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Numbers of #Physiology_2
1. Cardiovascular System

| Two | Number of halves the heart is made of (right and left), each with an atrium and a ventricle.
| Four | Number of sets of valves in the heart.
| Three | Number of cusps in the tricuspid valve and Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves).
| Two | Number of cusps in the mitral or bicuspid valve.
| 1ยฐc | Increase in body temperature that can increase heart rate by 10-20 beats/min.
| 10-20 | Increase in heart rate (beats/min) for every 1 0c increase in body temperature.
| 0.1 sec | Duration of atrial systole in the cardiac cycle. | 0.3 sec | Duration of ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle. | 0.4 sec | Duration of diastole of the whole heart in the cardiac cycle.
| 0.8 second| Normal duration of the cardiac cycle when heart rate is 75 beats/min (60/75).
| 70-80 | Normal resting heart rate in beats/min.
| 100 | Heart rate above this value is considered tachycardia (beats/min).
| 60 | Heart rate below this value is considered bradycardia (beats/min).
| 70 ml/beat| Normal stroke volume (volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat).
| 5 liters/min| Normal cardiac output (volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute) in adult male during rest.
| 5 liters/min| Normal venous return during rest. | 25 liters/min| Venous return during exercise in non-athletes. | 35 liters/min| Venous return during exercise in athletes. | 80-90% | Normal capillary tone (number of partially or totally closed blood capillaries).
| 120 mmHg | Average systolic blood pressure. | 80 mmHg | Average diastolic blood pressure. | 40 mmHg | Average pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure).
| 93 mmHg | Average mean arterial pressure throughout the cardiac cycle.
| 90 โ€“ 140 mmHg| Normal range for systolic blood pressure. | 60- 90 mmHg| Normal range for diastolic blood pressure. | 90 -95 % | Percentage of primary (essential) hypertension cases. | 5- 10 % | Percentage of secondary hypertension cases. | 225 ml/min| Normal coronary blood flow during rest. | 1000 ml/min| Coronary blood flow during severe muscular exercise. | 40 liters| Normal value of total body water. | 25 liters| Amount of intracellular fluid (ICF). | 15 liters| Amount of extracellular fluid (ECF). | 3 liters | Amount of plasma in ECF. | 12 liters| Amount of interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) in ECF.

2. Respiratory System
| Two | Number of types of respiration (external and internal) and functional zones of the respiratory system (conducting and respiratory).
| 0.5 micron| The approximate overall thickness of the alveolo-capillary (respiratory) membrane.
| 50-100 sq meters (70m2)| Very large surface area of the respiratory membrane in a normal adult. | 20-fold| How much the surface area of the small intestine is increased by the presence of intestinal villi and microvilli.
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| 100 mm Hg| Partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli. | 40 mm Hg| Partial pressure of O2 in the venous blood entering the pulmonary capillaries and partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli.
| 46 mm Hg| Partial pressure of CO2 in the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries.
| 20 | Number of seconds after which loss of consciousness can occur in severe hypoxia (PO2 less than 20 mmHg).
| 200 | Number of times more affinity CO has for Hb than O2. | 3% | Percentage of O2 physically dissolved in plasma. | 97% | Percentage of O2 chemically combined with hemoglobin (Hb).
| 4 | Number of molecules of O2 each molecule of hemoglobin carries.
| 19.4 ml /100 ml| Total O2 content in arterial blood. | 14.4 ml / 100 ml| Total O2 content in venous blood. | 5 ml O2/min| Amount of O2 taken by tissues per minute. | 5% | Percentage of CO2 physically dissolved in plasma and percentage of CO2 in carbamino compounds.
| 90% | Percentage of CO2 transported as bicarbonate. | 4 ml | Normal value of tidal CO2 (volume of CO2 released from tissues as a result of metabolism). | 5 gm/100ml| Abnormal increase in reduced Hb in the blood above this value causes cyanosis. | 80% | Normal ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC).
| 4 seconds| Normal time for air of FVC to be completely expired.
3. Gastrointestinal System
| 3 | Number of main pairs of salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual).
| 1-1.5 liters/day| Amount of saliva produced per day. | 6.6- 7.1 | Slightly acidic pH of saliva. | posterior 1/3| Area of the tongue where mechanical stimulation can cause vomiting. | 3 liters /day| Amount of gastric juice produced per day. | first few centimetres| Area of the duodenum that is a frequent site of peptic ulcer.
| 2| Number of feedback control mechanisms that ensure complete neutralization of gastric secretion in the duodenum.
| 10 times | How much bile can be concentrated in the gall bladder. | 2 mg/dl | Increased serum bilirubin above this value causes jaundice. | 0.2 โ€“ 0.8 mg/dl| Normal value of serum bilirubin. | Three | Physiologically, the number of parts the large intestine can be divided into (proximal colon, distal colon, and rectum/anal canal).

