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Pathological Gait
#gait
โ– Influences on gait

(ุงู„ู…ุคุซุฑุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุฃุซุฑ ุนุงู„ู…ุดูŠุฉ ูˆู„ูŠุณุช ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ)

1- Pain :-

ุงู„ุฎู„ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ู€ pain ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุงุณู…ู‡ Antalgic gait ูŠุนู†ูŠ
pain due to abnormal Walking.

2- Posture :-

ุฃูŠ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Proper body biomechanics ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ Ideal posture ุฏุง ูŠุณุจุจ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ Gait.

3- Flexibility and the amount of available joint motion.

ุจู…ุง ุฅู† ุงู„ Skeletal muscle ู„ูŠู‡ุง Mechanical properities ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€Contractility ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุจุงุถ ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุจุณุงุท ูˆ flexibility, Extensibility ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ Stretching ู„ูˆ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุฉ ู…ุจุชุนู…ู„ุด ุงู„ุญุงุฌุงุช ุฏูŠ ุฏุง ู‡ูŠุณุจุจ pathological gait.

4-Muscle Endurance\ strength

ุญุฏ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุถุนู ููŠ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ุฏุง ุทุจุนุง ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุน ุงู„ gait
5-Base of Support

ุฃูŠ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ BOS ุณูˆุงุก ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ุฃูˆ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ

6- Inter limb coordination\ integration\ coupling :-

ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ Harmony ุจูŠู† ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฃุจุฑ ูˆุงู„ู„ูˆุฑ ูˆ ูƒู…ุงู† ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ limbs both ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ limb Lower ูˆ ุงู„ both limbs ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ upper limb.. ุฃูŠ ุฎู„ู„ ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุน ุงู„ gait ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ูˆ ุนุงูŠุฒูƒ ูƒุฏุง ุชู‚ูˆู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ู„ ุฏุง ู‡ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุงูŠู‡ ู…ุซู„ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู†ุฏู‡ Right side hemiplegia ูˆ ุนุงูŠุฒ ุงุนุฑู ู‡ูˆ ูู‚ุฏ ุงู„ harmony ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุงู†ุณุฌุงู… ูˆ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช.

7- Leg Length Discrepancy :- "LLD"

ูŠุนู†ูŠ shortening in limb ุณูˆุงุก ููŠ ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ู†ุงุญูŠุชูŠู† ูŠุนู…ู„Limping ูˆ ุฏุง ุจุฑุฏูˆ
pathological pattern of gait.

8-Gender

ุงู„ Male pattern of walking ุจูŠุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุงู„ Female pattern of walking.. ุฃูŠ ุฅู†ุณุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠุง ู„ูŠู‡ ู…ุดูŠู‡ ู…ู…ูŠุฒู‡ ุฒูŠ ุจุตู…ุฉ ุงูŠุฏูƒ ูƒุฏุง.

9-Pregnancy

ุฃูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุญุงู…ู„ ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุงุดูŠุฉ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุงุดูŠุฉ ุจู€
Pathological pattern of gait (lurching gait).

10- Obesity

ุฃูŠ ุญุฏ ูˆุฒู†ู‡ ุฒุงูŠุฏ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ู…ุดูŠุชู‡ ุฒูŠ ุฅู† ุงู„ู€ stance phase ุชูƒูˆู† ูุชุฑุชู‡ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ swing phase ูุชุฑุชู‡ุง ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ.
11-Age

ุจุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ูˆู‡ู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ุŒ ุชูŠุจุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูุงุตู„ุŒูˆูู‚ุฏุงู† ุงู„Flexibility.

12-Lateral & vertical displacement of the COG

13-Properly functioning reflexes

14-Vertical Ground Reaction Forces

ุงู„ forces ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุช affect ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„
Sole of foot / planter aspect

ุงุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุดูŠุฉ ุฒูŠ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุงู„(GRF) ground reaction force ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู…ูˆุฏู‰ ุงู„ GRF ุŒ ุจุฑุฏูˆ ุงู„ shear force ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† ุฒุญู„ู‚ุชูƒ.

15-Medial-Lateral Shear Forces

16-Anterior-Posterior Shear Forces


โ– Causes of Pathological Gait :-

1. Deformity :-

(CONGENITAL ูˆุฑุงุซูŠ OR AQUIRED ู…ูƒุชุณุจ ).

2. Imparied motor control or spasticity :-

ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนุฏู… ู‚ุฏุฑุชูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒู‡

Notice that :-

ู„ูˆ ุงู„ู€ muscle tone ู‚ู„ ุฏูŠ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงุณู…ู‡ุงflaccidityุงูˆ hypotonia ูˆู„ูˆ ุฒุงุฏุช ุชุจู‚ู‰ hypertonicity ุงูˆ spasticity.

3. Sensory loss
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูู‚ุฏุงู† ุงู„ุงุญุณุงุณ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ compression ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ blood vessels ูˆุงู„ nerves.
4. Pain

5. Muscle weakness
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃูŠ ุนุถู„ุฉ ูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุถุนู ุฃูˆ atrophy disused.

ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† Paresis ูˆ Paralysis โฌ‡๏ธ :
- Paralysis (ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุดู„ู„ ุฏุงุฆู…)
- Paresis (ู…ุคู‚ุช)

Types of deformity :

โ–Deformity of Hip (Coxa=hip) :-

1- COXA VALGA:
increase neck shaft angle more than 110 degrees , Causes toe out gait.

2- COXA VARA:
decrease neck shaft angle less than 110, Causes toe in gait.

