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Π•Ρ‰Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚ ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄: с русского Π½Π° английский ...

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ΠŸΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡ€Γ‘ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊ β€” воинскоС Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²Ρ‹ΡΡˆΠΈΠΉ...

ΠŸΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡ€Γ‘ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊ β€” воинскоС Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²Ρ‹ΡΡˆΠΈΠΉ ΡƒΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€-офицСрский Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ Π² России, ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π½Π³Ρƒ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ Ρ„Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ΄Ρ„Π΅Π±Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ° (Π² 1907βˆ’1917 Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ зауряд-ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ°). БоотвСтствуСт соврСмСнному званию ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Π° .

Π”ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ° появилась Π΅Ρ‰Ρ‘ Π² русском стрСлСцком войскС вскорС послС появлСния собствСнно ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² β€” ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΡˆΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€-ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‡Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π² бою Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ (ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°). Π’ силу высокой отвСтствСнности исполняСмой Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… урядников, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΈ стали ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ самыми ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠΌΠΈ срСди ΡƒΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€-ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ².

Π’ России Π² XVIIβˆ’XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊ β€” ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡƒΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€-офицСрских Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ:

Β· с 1826 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ввСдСния звания зауряд-ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ β€” Π²Ρ‹ΡΡˆΠ΅Π΅ ΡƒΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€-офицСрскоС Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅

Β· Π² 1880βˆ’1903 Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΡŽΠ½ΠΊΠ΅Ρ€ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‰Π° Π΄ΠΎ присвоСния ΠΈΠΌ офицСрского Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°;

Β· Π² 1906βˆ’1917 Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ свСрхсрочных ΡƒΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€-ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ².

Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ с 1826 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π³Π²Π°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠΈ (Π² Ρ‚.Π½. «старой Π³Π²Π°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠΈΒ») ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ армСйским ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌΡƒ классу Π’Π°Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π½Π³Π°Ρ…, Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ…ΡΡ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡ… сСрТантов ΠΈ Ρ„Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ΄Ρ„Π΅Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π³Π²Π°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ 1843 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΡŽΠ½ΠΊΠ΅Ρ€Π° ΠΈ для Π½ΠΈΡ… установлСны ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ различия β€” ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Ρ‹ , ΠΎΠ±ΡˆΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡ€Π°ΡŽ ΡƒΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ΠΌ Π³Π°Π»ΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠŸΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ обязанности ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ»ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ‚. Π΄.), носили ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ΅ΡŽ ΠΈ офицСрский тСмляк Π½Π° Ρ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° имСновались ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ-ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ , хотя Π²ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠΈ распространСнному Π·Π°Π±Π»ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ это Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ. По статусу ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ-ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊ Π±Ρ‹Π» практичСски Ρ€Π°Π²Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ-ΡŽΠ½ΠΊΠ΅Ρ€Ρƒ.

Зауряд-ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΈ

Зауря́д-пра́порщик β€” с 1907 ΠΏΠΎ 1917 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π² русской Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΡΡˆΠ΅Π΅ воинскоС Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ для ΡƒΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€-ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ². Π—Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ различия для зауряд-ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ установлСны ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ° с большой (большС офицСрских) Π·Π²Ρ‘Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π² Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½Π΅ΠΉ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ симмСтрии. Π—Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΠ²Π°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ свСрхсрочнослуТащим ΡƒΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€-ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌ, с Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ Π΅Π³ΠΎ стали ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΠ²Π°ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π² порядкС поощрСния, Π·Π°Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡƒΡŽ нСпосрСдствСнно ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ присвоСниСм ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ€-офицСрского звания (ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π°).

Π”ΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠΈ распространённому Π·Π°Π±Π»ΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ звания зауряд-ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ сущСствовало, Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ долТности, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ… обязанности ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ своСму ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡƒ статусу ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ-ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ΅ΡŽ Π½Π΅ носившим.

Зауряд-ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒ обмундирования, Π½ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· эполСт ΠΈ с особыми отличиями Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ…; Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ офицСрскому полоТСнию; дисциплинарной Π²Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅ с младшими ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π° сами ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Ρ€Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ взысканиям, установлСнным для ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ всСм зауряд-ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ»ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… сроков Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ слуТбы, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΡƒΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² запас, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ β€” ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ†Π΅Π½Π· ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π΄ΡˆΠΈΠΌ 28-Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ возраста β€” ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π² ΡŽΠ½ΠΊΠ΅Ρ€ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‰Π° для приобрСтСния ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π° Π½Π° производство Π² ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° Ρ„Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ΄Ρ„Π΅Π±Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ долТности Π² войсках. Π’ послСднСм случаС ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ сохраняли своё Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΈ вмСстС с Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° содСрТаниС ΠΈ прСимущСства, присвоСнныС свСрхсрочнослуТащим Ρ„Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ΄Ρ„Π΅Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΌ.