4. Endocrine System
| Two| Number of main coordinating and integrating systems of the body (endocrine and nervous) and divisions of the pituitary gland (anterior and posterior).
| 1 | Number of thirds of individuals with hyposecretion of GH during childhood who are sexually mature. | Two| Number of thirds of individuals with hyposecretion of GH during childhood who are sexually immature.
| four | Number of parathyroid glands. | 9-11 mg/dl| Normal value of blood calcium level. | 7 mg/dl| Plasma calcium level below which manifest tetany occurs spontaneously. | 7 mg /dl| Approximate plasma calcium level in latent tetany.
๐Ÿ”ฅ1
| 70- 100 mg/dl| Normal fasting blood glucose level. | 1| Type of diabetes mellitus caused by deficiency of insulin secretion (insulin-dependent DM/juvenile onset DM).
| 2 | Type of diabetes mellitus caused by insulin resistance (non-insulin dependent DM/maturity onset DM).
| 3 | Type of diabetes mellitus that occurs during pregnancy (gestational DM).

#Physiology
โค3
- ุดุฑุญ ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุณุฑุญุงู† ู„ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู†ุณูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ
=https://t.me/PT_Abakera/6726

- ุดุฑุญ ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุณุฑุญุงู† ู„ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุซูŠุฑุงุจูŠูˆุชูŠูƒ
=https://t.me/PT_Abakera/6632
โค3
‏ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุชุชู‡ูŠุฃ ู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุนุธูŠู… ู„ุง ูŠุนู„ู…ู‡ ุฅู„ุง ุงู„ู„ู‡
ุงุณุชู‚ูŠู…ูˆุง ูŠุฑุญู…ูƒู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ .. ุงุณุชู‚ูŠู…ูˆุง ูŠุฑุญู…ูƒู… ุงู„ู„ู‡
โค22
ุงู„ุจูˆุณุช ุงู„ุณู†ูˆูŠ: ู†ุตูŠุญุฉ ุฏ. ุฎุงู„ุฏ ุฃุจูˆ ุดุงุฏูŠ ู„ุงุณุชุบู„ุงู„ ูŠูˆู… ุนุฑูุฉ:
..
ูก_ู†ู… ู„ูŠู„ุชูƒ ู…ุจูƒู‘ูุฑุง ู…ุง ุงุณุชุทุนุชุ› ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ูŽูˆู‘ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุทุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ุชู†ุงู„ ุจู†ูˆู…ูƒ ุฃุฌุฑุง.

ูข_ ู‚ู… ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ูุฌุฑ ู„ู„ุณุญูˆุฑุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆู…ู„ุงุฆูƒุชู‡ ูŠุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุชุณุญู‘ูุฑูŠู†.

ูฃ_ ุตู„ู‘ู ูค ุฑูƒุนุงุช ู‚ูŠุงู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ูˆุงุฏุน ุฑุจูƒ ูˆุฃู†ุช ุณุงุฌุฏ ุจุฎูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠุง ูˆุงู„ุขุฎุฑู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจูƒุงุก ูˆุงู„ุชุจุงูƒูŠ.