VALGA ___out ู„ุจุฑู‡
VARA___ in ู„ุฌูˆู‡

ูˆ ุงู„ุฒูˆุงูŠู‡ 110 ุชุฒูŠุฏ ู…ุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฑู‡ ูˆ ุชู‚ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฌูˆู‡

โ– Deformity of Knee (Genu=knee)

1-Knock knee OR genu valgum.

ูŠุนู†ูŠ deviation Lateral ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฑูƒุจุฉ ุจุงุตุฉ ู„ุจุฑุง

2-Bow leg OR genu varum.

ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุงู„ู…ู‚ูˆุณุฉ ูˆุฏูŠ ุจุชุญุตู„ ู„ู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู…ุดูˆุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠุนุงุฏ ูˆ ุงุญู†ุง ู†ู‚ุนุฏ ู†ุณู‚ูู„ู‡ ูˆ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุดุงุทุฑ ูŠุง ุญุจูŠุจูŠ ุดุงุทุฑ๐Ÿ˜‚.

3- Hyper extension knee OR genu recurvatum .

ูˆ ุฏูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุง hyper extension ู„ู„ุฑูƒุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ fibula, tibia ูŠุญุตู„ู‡ู… posterior displacement ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ femur ูˆู…ูŠุจู‚ูˆุด ุนู„ู‰ ุงุณุชู‚ุงู…ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.

โ– Deformity of Ankle (Equinus =
ankle)

1- Equinus deformity or plantar
flexion deformity:
โค1๐Ÿ“1
ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ Ankle ุจูŠุณู‚ุท ู„ุชุญุช ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ Contracture ููŠ ุงู„ู€ calf muscles, biceps femoral ูˆููŠ weakness ููŠ ุงู„ู€ ant tibial group.

2- Calcainus deformity or dorsi flexion deformity:

ูˆ ู‡ู†ุง ุจูŠุญุตู„ ุนูƒุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุตู„ ููŠ ุงู„ Equinus.

โ–Deformity of Foot :-

1- Talipes equino varus or supinated foot :-
ุจุทู† ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุงุตุต ู„ุจุฑุง

Notice that supinated foot is a term for :-
- Club foot
- Pas cavus (High arched foot)


2- Talipes calcino valgus or pronated foot :

ุจุทู† ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุงุตุต ู„ุฌูˆุง.

Notice that pronated foot is a term for :-
- Talipes calcino valgus
- Flat foot (excessive pronation).
โค1
ุงุชูƒู„ู…ู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุคุซุฑุงุช ู†ุฏุฎู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุจู‚ุง.

โ– Causes of Pathological Gait :

โ€ข Deformity:-

A- Plantar flexion contracture:

ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ู‚ุจู„ ูƒุฏุง ุงู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ููŠู‡ contracture ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Triceps Surae ูˆ ุฏุง ุงู„ุงุณู… ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ู„ู€ Calf muscles.

ูู€ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ูˆุงู†ุช ู…ุงุดูŠ ุงู†ูƒ ู‡ุชู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุจู…ุดุท ุฑุฌู„ูƒ ู…ุด ุจูƒุนุจูƒ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุฏุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€

1- In stance :

blocks progression of the limb and COG over the supporting foot.

ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ูŠู‚ุฏุฑุด ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠุฉ ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุจุณ ู‡ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠุนู…ู„ู‡ุง ู„ูƒู† ุจุตุนูˆุจุฉ ูƒุฃู† ุญุฏ ู…ุชุดุนู„ู‚ ููŠ ุฑุฌู„ู‡.

2- In swing :

inhibits floor clearance (increased hip, knee flexion is needed).

ู…ุด ู‡ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุฑุฌู„ูŠู‡ ุชุณูŠุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุชุชุดุนู„ู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุง ูˆู…ูŠู‚ุฏุฑุด ูŠุณูŠุจ ุงู„ Stance ูˆูŠุฎุด ููŠ ุงู„ swing ูˆ ุนุดุงู† ูŠุนู…ู„ clearance floor ู‡ูˆ ู…ุถุทุฑ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุฒูˆุฏ ุงู„ activity ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ hip ูˆ ุงู„ knee flexors.

B- Knee flexion contracture (Bent knee) :

ู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ contracture ููŠ ุงู„ Hamstring ูŠู‚ุงุจู„ู‡ ุทุจุนุง weaknessููŠ ุงู„ quadriceps ูŠุนู…ู„ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง Bent knee ุงู†ุญู†ุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุฑูƒุจู‡ ุฒูŠุงุฏู‡ ุนู† 15 ุฏุฑุฌู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุงูŠ knee ุทุจูŠุนูŠู‡ ูˆ ุฏุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุดูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆู.

1- In stance :
Blocks progression of limb and forward progression of COG.

2- Increases the activity in quadriceps in order to stabilize the knee joint.

C- Hip flexion contracture:

ู„ูˆ ุญุตู„ contracture ู„ู„ Iliopsoas ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุง ุทุจุนุง ู…ุณุคูˆู„ู† ุนู† ุงู„ hip flexion ูˆ ุฏุง ุจูŠู‚ุงุจู„ู‡ ุถุนู ููŠ ุงู„ Extensors ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ hip.

1- To place bodyโ€™s COG over the supporting foot, the trunk must lean forward. (Trunk flexion)

2- introduces strain on the back muscles and hip extensors.

