Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus

Direct neural stimulation of the hypothalamus

cAMP from the hypothalamus

The posterior pituitary

Follicle stimulating hormone

Luteinizing hormone

Prolactin

Vasopressin

Oxytocin stimulates milk synthesis by the breast.

They are formed by the hypothalamus.

Deficiency of Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) results in decreased production of urine.

Secretion of Oxytocin and ADH is regulated by releasing hormones.

Due to decrease of growth hormone secretion

Characterized by an increase in basal metabolic rate

Characterized by mental retardation

Normal mentally and sexually.

Hypoglycemia

Overgrowth of long bones

Increased growth of soft tissue

Mental retardation

Short stature and normal mentality

Mental retardation

Hypogonadism only

Short stature and hypogonadism.

Causes depression of mental function

Depletes fat stores

Increases body weight

Produces hypothermia.

Administration of an inhibitor of angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE)

Increased plasma Na+ levels

Decreased plasma K+ level

Decreased plasma volume

is liberated from thyroglobulin by the action of peroxidase enzyme

Increases the body needs for vitamins:

Acts on nuclear receptors only which produce its genomic and non-genomic actions

Has more affinity to receptors than T3

Insulin and IGF-1 act on the same receptors.

Insulin release from 3 cells is decreased by inactivating ATP-sensitive K+ channels

Affinity of insulin receptors is increased by excess glucocorticoids

Insulin facilitates glucose entry in the brain by increasing number of GLUT4

Since birth produces cretinism which is mentally normal but sexually retarded

Produces Increased metabolic rate

In an adult produces shortened reflex reaction time

Produces coarse skin with non-pitting edema

Is characterized by increased energy expenditure and cold, pale, dry skin

Is accompanied by a rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure

May be associated with exophthalmos due to antibodies against extraocular muscles

Due to pituitary thyrotrope tumor is accompanied by High T3 and T4 with low TSH

Secretion is increased by stimulation of a-adrenergic receptors

Feedback mechanism is important mainly during stressful conditions

Increases the breakdown of muscle glycogen

Secration is directly proportional to the blood glucose level

Deficiency in adult produces prolonged reflex reaction time.

Is converted to the active form rT3 in the periphery

is liberated from thyroglobulin by the action of peroxidase enzyme

Acts only on the three receptor isoforms alpha1 & 2 and B-1

Inhibits the use of ketoacids by peripheral tissue

Transports glucose freely into liver cells through the insulin sensitive GLUT2

Stimulates glucose reabsorption in the kidney

Increases activity of the Na-K ATPase in cell membranes.

Increases intestinal absorption of Ca independent of 1,25(OH), D3

Binds osteoblastic receptors to stimulate osteoclast activity

Secretion is increased by the rise in plasma Ca concentration

Decreases the production of 1,25 (OH), D3

Hypoglycemia

Strong muscles

Moon face and hirsutism

Strong immunity

Decreases the production of 1,25 (OH), D3

Increases activity of Ca pump of osteocytic membrane

Inhibits the activity of 1a-hydroxylase of the proximal renal tubules

Action is opposite to parathyroid hormone as regard PO4- and Ca2+

Augments glycogenolysis produced by glucagon

Promotes protein catabolism in hepatic tissue to provide amino acids needed for gluconeogenesis

Decreases glucose utilization by the brain and lowers its insulin sensitivity

secretion is highest at the evening and lowest at the early morning

Growth hormone

Insulin

Parathormone hormone

Thyroid hormones