✓✓Activation of opiate receptors at the interneuronal level produces hyperpolarization of the neurons, which result in the inhibition of firing and the release of substance P, a neurotransmitter involved in pain transmission, thereby blocking pain transmission.

★ Simply:- used in analgesic effect ( relief the pain)

Opioid theory.
(briefly)
#Electro_2

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