ุงู„ contracture ูˆ ุงู„ trunk flexion ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุตู„ูˆุง ุทุจุนุง ุจูŠุฒูˆุฏูˆุง ุงู„muscular activity ููŠ ุงู„ back muscles ูˆุฏุง ูŠุณุจุจ fixed hip flexion deformity ูˆ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ deformity ุฏูŠ ูŠุญุตู„ leaning forward ููŠ ุงู„ trunk ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠู…ูŠู„ ู„ู‚ุฏุงู… ูˆ ูŠู„ูŠู„ู‡ ุฒูŠุงุฏู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ strain ูˆ sprain ููŠ ุงู„ lumbosacral spine ูˆุงู„ hip extensors.. ุฑุชุจูˆู‡ุง ููŠ ุฏู…ุงุบูƒู… ูƒุฏุง ูˆ ู‡ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุณู‡ู„ู‡ ุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡... ุญุงูˆู„ูˆุง ูˆ ุงู†ุชูˆุง ุจุชุฐุงูƒุฑูˆุง ุชุนู…ู„ูˆุง ุงู„ุญุฑูƒู‡ ูˆ ุชุชูˆู‚ุนูˆุง ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุจูŠู…ุดูŠ ุงุฒุงูŠ.

โ€ข Impaired motor control (spasticity):-

โ€ข ุฃู…ุง patient ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู‡ Right side hemiplegia ุฎุฏ ุจุงู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดู„ู„ ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฏ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ูุชู„ุงู‚ู‰ ุงูŠุฏู‡ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ู…ุถู…ูˆู…ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุตุฏุฑู‡ ูˆูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู‡
flexor spasticity of the upper limb
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃุจุฑ ู…ุชุดู†ุฌุฉ ูˆ ุฑุฌู„ู‡ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง Extensor spasticity ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุนู…ู„ Extension ููŠ ุงู„ lower ูˆ ุงู„ ankle ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ุชุดู†ุฌุฉ ุฏุง ุบูŠุฑ ุฃู† ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุงุดูŠ ุจูŠุฏู‚ ุฌุงู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ semicircular circumduction ูˆุงู„ู…ุดูŠุฉ ุฏูŠ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง Hemiplegic ุฃูˆ stroke gait.

A- Hip extensor Spastisty :-

Restricts progression in mid and terminal stance.

ุจุชูƒู„ุจุด ุฑุฌู„ูƒ ูˆุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุงู…ุงู…ูŠุฉ ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ุจุทูŠุฆุฉ ูˆ ุฏุง ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠ ุงู„ stance phase ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุจุณ ุงูƒุชุฑ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุจูŠุชุฃุซุฑูˆุง ุงู„ MSt,TSt.

B- Sustained quadriceps action:

Inhibits pre-swing preparation for limb advancement

ูˆ ุฏุง ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ Quadriceps ุดุบุงู„ู‡ ุจุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ูˆ ุจุชู…ู†ุน ุงู„ patient ู…ู† ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุฑูุน ุฑุฌู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.

โ€ข Sensory loss :

โ€ข ู„ู…ุง ุชุชุทู„ุจ ู…ู† patient ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุญุฑูƒ ุฑุฌู„ู‡ ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุบู…ุถ ุนูŠู†ู‡ ู…ุด ุจูŠุนุฑู ุฑุงุญุช ููŠู† ูˆ ุฏุง ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูุงู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุงุญุณุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„mechanoreceptor.. ูˆู†ุชูŠุฌู‡ ุฏุง :

1- Prevents the patient from knowing the position of the hip, knee, ankle, or foot (sense of position ) .

2- Moderate\mild sensory loss causes slow walking .

3- Complete sensory loss may obstruct walking

ุฑูƒุฒูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุจุชุงุนุช ุงู„ loss ู„ูŠู‡ ุจู‚ูŠ ุจุชู…ู†ุน ุงู„ู…ุดูŠ

As it causes the patient to be unable to use his available motor control because he/she cannot trust the motions that occurs (Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy).

โ€ข ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุงุญุณุงุณ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ู ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ุง ู‡ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠู‚ู ูˆู„ุง ูŠู…ุดูŠ.

โ€ข Pain :-

โ€ข Major causes of musculoskeletal pain are:

A- Excessive tissue tension.
B- Joint distension related to trauma or arthritis.

โ– Pain in the limbs classified under 4 headings:

1. Joint pain
2. Soft tissue pain
3. Neurogenic pain
4. Orthopaedic causes (fractures, dislocation, tumor)
5. Muscle weakness

ุถุนู ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุนุตุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุบุฐูŠู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุถุนู ุงู„ุนุถู„ู‡ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุงูˆ ุงู„ุงุชู†ูŠู†.
โค1
1-Weakness of hip extensors :-

๐Ÿ”นGluteus Maximus :

๐Ÿ”นNormal Function :-

During (IC โ€“ LR ), GRFV pass anterior to hip joint creating flexion moment compensating by action of gluteus Maximus of supporting leg.

(ู†ุงุฎุฏู‡ุง ู‚ุงุนุฏู‡ ูƒุฏุง ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠู…ุดูŠ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ GRFV ุนูƒุณ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญูŠ ู„ู„ุนุถู„ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ GLUT MAX ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง Posterior ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูŠู…ุดูŠAnterior)

ุงู„ู€ GRFV ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Ground reaction force Vector.

๐Ÿ”นEffect of weakness on gait:

ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ weakness ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Gluteus.max ู‡ูŠู…ุดูŠ ุจู€ Glut.max Lurching Gait (ุฒูŠ ู…ุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณุช ุงู„ุญุงู…ู„).

1- inability to counteract the flexion moment.

ู…ุด ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ูŠู‚ุงูˆู… ุงู„ุนุฒู… ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ weakness

2-Tendency for excessive hip flexion and anterior pelvic tilt (Jack knifing phenomena).


