Febrile neutropenia

To achieve antagonistic effect

Mixed infection

Delaying the emergence of drug resistance mutants

Hypersensitivity

Superinfection

Selective toxicity

Emergence of resistant mutants

Toxicity

Immunodeficiency

Drug resistance

Allergy

Superinfection

Many of them are originally commensals

Can cause disease in immunocompetent individuals

Live freely in nature

Are highly virulent organisms

Are never the cause of a clinical infection

Are usually highly pathogenic

Are rarely part of the normal flora

Cause disease mainly in immunocompromised individuals

Capsules

Ribosomes

Enzymes

Adherence factors

Capsule

Spore

M protein & protein A

Coagulase

They are highly antigenic

They have non-specific action

They are produced by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

They are encoded by chromosomal phage or plasmid genes

They may be encoded by genes on the chromosome

They can be converted to toxins

They have specific action

They are heat stable

More toxic than the same amount of endotoxins

Protein in nature

Highly potent

Induce septic shock

A toxin which has lost its antigenicity but not its toxicity.

A toxin which has lost its toxicity but is still antigenic

A toxin which has lost its toxicity and antigenicity

A toxin which does not stimulate the immune response

Are secreted mainly by Gram-positive bacteria

Are highly antigenic.

Are stable at temperatures above 60°C

Can be converted into toxoid

Lipoproteins

Lipopolysaccharides

Nucleic acids

Proteins

They can be converted toxoids formalin

They have nonspecific action

They are heat stable

They are encoded by chromosomal genes

They are located in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria

They produce fever

They cause hypotension

They are encoded. by genes on the chromosome, plasmids or or prophage

Chromosomes

Plasmids

Transposons

Prophages

Any of the above

They are very small in size

They contain two types of nucleic acid

They are obligatory intracellular parasites

They need ultra-centrifugation for their sedimentation

They can be seen by the electron microscope

They contain one type of nucleic acid

They can pass through bacterial filters

They divide by binary fission

They are not susceptible to antibiotics

They cannot be grown on artificial media

They have no cell structure

They cannot be seen by light microscope

They are not susceptible to antibiotics

They can be grown on artificial media

They contain either DNA or RNA

It is formed of lipid or lipoprotein

It is derived partly from the host cell membrane

Enveloped viruses enter the host cell by endocytosis

It may have glycoprotein spikes