Antibiotic disc diffusion method:
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18%
Is done test allergic reaction of the patient to the antibiotic used
0%
Can accurately determine MIC of the antibiotic
73%
Depends on measuring the dimeter of zone of inhibition around the disc
9%
Utilizes filter paper discs impregnated with antibodies to the organism
Combined antibiotic therapy is indicated in the following conditions EXCEPT:
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0%
Mixed infections
86%
Viral meningitis
7%
Sepsis in immunocompromised patient
7%
Febrile neutropenia
All are possible indications of combined antibiotic therapy EXCEPT
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13%
Febrile neutropenia
67%
To achieve antagonistic effect
0%
Mixed infection
20%
Delaying the emergence of drug resistance mutants
Complications of antibiotics include the following EXCEPT:
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9%
Hypersensitivity
27%
Superinfection
64%
Selective toxicity
0%
Emergence of resistant mutants
The following are complications of antibiotics EXCEPT:
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0%
Toxicity
82%
Immunodeficiency
9%
Drug resistance
9%
Allergy
0%
Superinfection
Opportunistic pathogens:
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56%
Many of them are originally commensals
38%
Can cause disease in immunocompetent individuals
0%
Live freely in nature
6%
Are highly virulent organisms
Virulence factors include all the following EXCEPT
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0%
Capsules
83%
Ribosomes
17%
Enzymes
0%
Adherence factors
All the following are antiphagocytic factors EXCEPT
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0%
Capsule
0%
Spore
44%
M protein & protein A
56%
Coagulase
All the following concern exotoxins EXCEPT
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7%
They are highly antigenic
47%
They have non-specific action
40%
They are produced by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
7%
They are encoded by chromosomal phage or plasmid genes
Exotoxins have the following characters, EXCEPT:
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0%
They may be encoded by genes on the chromosome
9%
They can be converted to toxins
18%
They have specific action
73%
They are heat stable
All of the following about exotoxins are true EXCEPT
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21%
More toxic than the same amount of endotoxins
0%
Protein in nature
14%
Highly potent
64%
Induce septic shock
Endotoxins belong to a class of biological molecules called
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11%
Lipoproteins
78%
Lipopolysaccharides
11%
Nucleic acids
0%
Proteins
All the following concern endotoxins EXCEPT
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78%
They can be converted toxoids formalin
11%
They have nonspecific action
11%
They are heat stable
0%
They are encoded by chromosomal genes
All the following concern endotoxins EXCEPT
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14%
They are located in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria
14%
They produce fever
7%
They cause hypotension
64%
They are encoded. by genes on the chromosome, plasmids or or prophage
Endotoxins are encoded by genes on the
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67%
Chromosomes
11%
Plasmids
0%
Transposons
0%
Prophages
22%
Any of the above
Viruses differ from bacteria in the following EXCEPT:
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0%
They are very small in size
63%
They contain two types of nucleic acid
25%
They are obligatory intracellular parasites
0%
They need ultra-centrifugation for their sedimentation
13%
They can be seen by the electron microscope