๐Ÿ”นPossible compensation :-
โ€ข (ุงู„ุญุฑูƒู‡ ุงู„ุชุนูˆูŠุถูŠู‡)
โ€ข The patient will lean trunk backward to shift GRFV behind axis of hip joint and to prevent trunk from falling forward (gluteus Maximus gait).

ุนุดุงู† ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ูŠุนูˆุถ ุงู„ุถุนู ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ GLUT ู‡ูŠุชู†ูŠ ุงู„ trunk ู„ูˆุฑุง ูู€ ูŠุนู…ู„ Hyper extension ูˆ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ู…ู† ูƒุฏุง ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ู€ GRFV :-
-ุฅู…ุง ูŠุนุฏูŠ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ Hip Joint ูˆ ูŠุดุชุบู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุนุถู„ู‡ ููŠู…ู†ุน flexion ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุด ู…ุฑุบูˆุจ ููŠู‡.
--ุฃูˆ ูŠุนุฏูŠ post to hip joint ู ูŠุณู‡ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„glut ุชู‚ุงูˆู… ุงู„ flexion ุฏุง ุจุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ุฏูŠ ู‡ูŠุณุจุจ ู…ุดูƒู„ู‡ ุชุงู†ูŠู‡ ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุงู† ู‡ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ lumbar lordotic curve ูˆ ูŠุฎู„ูŠู‡ Hyper lordosis ูˆ ุฏุง ูŠุณุจุจ low back pain.

๐Ÿ”นWeakness of hip abductors

๐Ÿ”นGluteus medius & minimus :

๐Ÿ”นNormal function:

During SLS , GRFV lies medial to hip joint creating adduction moment.

ููŠ ู†ุต ุงู„ stance ููŠ subphase ุงุณู…ู‡ุง single limb support/ stance ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ MStุŒ
ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุฑูƒุฒูˆุง ูƒุฏุง..ุงู„ู€ GRFV ุจูŠุนุฏูŠ Medial ู„ู€ Hip joint ูู„ู…ุง ูŠุนุฏูŠ medial ูŠุนู…ู„ adduction moment ูƒุฃู† ุงู„ุญูˆุถ ุจูŠุณู‚ุท ู„ู„ุฌู†ุจ ูˆุฏุง ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„stance limb

There is tendency of pelvis and trunk to drop laterally to the opposite side (toward the swing limb) by the effect of the adduction moment .

ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ุนุฒู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุตู„ ู„ู„ู€ medialุŒ ุญุตู„ drop Pelvis ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ู€ Swing limb.

๐Ÿ”นAdduction moment :- counterbalanced by action of abductor muscles on the stance limb to prevent trunk and pelvis from dropping to unsupported side.

ุงู„ุนุฒู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุตู„ ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ู€ adduction ุฏุง ู‡ุชุนูˆุถู‡ ุงู„ู€Glut.Med ุนุดุงู† ุจุชุนู…ู„ Abduction ูˆุจุชู…ู†ุน ุณู‚ูˆุทู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„Swing ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ contralateral side.

๐Ÿ”นEffect of weakness on gait :

Inability to counteract the adduction moment, so the pelvis will drop towards the swing side (Positive Trendlenburg sign).

โ€ข ู„ูˆ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุฉ ุถุนูŠูุฉ ู…ุด ู‡ุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุชู‚ุงูˆู… ุงู„ุนุฒู… ุฏุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ pelvis ู‡ูŠูุถู„ ุณุงู‚ุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ swing ููŠ ุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠุณุช ูŠุจู‚ู‰ positive.

๐Ÿ”นPossible compensation:

๐Ÿ”นIf the weakness is unilateral:

the patient will lean trunk laterally toward weak limb every time it contacts the ground and throughout the stance phase (gluteus medius gait).

โ€ข ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุงู„ุถุนู ููŠ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ูŠุญุตู„ lateral pelvic tilt ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ูˆ ุงู„ compensation ููŠ ุญุงู„ู‡ ุฒูŠ ุฏูŠ ุจุฅู† ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ูŠู…ูŠู„ ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุจ ุงู„ุชุนุจุงู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ุนุดุงู† ูŠุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ GRFV ูŠุง ุงู…ุง ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุฉ ูŠุง ุงู…ุง lateral ู„ูŠู‡ุง ููŠุดุชุบู„ ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง.

๐Ÿ”นIf the weakness is bilateral (waddling gait).

โ€ข ู„ูˆ ุงู„ weakness ููŠ ู†ุงุญูŠุชูŠู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุญูˆุถ ู…ุฑุฉ ูŠุณู‚ุท ูŠู…ูŠู† ูˆู…ุฑุฉ ุดู…ุงู„ ููŠู…ุดูŠ ู…ุดูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุทุฉ๐Ÿชฟ๐Ÿ˜‚

๐Ÿ”น N.B :

โ€ข lateral leaning of trunk shifts GRFV to pass either :

1- Through hip joint (where no moment is created)

2- lateral to hip joint (creating abduction moment to be compensated by adductors).

๐Ÿ”นLong term effects of compensation:

Lateral spinal curve (functional scoliosis) "ู…ูƒุชุณุจุฉ ู…ุด ู…ูˆู„ูˆุฏ ุจูŠู‡"
โค1
๐Ÿ”นุนุงูŠุฒูƒ ุชุนุฑู ุงู† ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ู…ุด ุดุฑุท ูŠุนู…ู„ ูƒู„ ุงู„ Mechanisms ุจุชุงุนุช ุงู„ compensation ู…ุน ุจุนุถ.. ูˆุงุญุฏู‡ ุชูƒูู‰ ุนู† ูˆุงุญุฏู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุนุฏู… ุชูˆูุฑ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ุชุงู†ูŠู‡.
3- Weakness of knee extensors

1- Quadriceps :-

ุจู…ุง ุฅู† ุงู„ Quad ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ Anterior ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ GRFV ู‡ูŠุนุฏูŠ Posterior.