Π‘Π‘Π‘Π 

Π’ 1917βˆ’1946 Π³Π³. Π² ΠšΡ€Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 1972 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² БовСтской Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠΈ звания ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΠΌΡƒ Π½Π΅ сущСствовало.

Π’ Π’ΠΎΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠΆΡ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π‘ΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ… Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‰ΠΈΠΊ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ с 1 января 1972 (ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ со Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡ‡ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, Π£ΠΊΠ°Π· ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡƒΠΌΠ° Π’Π΅Ρ€Ρ…ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ‚Π° Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  ΠΎΡ‚ 18 ноября 1971 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°).

Π‘ 12 января 1981 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² БовСтской Армии, Π±Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… частях ΠΈ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π’ΠœΠ€ , ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ… войсках Π’Π‘ Π‘Π‘[...]
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08.03.2021 β€” The flag features a green background. A red circle at the centre features a Sisserou Parrot ("Amazona imperialis") surrounded by ten green stars, which represent ...
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World Cultures/Culture in Asia/Culture of Russia

Introduction[edit | edit source]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/RedSquare_SaintBasile_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/220px-RedSquare_SaintBasile_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Alyye_parusa.jpg/220px-Alyye_parusa.jpg "Scarlet Sails" celebration in Saint Petersburg (Watch on )
The cultureof the ethnic Russianpeople (along with the cultures of many other ethnicities with which it has intertwined in the territory of the Russian Federation and the former Soviet Union) has a long tradition of achievement in many fields,[1] especially when it comes to literature,[2] folk dancing,[3] philosophy, classical music,[4][5] traditional folk-music, ballet,[6] architecture, painting, cinema,[7] animation and politics. In all these areas Russia has had a considerable influence on world culture. Russia also has a rich material culture and a tradition in technology.

Russian culture grew from that of the East Slavs, with their pagan beliefs and specific way of life in the wooded, steppe and forest-steppe areas of Eastern Europe and Eurasia. Major influences on early Russian culture and East Slavic people in Russia included:

* nomadic Turkic people (Tatars, Kipchaks) and tribes of Iranian origin through intense cultural contacts in the Russian steppe
* Finno-Ugric peoples, Balts and Scandinavians (Germanic people) through the Russian North
* Goths in the Pontic littoral, who left linguistic traces in the early Russian dialects
* the people of the Byzantine Empire (especially Greeks) with whom the early Russians maintained strong cultural links[8]

In the late 1st millennium AD the Nordic sea culture of the Varangians (Scandinavian Vikings) and in the middle of the second millennium the nomadic peoples of the Mongol Empire also influenced Russian culture.[9][10][11] The fusion of Nordic-European and Oriental-Asian cultures shaped Early Slavic tribes in European Russia and helped to form the Russian identity in the Volga region and in the states of the Rus' Khaganate (Template:Circa 9th century AD) and Kievan Rus' (9th to 13th centuries). Orthodox Christian missionaries began arriving from the Eastern Roman Empire in the 9th century, and Kievan Rus' officially converted to Orthodox Christianity in 988. This largely defined the Russian culture of the next millennium as a synthesis of Slavic and Byzantine cultures.[12] Russia or Rus' formed, developed its culture and was influenced through its location by Western European and Asian cultures so that a Russian-Eurasian culture developed.[13]

After Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453, Russia remained the largest Orthodox nation in the world and eventually claimed succession to the Byzantine legacy in the form of the Third Rome idea. An important period in Russian history, the Tsardom of Russia from 1547 until 1721, saw many Russian cultural peculiarities emerge and develop. At different periods in Russian history, the culture of Western Europe also exerted strong influences over Russian citizens. During the era of the Russian Empire which existed from 1721 to 1917, the title of the rulers became officially westernised: Tsars claimed the title and rank of "Emperor". Following the reforms of Peter the Great (reigned 1682–1725) in the Russian Empire, for two centuries Russian "high culture" largely developed in the general context of European culture rather than pursuing its own unique ways.[14] The situation changed in the 20th century, when the distinctive Communist ideology - originally imported from Europe - became a major factor in the culture of the Soviet Union, where Russia, in the form of the Russian SFSR, was the largest and leading part. The culture of the Soviet[...]
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academic2.ru full World Cultures/Culture in Asia/Culture of Russia Introduction[edit | edit source]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/RedSquare_SaintBasile_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/220px-RedSquare_SaintBasile_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg Saint…
Union has decisively shaped the former Soviet Russian Republic and thus Russian culture.

