Numbers of #Physiology_2
1. Cardiovascular System
| Two | Number of halves the heart is made of (right and left), each with an atrium and a ventricle.
| Four | Number of sets of valves in the heart.
| Three | Number of cusps in the tricuspid valve and Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves).
| Two | Number of cusps in the mitral or bicuspid valve.
| 1°c | Increase in body temperature that can increase heart rate by 10-20 beats/min.
| 10-20 | Increase in heart rate (beats/min) for every 1 0c increase in body temperature.
| 0.1 sec | Duration of atrial systole in the cardiac cycle. | 0.3 sec | Duration of ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle. | 0.4 sec | Duration of diastole of the whole heart in the cardiac cycle.
| 0.8 second| Normal duration of the cardiac cycle when heart rate is 75 beats/min (60/75).
| 70-80 | Normal resting heart rate in beats/min.
| 100 | Heart rate above this value is considered tachycardia (beats/min).
| 60 | Heart rate below this value is considered bradycardia (beats/min).
| 70 ml/beat| Normal stroke volume (volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat).
| 5 liters/min| Normal cardiac output (volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute) in adult male during rest.
| 5 liters/min| Normal venous return during rest. | 25 liters/min| Venous return during exercise in non-athletes. | 35 liters/min| Venous return during exercise in athletes. | 80-90% | Normal capillary tone (number of partially or totally closed blood capillaries).
| 120 mmHg | Average systolic blood pressure. | 80 mmHg | Average diastolic blood pressure. | 40 mmHg | Average pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure).
| 93 mmHg | Average mean arterial pressure throughout the cardiac cycle.
| 90 – 140 mmHg| Normal range for systolic blood pressure. | 60- 90 mmHg| Normal range for diastolic blood pressure. | 90 -95 % | Percentage of primary (essential) hypertension cases. | 5- 10 % | Percentage of secondary hypertension cases. | 225 ml/min| Normal coronary blood flow during rest. | 1000 ml/min| Coronary blood flow during severe muscular exercise. | 40 liters| Normal value of total body water. | 25 liters| Amount of intracellular fluid (ICF). | 15 liters| Amount of extracellular fluid (ECF). | 3 liters | Amount of plasma in ECF. | 12 liters| Amount of interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) in ECF.
2. Respiratory System
| Two | Number of types of respiration (external and internal) and functional zones of the respiratory system (conducting and respiratory).
| 0.5 micron| The approximate overall thickness of the alveolo-capillary (respiratory) membrane.
| 50-100 sq meters (70m2)| Very large surface area of the respiratory membrane in a normal adult. | 20-fold| How much the surface area of the small intestine is increased by the presence of intestinal villi and microvilli.
1. Cardiovascular System
| Two | Number of halves the heart is made of (right and left), each with an atrium and a ventricle.
| Four | Number of sets of valves in the heart.
| Three | Number of cusps in the tricuspid valve and Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves).
| Two | Number of cusps in the mitral or bicuspid valve.
| 1°c | Increase in body temperature that can increase heart rate by 10-20 beats/min.
| 10-20 | Increase in heart rate (beats/min) for every 1 0c increase in body temperature.
| 0.1 sec | Duration of atrial systole in the cardiac cycle. | 0.3 sec | Duration of ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle. | 0.4 sec | Duration of diastole of the whole heart in the cardiac cycle.
| 0.8 second| Normal duration of the cardiac cycle when heart rate is 75 beats/min (60/75).
| 70-80 | Normal resting heart rate in beats/min.
| 100 | Heart rate above this value is considered tachycardia (beats/min).
| 60 | Heart rate below this value is considered bradycardia (beats/min).
| 70 ml/beat| Normal stroke volume (volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat).
| 5 liters/min| Normal cardiac output (volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute) in adult male during rest.
| 5 liters/min| Normal venous return during rest. | 25 liters/min| Venous return during exercise in non-athletes. | 35 liters/min| Venous return during exercise in athletes. | 80-90% | Normal capillary tone (number of partially or totally closed blood capillaries).
| 120 mmHg | Average systolic blood pressure. | 80 mmHg | Average diastolic blood pressure. | 40 mmHg | Average pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure).
| 93 mmHg | Average mean arterial pressure throughout the cardiac cycle.
| 90 – 140 mmHg| Normal range for systolic blood pressure. | 60- 90 mmHg| Normal range for diastolic blood pressure. | 90 -95 % | Percentage of primary (essential) hypertension cases. | 5- 10 % | Percentage of secondary hypertension cases. | 225 ml/min| Normal coronary blood flow during rest. | 1000 ml/min| Coronary blood flow during severe muscular exercise. | 40 liters| Normal value of total body water. | 25 liters| Amount of intracellular fluid (ICF). | 15 liters| Amount of extracellular fluid (ECF). | 3 liters | Amount of plasma in ECF. | 12 liters| Amount of interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) in ECF.
2. Respiratory System
| Two | Number of types of respiration (external and internal) and functional zones of the respiratory system (conducting and respiratory).
| 0.5 micron| The approximate overall thickness of the alveolo-capillary (respiratory) membrane.
| 50-100 sq meters (70m2)| Very large surface area of the respiratory membrane in a normal adult. | 20-fold| How much the surface area of the small intestine is increased by the presence of intestinal villi and microvilli.