๐Ÿ”นNormal function:

During LR, GRFV lies posterior to knee joint creating flexion moment which is compensated by the eccentric action OF quadriceps muscle.

โ€ข ุงุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ LR ุงู„ GRFV ู‡ูŠุนุฏูŠ ูˆุฑุง ุงู„ Knee ู ุฏุง ูŠุนู…ู„ moment flexion ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนุฒู… ู‚ูˆู‰ ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„flexion (ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฑุบูˆุจ ููŠู‡) ูู€ ุงู„ู€ quadriceps ู„ุงุฒู… ุชุดุชุบู„ ุนุดุงู† ุชู‚ุงูˆู… ุงู„ุญุฑูƒู‡.

๐Ÿ”นEffect of weakness on gait :-

1-Inability to counteract the flexion moment.

2-Tendency for excessive knee flexion during loading response and instability at heel strike.

ุถุนู ุงู„ quad ู‡ูŠุฎู„ูŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ู…ุด ุนุงุฑู ูŠูุฑุฏ ุฑุฌู„ู‡ ูู€ ูŠุญุตู„ Excessive knee flexion ูˆุฏุง ููŠ ุงู„ LR ูˆ ุทุจุนุง ุฏุง pathology ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠุนุฏูŠ ุงู„ 15ุฏุฑุฌู‡ ุจุชูˆุน ุงู„ flexion ููŠุญุตู„ Instability ููŠ ุงู„ IC.

๐Ÿ”นPossible compensation:

1- The trunk will lean forward to shift GRFV anterior to knee joint creating extension moment and placing the knee in hyperextension (which eliminates the need for the quadriceps action).

โ€ข ุงูˆู„ Compensating Mechanism ูŠุนู…ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุงู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูŠู„ ุจุงู„ุชุฑุงู†ูƒ ู„ู‚ุฏุงู… ููŠุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ GRFV ู„ู‚ุฏุงู… ุงู„ุฑูƒุจู‡ุŒ ููŠุนู…ู„ ุนุฒู… ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ knee extension ูˆ ูŠุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฑูƒุจุฉ ููŠ Hyper extension.

2- The patient may compensate by pushing femur posterior with his hand (to put the knee into extension). "his hand acts as a quadriceps"

โ€ข ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุนู…ู„ trunk leaning ุจุณ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุงุดูŠ ู‡ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ ุญุงุทุท ุงูŠุฏู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ End of thigh ูˆุจูŠุญุงูˆู„ ูŠุฒู‚ ุงู„ femur ู„ูˆุฑุง ุจุญูŠุซ ุงู† ุงูŠุฏู‡ ุชุดุชุบู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุนุถู„ุฉ.

3- The patient may turn the limb outward to lock the knee joint in extension (eliminating the need for quadriceps activity).

โ€ข ู…ู…ูƒู† ุจุฑุฏูˆ ูŠุนู…ู„ External rotation ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูˆุฑ ู„ูŠู…ุจ ุนุดุงู† ูŠุนู…ู„ locking ู„ู„ knee joint ุงุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ extension ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ุฏูŠ ู‡ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ุงู„ู€ muscular activity ู„ู„ุนุถู„ู‡.

๐Ÿ”นLong term effects of compensation:

1- Disabling fatigue.
2- Degeneration of ligaments supporting the hyper-extended knee(due tochronic strain).

ู„ู…ุง ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุฑูƒุจุฉ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ููŠ hyper extension ุฏุง ู‡ูŠุฒูˆุฏ stress,strain ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ tissue soft ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑูƒุจุฉ ูˆุชุดู…ู„ ุงู„ุบุถุฑูˆู ูˆุงู„ุฃุฑุจุทู‡ ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ุง.

4-Weakness of dorsi flexors :

1- Tibialis anterior
2- Extensor hallicus longus
3-Extensor digitorum longs
4-Peroneus tertius

ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ Ant.tibial group ูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† Anterior ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ GRFV ู…ุนุฏูŠ posterior.
๐Ÿ”นNormal function:

During (IC- LR), GRFV lies posterior to ankle joint creating plantar flexion moment which is compensated by the action of the tibialis anterior.

โ€ข ููŠ ุงู„ LR, IC ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€ Glut max ุงู„ู€GRF ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุจูŠุนุฏูŠ ู…ู† ูˆุฑุง ุงู„ู€ ankle joint ูˆ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ planter flexion ูˆ ุงู„ compensation (normal) ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ Anterior group.

The action of tibialis anterior is :-

concentric during IC then changes to eccentric during LR (to prevent foot slap).

ุงู„ุฃูƒุดู† ุจูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ LR ุนุดุงู† ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ first peak of ankle plantar flexion ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒุงู† 15 ุฏุฑุฌู‡ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุดุบุงู„ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ calf ูˆุดุบุงู„ุฉ concentric ูˆููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ Ant. Group ุงุดุชุบู„ุช Eccentric ูˆ ุฏุง ูƒู„ู‡ ุนุดุงู† ูŠู…ู†ุน ุงู„foot slap ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ drop foot.