ูค_ ุงู‚ุถ ูˆู‚ุชุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ูุฌุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชุบูุงุฑ ุญุชู‰ ุชููƒุชู“ุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชุบูุฑูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุญุงุฑ.

ูฅ_ุงุณุชุนุฏ ู„ุตู„ุงุฉ ุงู„ูุฌุฑ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุขุฐุงู† ุจุฎู…ุณ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ุŒ ูˆุงุณุชุดุนุฑ ุฃู† ุฐู†ูˆุจูƒ ุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ุน ุขุฎุฑ ู‚ุทุฑุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุนุถูˆ ูˆุฃู†ุช ุชุชูˆุถุฃ..

.ูฆ_ ู‚ู„ ุฏุนุงุก ู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ูˆุถูˆุก: ุฃุดู‡ุฏ ุฃู† ู„ุง ุฅู„ู‡ ุฅู„ุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆุฃุดู‡ุฏ ุฃู† ู…ุญู…ุฏุง ุนุจุฏู‡ ูˆุฑุณูˆู„ู‡ุŒ ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุงุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูˆุงุจูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชุทู‡ุฑูŠู† (ุชููุชู“ุญ ู„ู‡ ุฃุจูˆุงุจ ุงู„ุฌู†ุฉ ุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ).

ูง_ุตู„ู‘ู ุงู„ูุฌุฑ ูˆุงุฌู„ุณ ููŠ ู…ุตู„ุงูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุดุฑูˆู‚ ุจ ูกูฅ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.

ูจ_ุงุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุชูƒุจูŠุฑ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ.

ูฉ_ุงุฌู„ุณ ููŠ ู…ูุตู„ู‘ุงูƒ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุดุฑูˆู‚ ุชู‚ุฑุฃ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู† ู…ุน ุชุณุจูŠุญ ูˆุชู‡ู„ูŠู„ ูˆุชุญู…ูŠุฏุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุชู†ุณู“ ุฃุฐูƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุตุจุงุญ .

ูกู _ุตู„ู‘ู ุฑูƒุนุชูŠ ุจุนุฏ ุดุฑูˆู‚ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ

ูกูก_ุฃู†ุช ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุฎูŠุฑ ุฅู† ุงุณุชุทุนุช ุฃู„ุง ุชู†ุงู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ูƒุงู…ู„ุง ูู„ุง ุชุถูŠุน ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ุฐูƒุฑ ูˆุฏุนุงุก ูˆูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ูŠู‚ูŠู† ุจุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ.

ูกูข_ุฃูˆ ุชู†ุงู… ุณุงุนุฉ ุฃูˆ ุณุงุนุชูŠู† ุชู†ูˆูŠ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชู‚ูŽูˆู‘ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุทุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุณุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…..

ูกูฃ_ุซู… ู‚ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ูˆู… ู„ุชุชูˆุถุฃ ูˆุชุตู„ูŠ ูค ุฑูƒุนุงุช ุถุญู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ุŒ ูˆุชู†ูˆุน ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุทุงุนุงุช ุญุชู‰ ู„ุงุชู…ู„: ุชูƒุจูŠุฑ_ุฐูƒุฑ_ุชู„ุงูˆุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู†..

ูกูค_ุตู„ู‘ู ุงู„ุธู‡ุฑ ูˆูƒุจู‘ูุฑ ูˆุณุจู‘ูุญ ูˆุงู‚ุฑุฃ ุดูŠุฆุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู†.

ูกูฅ_ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู‚ูˆู„: ู„ุง ุฅู„ู‡ ุฅู„ุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุญุฏู‡ ู„ุง ุดุฑูŠูƒ ู„ู‡.. ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒ ูˆู„ู‡ ุงู„ุญู…ุฏ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู‚ุฏูŠุฑุŒ ูู‡ูˆ ุฃูุถู„ ุงู„ุฏุนุงุก ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ุนุฑูุฉ!!