Although Russia has been influenced by Western Europe, the Eastern world, Northern cultures and the Byzantine Empire for more than 1000 years since ancient Rus' and is culturally connected with them, it is often arguedTemplate:By whom? that due to its history, geography and inhabitants (which belong to different language families but became embedded in the Russian language and culture), the country has developed a character with many aspects of a unique Russian civilization which in many parts differs from both Western and Eastern cultures.[15][16][17]

Nowadays,Template:When? the Nation Brands Index ranks Russian cultural heritage seventh in importance,[citation needed] based on interviews of some 20,000 people mainly from Western countries and from the Far East. Due to the relatively late involvement of Russia in modern globalization and in international tourism, many aspects of Russian culture, like Russian jokes and Russian art, remain largely unknown to foreigners.[18] Language and literature[edit | edit source]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ostromirovo.jpg/395px-Ostromirovo.jpg The Ostromir Gospels, the second oldest East Slavic book known; 1056 AD; Russian National Library (Saint Petersburg) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Buslaevskaya_psaltir.jpg/179px-Buslaevskaya_psaltir.jpg Page of a Russian illuminated manuscript; 1485–1490
Russia's 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages.[1] According to the 2002 census, 142.6 million people speak Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3 million and Ukrainian with 1.8 million speakers.[19] Russian is the only official state language, but the Constitution gives the individual republics the right to make their native language co-official next to Russian.[20] Despite its wide dispersal, the Russian language is homogeneous throughout Russia. Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken Slavic language.[21] Russian belongs to the Indo-European language family and is one of the living members of the East Slavic languages; the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn). Written examples of Old East Slavic (Old Russian) are attested from the 10th century onwards.[22]

Over a quarter of the world's scientific literature is published in Russian. Russian is also applied as a means of coding and storage of universal knowledgeβ€”60–70% of all world information is published in the English and Russian languages.[23] The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Folklore[edit | edit source]New Russian folklore takes its roots in the pagan beliefs of ancient Slavs, which is nowadays still represented in the Russian folklore. Epic Russian bylinas are also an important part of Slavic mythology. The oldest bylinas of Kievan cycle were actually recorded mostly in the Russian North, especially in Karelia, where most of the Finnish national epic Kalevala was recorded as well. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ivanbilibin.jpg/220px-Ivanbilibin.jpg Buyanby Ivan Bilibin
Many Russian fairy tales and bylinas were adapted for Russian animations, or for feature movies by famous directors like Aleksandr Ptushko (Ilya Muromets, Sadko) and Aleksandr Rou (Morozko, Vasilisa the Beautiful). Some Russian poets, including Pyotr Yershov and Leonid Filatov, created a number of well-known poetical interpretations of classical Russian fairy tales, and in some cases, like that of Alexander Pushkin, also created fully original fairy tale poems that became very popular.

Folklorists today consider the 1920s the Soviet Union's golden age of folklore. The struggling new government, which had to focus its efforts on establishing a new administrative system and building up the nation's backwar[...]
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Union has decisively shaped the former Soviet Russian Republic and thus Russian culture. Although Russia has been influenced by Western Europe, the Eastern world, Northern cultures and the Byzantine Empire for more than 1000 years since ancient Rus' and…
ds economy, could not be bothered with attempting to control literature, so studies of folklore thrived. There were two primary trends of folklore study during the decade: the formalist and Finnish schools. Formalism focused on the artistic form of ancient byliny and faerie tales, specifically their use of distinctive structures and poetic devices.[24] The Finnish school was concerned with connections amongst related legends of various Eastern European regions. Finnish scholars collected comparable tales from multiple locales and analyzed their similarities and differences, hoping to trace these epic stories’ migration paths.[25] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Culture_of_Russia.svg/220px-Emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Culture_of_Russia.svg.png Emblem of the Ministry of Culture of Russia. The image of the crowned double eagle and the central crown which is connected with the other two crowns is often used as a pictorial example of Russias cultural nature. One crowned head looks to Europe and reflects the Western European element in Russian culture, the other looks to Asia and symbolizes the Asian Oriental element in Russia. Both are connected to a big third crown. Russian culture is connected with European and Asian cultures and was influenced by both.[26]
Once Joseph Stalin came to power and put his first five-year plan into motion in 1928, the Soviet government began to criticize and censor folklore studies. Stalin and the Soviet regime repressed folklore, believing that it supported the old tsarist system and a capitalist economy. They saw it as a reminder of the backward Russian society that the Bolsheviks were working to surpass.[27] To keep folklore studies in check and prevent "inappropriate" ideas from spreading amongst the masses, the government created the RAPP – the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers. The RAPP specifically focused on censoring fairy tales and children's literature, believing that fantasies and "bourgeois nonsense" harmed the development of upstanding Soviet citizens. Fairy tales were removed from bookshelves and children were encouraged to read books focusing on nature and science.[28] RAPP eventually increased its levels of censorship and became the Union of Soviet Writers in 1932.
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