hyperproteinemia

dilation of afferent arteriole

dilation of efferent arteriole

stone in the ureter

constitute about 40% of nephrons in human kidney.

its proximal and distal convoluted tubules are present in medulla

its blood flow is about 20% of the total blood flow in human kidney..

have vasa recta that acts as a countercurrent exchange system.

glucose clearance is normally 125ml/min

can be used to measure the filtration fraction using inulin only.

it is early index of renal disease.

can not be used to measure the total renal plasma flow.

There are one million nephrons in each human kidney.

There are one million nephrons in the 2 kidneys.

There are one thousand nephrons in each human kidney

There are one thousand nephrons in the 2 kidneys.

Filtration rate + reabsorption + secretion.

Filtration rate - reabsorption + secretion

Filtration rate + reabsorption - secretion

Filtration - rate reabsorption - secretion

Filtration from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule of a fluid that is rich in proteins

Filtration from the Bowman's fluid that is rich in proteins

Filtration from theBowman's capsule➡️glomerular capillaries of fluid that is nearly free of proteins

Filtration from the glomerular capillaries➡️Bowman's capsule of fluidthat is nearly free of proteins

Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule.

Bowmans capsule and proximal convoluted tubule.

Just one layer to make filtration easier.

Capillary endothelium, basement membrane and podocyte

The strong negative electrical charges present in podocytes

Capillary endothelium which acts as a major barrier for plasma proteins.

The strong negative electrical charges present in basement membrane.

Pseudopodia of podocyte which acts as a physiological barrier.

20%

40%

30%

50%

is normally more than hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillary.

Opposes filtration.

= 60 mmHg

Is the main driving force of filtration

adjust GFR by dilatation or constriction of the afferent arteriole.

causes increase GFR when blood pressure increases up to 160 mmHg.

is depends on intact sympathetic innervation.

is increase in NaCI reabsorption by increase of GFR.

60% of NaCI in the glomerular filtrates is reabsorbed.

The osmolarity of the tubular fluid is made more than the plasma osmolarity

The aldosterone hormone increases Na+ reabsorption

Urea reabsorption is increased under control of ADH.

is passive process

is depends on K+ reabsorption by secondary active counter transport.

maximum amount reabsorbed by the tubules is called renal threshold.

is complete below plasma glucose concentrations 180 mg/dl.

Is increased under control of ADH,

Can be increased by aldactone in distal convoluted tubules.

Across the apical membrane of the proximal convoluted tubules is passive.

There is secondary active counter transport of H+ in luminal membrane

is increased by ADH in medullary collecting tubules.

25% is reabsorbed in loop of Henle.

is decreased in collecting tubules incase of water diuresis.

increased medullary interstitial osmolarity increase it

Vasa recta that acts as a countercurrent exchange system.

loop of Henle that acts as a countercurrent multiplier system.

passive diffusion of large amount of urea into the medullary interstitium.

sluggish medullary blood flow

the only factor needed for water reabsorption in late distal convoluted tubules

facilitated movement of urea in inner medullary collecting tubules into the medullary interstitium.

help Na+ reabsorption in distai convoluted tubules

inhibited in osmotic diuresis

obeys the tubular maximum(Tm) in proximal convoluted tubules.

25% is secreted in ascending limp of loop of Henle.

Angiotensin II is most powerful Na+ retaining hormone

pressure natriuresis depends of sympathetic nervous system

100% of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed.

67% of Na and water are reabsorbed

most of the water will be reabsorbed in the PCT through aquaporin1water channels.

the osmolarity of the fluid leaving it is hyper osmotic in relation to the plasma.

is responsible for creation of high osmolarity of the medullary interstitium

its great length result in low resistance to blood flow.

present in addition to the peritubular capillaries in juxtamedullary nephrons

its descending limb is impermeable to Na+.