๐Ÿ”น Effect of weakness on gait :

1- Inability to counteract the plantar flexion moment.
ูˆ ุทุจุนุง ุทุงู„ู…ุง ู…ุด ุงู‚ุงุฏุฑ ูŠู‚ุงูˆู… ุงู„ุนุฒู… ุฏุงุŒ ู‡ูŠุญุตู„ excessive planter flexion ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฑุฌู„ูŠู‡ ุชุทูˆู„ ููŠุถุทุฑ ูŠุนู…ู„ compensation.

2- Excessive plantar flexion.

3- The entire foot and toes would strike the floor at initial contact (lack of normal heel strike).

4- Toe drag during swing phase.

ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠุฒุญู ุจุฑุฌู„ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ pre swing ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุนุฑู ูŠุนู…ู„ full clearance.

๐Ÿ”นPossible compensation:

1- Increased hip and knee flexion to lift the limb and foot in swing phase(high steppage gait).

โ€ข ุงูˆู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูŠู‚ุตุฑ ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ูŠุนู…ู„ compensation ู„ู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ ุงู„ drag toes ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุฒูˆุฏ ุงู„ knee, hip flexion ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ swing ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูˆ ู…ุด ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ูŠุณูŠุทุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ Ankle ูุจูŠู…ุดูŠ ุจู€ high steppage gait ูˆ ุงู„ shortning ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ุฏุง ุทุจุนุง Pathological.

2- hip hiking of the affected side.

โ€ข ููŠ ุงู„ hip hiking ุจูŠุญุตู„ lateral pelvic tilt ู„ููˆู‚ ูˆ ุนุดุงู† ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ pelvis ู„ุงุฒู… extended hip, knee ูˆ ุงู„ Ankle plantar flexedู ูˆ ูƒุฏุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Quadratus lumborum.

3- If knee flexion is impaired :
the limb can be lifted by circumduction of the leg.
5-Weakness of Calf Muscles :-

Gastrocnrmius, soleus
ูˆ ุฏูˆู„ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠู† ุนู† 80% ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Ankle plantar flexion ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณุงุนุฏู‡ู… ุงู„ู€ Plantaris ูˆุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ deep.

๐Ÿ”นNormal function:-
During MSt, TSt and PSw, GRFV lies anterior to ankle joint creating dorsiflexion moment which is compensated by the action of the plantar flexors.

ุงู„ GRFV ู‡ูŠุนุฏูŠ anterior ุนุดุงู† ุงู„ู€ planter flexors ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ posterior ูˆุงู„ moment ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู†ุงุชุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ Vector ู‡ุชู…ู†ุนู‡ ุงู„ู€ Calf.
๐Ÿ”นN.B :-
The calf muscles contract :-

- Eccentrically to oppose dorsi flexion moment and control tibial advancement.

- Then contract concentrically to plantar flex the ankle in the later part of stance phase.

-ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุซู„ุง ุนุดุงู† ูŠุญุตู„ Normal Heel strike ู„ุงุฒู… Ankle dorsiflexors ูŠุจู‚ูˆุง ุดุบุงู„ูŠู† concentric ูˆ ุงู„ planter flexors ุดุบุงู„ูŠู† eccentric ุนุดุงู† ูŠู‚ุงูˆู…ูˆุง ุงู„ dorsiflexion moment.

-- ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ tibia ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ foot ุงุณู…ู‡ุง tibial advancement ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชุชุญุฑูƒ ู„ู‚ุฏุงู… ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุชูŠู† ูŠุง ุงู„ distal ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ proximal ูŠุง ุงู„ุนูƒุณุŒ ูˆุจูƒุฏุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ contraction ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ calf ู…ุด ุจุณ ุจูŠุนุงูƒุณ ุงู„ moment ุฏุง ุจูŠุชุญูƒู… ุจุฑุฏูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ tibial advancement.

๐Ÿ”นN.B : The most important muscles that control the tibial advancement are Calf muscles (Triceps Surae).

๐Ÿ”นEffect of weakness on gait :-

1-Inability to counteract dorsiflexion moment.

2-Excessive ankle dorsi flexion and uncontrolled tibial advancement leading to loss of tibial stability during the weight bearing period.


โ€ข ุงู„ weakness ู‡ูŠุฎู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ุด ู‚ุงุฏุฑู‡ ุชู‚ุงูˆู… ุงู„ุนุฒู… ููŠุญุตู„ Excessive ankle dorsiflexion ูˆ ุนุฏู… ุชุญูƒู… ููŠ tibial advancement.

๐Ÿ”นPossible compensation:

1- Increased demand on quadriceps to counteract tibial instability .

ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ู‡ูŠุจุฏุฃ ูŠุดุบู„ ุงู„ quadriceps ุนุดุงู† ุชุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ tibial instability ูˆุชุนู…ู„ knee stability.

2- Terminal stance knee extension is lost and replaced with flexion.

ุจู…ุง ุฅู† ู…ููŠุด knee extension ูู€ ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุนุดุงู† ูŠุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ weakness ุจูŠุจุฏู„ู‡ ุจู€ flexion ูˆ ุฏุง ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠ ุงู„ TSt.

3- Delayed heel rise(prolonged heelcontact) during stance phase (Tst and Psw).

ูุชุฑุฉ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูƒุนุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู‡ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุทูˆู„ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ stance.

4- Shorter steps and slower walking speed.

ู‡ูŠู‚ุตุฑ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ ูˆูŠู…ุดูŠ ุจุจุทุฃ.
๐—ฃ๐—ง ๐—ฉ๐—ถ๐—ฏ๐—ฒ๐˜€ | ๐—ฃ๐—ต๐˜†๐˜€๐—ถ๐—ฐ๐—ฎ๐—น ๐—ง๐—ต๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ฝ๐˜†
Pathological Gait #gait โ– Influences on gait (ุงู„ู…ุคุซุฑุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุฃุซุฑ ุนุงู„ู…ุดูŠุฉ ูˆู„ูŠุณุช ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ) 1- Pain :- ุงู„ุฎู„ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ู€ pain ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุงุณู…ู‡ Antalgic gait ูŠุนู†ูŠ pain due to abnormal Walking. 2- Posture :- ุฃูŠ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Proper body biomechanicsโ€ฆ
Pathological Gait ๐Ÿ™€.

