Gastric distension

Secretin

Gastrin

Vagal stimulation

Receptive relaxation

Peristaltic waves

Pyloric pump

Migrating motor complex

Stimulated by vagotomy

Inhibited by gastrin

Stimulated by histamine

Stimulated when PH within the stomach drops below 2

Elevation of uvula

Contraction of pharyngeal muscles

Apposition of vocal folds

Elevation of epiglottis

Breakdown of starch

Breakdown of proteins

Digestion of fats

Neutralization of acid by buffers & mucous

Stomach PH

Secretion of the gut

Motility of the intestine

Tone of sphincters

Are Action potential

Cause Sodium lons to Enter

Caused by interaction between smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells of Cajal

Both B , C

Cause Muscle contractions by themselves

Vagal input, histamine, gastrin

Vagal input, histamine, secretin

Secretin, histamine, gastrin

Gastrin, Vagal input, CCK

Emptying is inhibited by enterogastric reflex

Antral region of stomach is important for storage of food

Contractions of stomach wall do not begin till food enters stomach

Contractions of stomach depend completely on activity of vagus nerve

occur at the rate of 3 per minute

are responsible for gastric emptying

are responsible for mixing food and gastric enzymes within the antrum

all of those

Tunica vaginalis.

Transversus abdominus aponeurosis.

External oblique aponeurosis.

Internal obliqe aponeurosis.

The inferior epigastric artery ascends on the medial side of the deep inguinal ring

The illoinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves pierce the rectus abdominis muscle

The upper part of the rectus abdominis muscle rests directly on the fascia transversalis

The tendinous intersections of rectus muscle are connected to posterior wall of the rectus sheath

iliohypogastric.

obturator.

ilio-inguinal

pudendal.

a- It lies in the medial half of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal

b- It is controlled by the iliohypogastric nerve

c- It lies posterior to the lower part of the rectus sheath

d-It is formed of the fused arched fibers of the external oblique and transversus abdominis muscles

the deep inguinal ring lies in fascia transversalis.

A direct inguinal hernia comes through the deep inguinal ring.

the posterior boundary of the canal is formed by external obliqe aponeurosis.

the superfascial inguinal ring lies below& lateral to pubic tubercle.

a- It is attached laterally to the anterior superior iliac spine

b- The lacunar ligament extends from the lateral part of the inguinal ligament to the pectineal line

c- It is attached medially to the pubic crest

d- It is pulled downwards by the Scarpa's fascia

obturator.

deep external pudendal.

femoral.

inferior epigastric.

a- The subcostal plane is at the level L1.

b- The lateral vertical planes not pass through the midclavicular point.

c- The laterai vertical planes pass through the midinguinal point.

d- The hypochondrium lies just above the symphysis pubis.