ูกูฆ_ุตู„ู‘ู ุงู„ุนุตุฑ ูˆูƒุจู‘ูุฑ ูˆุงุจุฏุฃ ุจุฃุฐูƒุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุก .

ูกูง_ุงู‚ุฑุฃ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ุบุฑุจ ุจุณุงุนุฉ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงุŒ ุซู… ุฃุชุจูุนู‡ ุจุงู„ุฏุนุงุก ุจุฎุดูˆุน.
ูˆู„ุง ุชู†ุณ ุฅุฎูˆุงู†ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุถุนููŠู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†ุŒ ูˆุฃู‚ุตุงู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุฑ.

ูกูจ_ุงุฏุนู ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฃู† ู„ุง ุชุบุฑุจ ุดู…ุณ ูŠูˆู… ุนุฑูุฉ ุฅู„ุง ูˆุฃู†ุช ู…ู† ุนุชู‚ุงุฆู‡.

ูกูฉ_ุฅูŠุงูƒ ุฃู† ุชุธู† ุฃู†ูƒ ุจุงุฌุชู‡ุงุฏูƒ ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ุนุฑูุฉ ุฎูŠุฑูŒ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑูƒุŒ ูุฃู†ุช ู„ุง ุชุถู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ ู„ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุฑุฌูˆู‡ุŒ ูˆุฅู† ุถู…ู†ุชู‡ ู„ู… ุชุถู…ู† ุงู„ุซุจุงุชุŒ ูุฅู† ุฅุจู„ูŠุณ ุนูŽุจูŽุฏูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‡ูŽ ุฏู‡ุฑุง ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฆูƒุฉ ุซู… ุตุงุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุตุงุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ูู„ุง ุชูุนุฌูŽุจ ุจุนู…ู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุงุณุฃู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ุซุจุงุชุŒ ูˆุฃูŠู‚ู† ุจุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ.

ูขู _ ู…ุน ุขุฐุงู† ุงู„ู…ุบุฑุจ: ุงุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุฅูุทุงุฑ ูˆู„ุง ุชู†ุณ ุฃู† ู„ู„ุตุงุฆู… ุฏุนูˆุฉ ู„ุง ุชูุฑูŽุฏู‘ู.

ุฏ. ุฎุงู„ุฏ ุฃุจูˆ ุดุงุฏูŠ.
โค16๐Ÿ“1
ู…ุง ุชู†ุณูˆู†ุงุด ู…ู† ุฏุนูˆุงุชูƒู… ุงู†ู‡ุงุฑุฏุฉ ูŠุง ุฌู…ุงุนุฉโ™ฅ๏ธ
โค7
Forwarded from ุทุงู„ุจ ุฌุงู…ุนูŠ๐ŸŽ“ (โฝโ™”โ‚Žโ”‹ ๐Œ๐‘๐–๐€๐ ๐„๐ฅ๐’๐‡๐€๐‡๐„๐ƒโ”‹ ๐–ขƒ)
100 ุฏุนุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ูˆุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉ.pdf
5.3 MB
ู‚ุงู„ ุฑุณูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ - ุตู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุณู„ู… -
ู…ุง ู…ู† ูŠูˆู…ู ุฃูƒุซุฑู ู…ู† ุฃู† ูŠุนุชูู‚ูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‡ู ููŠู‡ ุนุจูŠุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ูŽุงุฑู ู…ู† ูŠูˆู…ู ุนุฑูุฉูŽ ุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูŽูŠุฏู†ูˆ ุŒ ุซู… ูŠุจุงู‡ูŠ ุจู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฆูƒุฉูŽ ููŠู‚ูˆู„ : ู…ุง ุฃุฑุงุฏ ู‡ุคู„ุงุกู ุŸ ุงุดู‡ูŽุฏูˆุง ู…ู„ุงุฆูƒุชูŠ ุฃู†ูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุบูุฑุชู ู„ู‡ู….