GAIT ๐Ÿšถโ€โ™‚๏ธ
ุนุงู…ู„ุฉ ู„ูŠู†ุง ูƒู„ู†ุง ุฑุนุจ ุทุจุนุง๐Ÿ‘ป

ุญุงูˆู„ุช ุงุณุงุนุฏ ุจุงู„ู†ู‚ุท ุงู„ู…ูุฌู…ุนุฉ ุฏูŠ ุชุณู‡ูŠู„ู‹ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู…ุŒ ูˆู…ุชู†ุณูˆู†ุงุด ู…ู† ุฏุนุงุฆูƒู… ูุถู„ู‹ุง ๐Ÿฅบ๐Ÿ’–.

#gait
๐Ÿฅฐ4๐Ÿ”ฅ2๐Ÿ“1
ู‚ููˆู…ูˆุง ูŠุง ุฃูŽุญูุจู‘ูŽู‡ ๐Ÿค
ูุฅู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุจุนูŠุฏ ูˆุฒุงุฏูู†ุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ูˆู‚ูˆุงูู„ ุงู„ุตุงู„ุญูŠู† ู‚ุฏ ุณุงุฑุช ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุฃูŠุฏูŠู†ุง ูˆู†ูŽุญู† ู‚ุฏ ุจู‚ูŠู†ุง.

- ู„ุงุชู†ุณูˆุง ู‚ูŠุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ ูŠุง ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุก๐Ÿค.
โค12
‏"ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงุฆู‚ ูˆุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุงุฆู… ูˆุงู„ู…ุฏู‰
‏ุตู„ู‘ู‰ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู„ู‡ู ูŠุงุนู„ูŽู…ูŽ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู‰ ๏ทบ"๐Ÿ’š
โค13
Gait Deviations :-

๐Ÿ”นNormal gait required
adequate strength & ROM of all participating joints proprioception & balance.

1- Genu Recurvatum: (Back knee) :-

๐Ÿ”นCaused by plantar flexion contracture, or hamstring weakness.

๐Ÿ”นResults in excessive hyperextension of knee during stance phase.

2- Hip or Knee Flex Contracture:

๐Ÿ”นPatient has flexed position of hip & knee during stance phase will often see increased lumbar lordosis and reduced stride length."crouched gait"

๐Ÿ”นุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุดุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ Iliopsoas ูˆููŠ ุงู„ Hamstring ูˆ ุงู„ knee ููŠ ุงู„ stance ุจุชุจู‚ู‰ ููŠ flexed position ูˆ ุฏุง ุจูŠุฒูˆุฏ ุงู„ lumber lordosis.

3- Hip Hiking:

๐Ÿ”นCaused by any impairment that limits the ability of the leg to functionally shorten.

ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู€ Quadratus lumborum ุนุดุงู† ูŠู‚ุตุฑ ุฑุฌู„ู‡ ุจุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ lateral pelvic tilt.

๐Ÿ”นExample: weak hip, knee flexors

๐Ÿ”นSo, the contralateral pelvis elevates during swing phase to provide for extra clearance for
the advancing leg.

ุนุดุงู† ูŠุนุฑู ูŠุฑูุน ุฑุฌู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ ู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.

ุงู„ุฑุงุฌู„ ุฏุง ุนู…ู„ู‡ุง ุงูƒู†ู‡ ุจูŠุฑู‚ุต ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ุจุณ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุด ู…ุตุงุจ ู„ุง ๐Ÿ˜‚
https://youtu.be/Jvg5v04Sc3I

4- Hip Circumduction:

๐Ÿ”นThe swing leg advance in a semi-circular arc, which creates extra clearance for the advancing leg.

๐Ÿ”นOccur in hemiplegic gait, stroke gait.

๐Ÿ”นูˆ ุฏูŠ ุงุชุดุฑุญุช ููˆู‚ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุจุณุท ูˆุฌู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ููŠ ุงู„ Gaits ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠ ุงุตู„ุง ุงุบู„ุจู‡ุง ู†ุงุชุฌ ู…ู† ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูู‡ ุนู„ู‰ muscles.

๐Ÿ”นThis gait pattern will vary depending on amount of spasticity present.

๐Ÿ”นGenerally, with spasticity, there is an extension synergy in the lower limb.

๐Ÿ”นุงู„ spasticity ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูˆุฑ ุจุชุงุฎุฏ ู†ู…ุท ุงุณู…ู‡ ุงู„ synergy Extension ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุงูƒุณุชู†ุดู† ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุชูƒู„ุจุดู‡ ูƒุฏุง ูˆุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ุงู„ุนูƒุณูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุถุนูŠูุฉ.

๐Ÿ”นUsually no reciprocal arm swing.

๐Ÿ”นStep length tends to be lengthened on involved side and shortened on uninvolved side.

https://youtube.com/shorts/pH89gB22CKA?feature=share

5- Ataxic Gait :-

๐Ÿ”นDue to cerebellar dysfunction

๐Ÿ”นThe patients lack coordination, which leads to jerky, uneven movements.

