Spermatogonia differentiate into spermatids

Spermatids change into spermatozoa by metamorphosis

Spermatogonia migrate to the primitive male gonads

Spermatozoa are propelled towards the duct system.

Migration of two centrioles

Pinching off excess cytoplasm

Acrosomal vesicle covers anterior 1/3 of nucleus.

Mitochondria are arranged to form the middle piece segment.

Could result from gonadotropin suppression

Sperms have inefficient movement

Retained sperms are phagocytosed by macrophages.

is the failure of testicular descent to the scrotum

a) A neoplastic process that maintain the integrity of the basement membrane

b) Results from change in the phenotype of an already differentiated cell type

c) Results from reprogamming of stem cells known to exist in normal tissue

d) Can occur physiological or pathological

a) Replacement of one mature differentiated cell type into another differentiated type

b) An adaptive response to chronic injury

c) Irreversible process

d) Associated with increased risk of malignancy

a) Transformation of squamous epithelium into transitional or columnar type occurs

b) Can occur in Barett's oesophagus

c) Can be observed in gall bladder due to gall bladder stones

d) Can occur in myositis ossificans

a) squamous metaplasia

b) columnar metaplasia

c) mesenchymal metaplasia

d) dysplasia

a) A precancerous lesion

b) Develops in oral cavity, tongue or vulva due to chronic irritation

c) Grows appears as irregular thick whitish patches

d)Macroscopically appears as thickened dysplastic epithelium with subepithelial chronic inflammation

a) is a feature of mesenchymal cells

b) inevitably progresses to cancer

c) is characterised by cellular pleomorphism

d) is the same as carcinoma in situ

a) Is a neoplastic proliferation of cells

b) Grossly appears as a pinkish nodule

c) Almost always associated with basement membrane invasion

d) High grade dysplasia progressed to carcinoma insitu

a) Pre-invasive stage of carcinoma

b) Characterized by severe dysplasia without invasion of the basement membrane

c) Common sites include liver and kidney

d) Cells are pleomorphic and hyperchromatic with increased mitoses

a) unequivocally prove malignancy

b) is the most common presentation of melanoma

c) is proven by lymph node enlargement adjacent to a tumor

d) of breast is usually to supraclavicular nodes

a) One of the mucin secreting adenoma

b) Also called scirrhous carcinoma

c) Malignant cells form solid groups

d) Usually accompanied by acinar differentiation

a) A Tumor like developmental malformation

b) A Congenital anomaly consisting of a heterotropic rests of cells

c) Formed of mature tissues not foreign to the organ

d) Preneoplastic stage of highly dysplastic tissue

a) Lung

b) Stomach

c) Breast

d) Liver

a) An autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndrome

b) Characterized by defects in DNA repair & genomic stability

c) One defective allele of RB gene is inherited

d) Patients also show increased risk of developing other cancer malignancies

a) Leiomyoma

b) Squamous cell papilloma

c) Villous bladder papilloma

d) Fibroadenoma

a) Lung

b) Duodenum

c) Breast

d) Urinary bladder

a) Autosomal dominant diseases

b) Familial cancer syndromes

c) Non-hereditary predisposing conditions

d) Defective DNA repair syndromes

a) Lung carcinoma

b) Mesothelioma

c) Hepatic carcinoma

d) Skin cancer