ู„ุง ุชุฃุฎุฐูƒู… ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฐุงูƒุฑุฉ ูˆุชู†ุณูˆุง ุนุฑูุฉ ูˆุชู†ุณูˆุง ุงู„ุฏุนุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุตุงู„ุญุฉ
ูุฑุจู…ุง ู„ุง ุชุนุด ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰

ุฃุฎู„ุตูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุนุงุก ูˆุงุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุงู„ุนุจุฑุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ุจุงู„ูƒุซุฑุฉ ุฅู†ู…ุง ุจุงู„ุฅุฎู„ุงุต ูˆุตุฏู‚ ุงู„ู†ูŠุฉ
ูˆูู‚ู†ุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุฅูŠุงูƒู… ู„ู…ุง ูŠุญุจ ูˆูŠุฑุถู‰๐Ÿค
โค8
ู„ุง ุชู†ุณูˆ ุทู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠู‡ ุงู„ุนุงู…ู‡ ู…ู† ุฏุนุงุฆูƒู…๐Ÿฅบ
ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ู‡ูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ูˆูˆูู‚ู‡ู… ูˆุงุฌุจุฑ ุจู‚ู„ูˆุจู‡ู… ุฌุจุฑุง ูŠุชุนุฌุจ ู„ู‡ ุงู‡ู„ ุงู„ุงุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ุณู…ุงุก
ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุงูุชุญ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ูุชูˆุญ ุงู„ุนุงุฑููŠู† ูˆุนู„ู…ู‡ู… ู…ุง ุฌู‡ู„ูˆ ูˆุฐูƒุฑู‡ู… ู…ุง ู†ุณูˆ
ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุงุฒู„ ุนู† ู‚ู„ูˆุจู‡ู… ุงู„ุชูˆุชุฑ ูˆุงู„ู‚ู„ู‚ ูˆุจุฏู„ู‡ู… ุณูƒูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุทู…ุฃู†ูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุซู‚ุฉ ุจูƒ ูŠุง ุฃู„ู„ู‡
ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุงุฌุนู„ ุชุนุจู‡ู… ูˆุฌู‡ุฏู‡ู… ููŠ ู…ูŠุฒุงู† ุญุณู†ุงุชู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆู‚ุฑู‘ ุฃุนูŠู†ู‡ู… ูˆุฃุนูŠู† ุฃู‡ู„ู‡ู… ุจู…ุง ูŠูุณุฑู‘ู‡ู… ูˆูŠูุฑุถูŠูƒ ุนู†ู‡ู….
โค8
ุงุฏุนูŠู‡.pdf
6.5 MB
ุงูƒุซุฑูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุนุงุก
ู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ุฑุณูˆู„๏ทบ
ุฎูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฏุนุงุก ุฏุนุงุก ูŠูˆู… ุนุฑูุฉ
ูˆุฎูŠุฑ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ุฃู†ุง ูˆุงู„ู†ุจูŠูˆู† ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ูŠ:
( ู„ูŽุง ุฅูู„ูŽู‡ูŽ ุฅูู„ู‘ูŽุง ุงู„ู„ู‘ูŽู‡ูุŒ ูˆูŽุฎูุฏูŽู‡ู ู„ูŽุง ุดูŽุฑููŠูƒูŽ ู„ูŽู‡ู’ ู„ูŽู‡ู ุงู„ู’ู…ูู„ู’ูƒู ูˆูŽู„ูŽู‡ู ุงู„ู’ุญูŽู…ู’ุฏูุŒ ูˆูŽู‡ููˆูŽ ุนูŽู„ูŽู‰ ูƒูู„ู‘ู ุดูŽูŠู’ุกู ู‚ูŽุฏููŠุฑูŒยป