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| 100 mm Hg| Partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli. | 40 mm Hg| Partial pressure of O2 in the venous blood entering the pulmonary capillaries and partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli.
| 46 mm Hg| Partial pressure of CO2 in the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries.
| 20 | Number of seconds after which loss of consciousness can occur in severe hypoxia (PO2 less than 20 mmHg).
| 200 | Number of times more affinity CO has for Hb than O2. | 3% | Percentage of O2 physically dissolved in plasma. | 97% | Percentage of O2 chemically combined with hemoglobin (Hb).
| 4 | Number of molecules of O2 each molecule of hemoglobin carries.
| 19.4 ml /100 ml| Total O2 content in arterial blood. | 14.4 ml / 100 ml| Total O2 content in venous blood. | 5 ml O2/min| Amount of O2 taken by tissues per minute. | 5% | Percentage of CO2 physically dissolved in plasma and percentage of CO2 in carbamino compounds.
| 90% | Percentage of CO2 transported as bicarbonate. | 4 ml | Normal value of tidal CO2 (volume of CO2 released from tissues as a result of metabolism). | 5 gm/100ml| Abnormal increase in reduced Hb in the blood above this value causes cyanosis. | 80% | Normal ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC).
| 4 seconds| Normal time for air of FVC to be completely expired.
3. Gastrointestinal System
| 3 | Number of main pairs of salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual).
| 1-1.5 liters/day| Amount of saliva produced per day. | 6.6- 7.1 | Slightly acidic pH of saliva. | posterior 1/3| Area of the tongue where mechanical stimulation can cause vomiting. | 3 liters /day| Amount of gastric juice produced per day. | first few centimetres| Area of the duodenum that is a frequent site of peptic ulcer.
| 2| Number of feedback control mechanisms that ensure complete neutralization of gastric secretion in the duodenum.
| 10 times | How much bile can be concentrated in the gall bladder. | 2 mg/dl | Increased serum bilirubin above this value causes jaundice. | 0.2 – 0.8 mg/dl| Normal value of serum bilirubin. | Three | Physiologically, the number of parts the large intestine can be divided into (proximal colon, distal colon, and rectum/anal canal).
4. Endocrine System
| Two| Number of main coordinating and integrating systems of the body (endocrine and nervous) and divisions of the pituitary gland (anterior and posterior).
| 1 | Number of thirds of individuals with hyposecretion of GH during childhood who are sexually mature. | Two| Number of thirds of individuals with hyposecretion of GH during childhood who are sexually immature.
| four | Number of parathyroid glands. | 9-11 mg/dl| Normal value of blood calcium level. | 7 mg/dl| Plasma calcium level below which manifest tetany occurs spontaneously. | 7 mg /dl| Approximate plasma calcium level in latent tetany.
| 46 mm Hg| Partial pressure of CO2 in the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries.
| 20 | Number of seconds after which loss of consciousness can occur in severe hypoxia (PO2 less than 20 mmHg).
| 200 | Number of times more affinity CO has for Hb than O2. | 3% | Percentage of O2 physically dissolved in plasma. | 97% | Percentage of O2 chemically combined with hemoglobin (Hb).
| 4 | Number of molecules of O2 each molecule of hemoglobin carries.
| 19.4 ml /100 ml| Total O2 content in arterial blood. | 14.4 ml / 100 ml| Total O2 content in venous blood. | 5 ml O2/min| Amount of O2 taken by tissues per minute. | 5% | Percentage of CO2 physically dissolved in plasma and percentage of CO2 in carbamino compounds.
| 90% | Percentage of CO2 transported as bicarbonate. | 4 ml | Normal value of tidal CO2 (volume of CO2 released from tissues as a result of metabolism). | 5 gm/100ml| Abnormal increase in reduced Hb in the blood above this value causes cyanosis. | 80% | Normal ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC).
| 4 seconds| Normal time for air of FVC to be completely expired.
3. Gastrointestinal System
| 3 | Number of main pairs of salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual).
| 1-1.5 liters/day| Amount of saliva produced per day. | 6.6- 7.1 | Slightly acidic pH of saliva. | posterior 1/3| Area of the tongue where mechanical stimulation can cause vomiting. | 3 liters /day| Amount of gastric juice produced per day. | first few centimetres| Area of the duodenum that is a frequent site of peptic ulcer.
| 2| Number of feedback control mechanisms that ensure complete neutralization of gastric secretion in the duodenum.
| 10 times | How much bile can be concentrated in the gall bladder. | 2 mg/dl | Increased serum bilirubin above this value causes jaundice. | 0.2 – 0.8 mg/dl| Normal value of serum bilirubin. | Three | Physiologically, the number of parts the large intestine can be divided into (proximal colon, distal colon, and rectum/anal canal).
4. Endocrine System
| Two| Number of main coordinating and integrating systems of the body (endocrine and nervous) and divisions of the pituitary gland (anterior and posterior).
| 1 | Number of thirds of individuals with hyposecretion of GH during childhood who are sexually mature. | Two| Number of thirds of individuals with hyposecretion of GH during childhood who are sexually immature.
| four | Number of parathyroid glands. | 9-11 mg/dl| Normal value of blood calcium level. | 7 mg/dl| Plasma calcium level below which manifest tetany occurs spontaneously. | 7 mg /dl| Approximate plasma calcium level in latent tetany.
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