๐Ÿ”นุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุฏุง ู…ุนู†ุฏูˆุด ุชู†ุงุบู… ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ูˆ ุณู‡ู„ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠู‚ุน ูู€ ุนุดุงู† ู…ูŠู‚ุนุด ุจูŠุฒูˆุฏ ุงู„ BOS ูˆ ู‡ุชุดูˆู ุฏุง ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ

๐Ÿ”นAlso balance tends to be poor ,So the patient walks with a wide BOS.

๐Ÿ”นThe patient usually has difficulty walking in a straight line & tends to stagger.

๐Ÿ”นุนุดุงู† ุชุนุฑู ุงู† ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ุนู†ุฏู‡ Ataxic gait ุจุชุนู…ู„ line ูˆุชุฎู„ูŠู‡ ูŠู…ุดูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆ ุณุงุนุชู‡ุง ู‡ุชู„ุงุญุธ ุงู†ู‡ ู…ุด ุนุงุฑู ูŠู…ุดูŠ ููŠ ุฎุท ู…ุณุชู‚ูŠู… ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ูุฑุท ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒู‡.

https://youtu.be/vCn1WRR_U3E
๐Ÿ”ฅ4
6- Parkinsonian Gait:-

๐Ÿ”นุจุชูŠุฌูŠ ู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… Parkinsonism (ุดู„ู„ ุฑุนุงุด) ุณุจุจู‡ ู†ู‚ุต ุฅูุฑุงุฒ ุงู„ุฏูˆุจุงู…ูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ุจูŠุดู†ุช ู…ุจูŠุนุฑูุด ูŠู…ุณูƒ ูƒูˆุจุงูŠุฉ ูˆ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ุฑุฌู„.

๐Ÿ”นLeg & trunk tend to be flexed.
(stopped posture=flexion attitude)

ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฒูŠุงุฏู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ muscle tone ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู† ุงูŠุฏู‡ ุจุชู‚ุงูˆู…ูƒ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุงุณู„ ุชูŠุณุช ุจุณ ุฏูŠ ู…ุด Spasticity ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฒูŠุงุฏู‡ ุดูˆูŠู‡ ูุงุณู…ู‡ุง rigidity.
- ู…ุนู†ุฏูˆุด arm swing
- - ุนู†ุฏู‡ Face mask ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูˆุด ุจุฏูˆู† ุงูŠ ุชุนุจูŠุฑุงุช.

๐Ÿ”นElbows partially flexed with little or no arm swing.

๐Ÿ”นStride length greatly diminishes.

๐Ÿ”นShuffling gait, festinating gait, short steppage gait with flat feet & weight mostly forward on the toes.

ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุงุฎุฏ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ุฃูˆูŠ ูˆ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุชุดุนู„ู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุฎุงูŠู ูŠู‚ุน ูˆ ูƒู„ ูˆุฒู†ู‡ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู‚ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุทุฑุงู ุตูˆุงุจุนู‡.

๐Ÿ”นGait tends to start slowly and increase in speed, with difficulty stopping parkinsonian gait.

ู…ู‡ู… ุชุนุฑู ูƒู…ุงู† ุงู† ุงู„ gait ุฏูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุทูˆุฑู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ PD ุงุทุฑุงู ุงู„ุตูˆุงุจุน ุจุชู„ู…ุณ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ูƒุนุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู…ุง ูŠุฌูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู„โฌ‡๏ธ
๐Ÿ”นToe to heel walking occurs in PD gait (True).

Festinating gait :- is type of gait exhibited by patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD).


https://youtu.be/b0KrA_96Ks0

ุดูˆููˆุง ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุฏุง ุนุดุงู† ุชุฃูƒุฏูˆุง ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ.
๐Ÿ‘1
10- Hysterical Gait:

(Psychological and Non specific gait)

๐Ÿ”นIt does not conform to any specific organic pattern with the abnormality varying from moment to moment and from one examination to another.

๐Ÿ”นThere may be ataxia, spasticity, inability to move, or other types of abnormality.

ุงู„ู…ุดูŠู‡ ุฏูŠ ุณุจุจู‡ุง ู…ุด ู…ุฑุชุจุท ุจุนุถูˆ ู…ุนูŠู† ูู†ุนุฑู ู…ู†ู‡ ู†ุญูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุจุชุฎุชู„ู ู…ู† ุดุฎุต ู„ู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ูˆ ู…ู† ุนุฒู… ู„ู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุณุจุจ ุงู„ู…ุดูŠู‡ ุฏูŠ ุนุงู…ู„ ู†ูุณูŠ ุงูˆ ู‡ุณุชูŠุฑูŠ ูˆ ุงุญู†ุง ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠู‡ ุงู…ุง ุจุชุณูˆุก ุจุชุณูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูƒู„ู‡ ูˆ ุชุนู…ู„ ู…ูŠูƒุณ ู ุงู„ุฌูŠุช ุจู‚ุง.

11- Trendelenburg Gait :

๐Ÿ”นOccurs due to weakness of the hip abductors.

๐Ÿ”นThe trunk patient demonstrates an excessive lateral tilt in which the trunk is thrust laterally in an attempt to keep COG of the stance leg.

https://youtu.be/Rz7V1i8kYGU

12- High steppage gait:

๐Ÿ”นoccurs in patients with foot drop which is the result of weakness or paralysis of the dorsiflexor muscles.

๐Ÿ”นThe patient lifts the leg high enough to clear the foot of the floor.

https://youtu.be/jzJIpY6vRLo
โค6
ุณุงุนุฉ ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ
ุฏุนูˆุงุชูƒู… ู„ูŠู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชูˆููŠู‚ ูˆุงู„ุณุฏุงุฏ๐Ÿ’—โœจ
โค11