Preload is defined as:

Local anaesthetics exert their effect on:

a 70 kg, 60-year-old man who is 2 days following an emergency laparotomy for adhesion-related small bowel obstruction . He is infused with Hartmann's solution (Ringer's lactate). Which one of following regarding this type of fluid therapy is appropriate?

The ideal time to give IV prophylactic antibiotics for, colon surgery is:

A 28-year-old man presents with painful genital ulcers. He reports unprotected sex with a new partner. On examination, there are multiple bloody shallow, painfuf ulcers on the gentalia. What is the most likely causative agent?

50-year-old man with a back injury and erectile dysfunction. He suddenly cannot achieve erections.He don't respond to intiai oral therapy but he responds with normal erections to very low doses of Intracavernosal vasoactive drugs.

A 34-year-old man wth infertlity. He has a history of undescended testicle that was surgically corrected first year. He had many attacks of scrotal pain. Semen analysis reveals azoospermia, low semen volume,acidic pH. What is the cause of his infertility?

30-year-old sexually active woman presents wth vaginal discharge. On examination, there is yel-low-green, frothy discharge with a pH of 6. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 35-year-old man with a history of depression and anxiety presents with erectile dysfunction. He has been taking an SSRI for the past year. What is the most appropriate management for his erectile dysfunction?