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ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄: Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ...
vor 4 Tagen β ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ» ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ , ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²). ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ...
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ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄: Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ...
vor 4 Tagen β ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ» ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ , ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²). ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ...
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ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ Signalbuch ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄: Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ...
vor 4 Tagen β 2) ΠΆ.Π΄. Π‘Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠΠ , Π€Π Π), ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠΠ , Π€Π Π).
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vor 4 Tagen β 2) ΠΆ.Π΄. Π‘Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠΠ , Π€Π Π), ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠΠ , Π€Π Π).
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ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄: Ρ Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ.
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08.03.2021 β Taxobox status = CR | status system = IUCN3.1 regnum = Plantae divisio = Magnoliophyta classis = Liliopsida ordo = Cyperales familia = Poaceae genus ...
Cenchrus agrimonioides Β² - Academic2.ru
08.03.2021 β Taxobox status = CR | status system = IUCN3.1 regnum = Plantae divisio = Magnoliophyta classis = Liliopsida ordo = Cyperales familia = Poaceae genus ...
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19.02.2021 β Taoudeni est une localitΓ© du nord du Mali situΓ©e Γ peu prΓ¨s Γ 750 km au nord de Tombouctou et dans la partie sud du dΓ©sert algΓ©ro-malien du Tanezrouft, qui ...
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vor 5 Tagen β Π‘ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°: ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ; Π‘ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°: ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ Β· ΠΠ·Π΅ΡΠ±Π°ΠΉΠ΄ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΠΎΠ»Π³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ; Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ...
SQLSTATE[HY000] [2006] MySQL server has gone awayΠΡΠ΅ ...
vor 5 Tagen β Π‘ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°: ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ; Π‘ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°: ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ Β· ΠΠ·Π΅ΡΠ±Π°ΠΉΠ΄ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΠΎΠ»Π³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ; Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ...
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04.12.2020 β danse macabre. ΠΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ. 1. Π’Π°Π½Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΠ¨. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ...
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vor 4 Tagen β Π‘ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°: ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ; Π‘ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°: ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ Β· ΠΠ·Π΅ΡΠ±Π°ΠΉΠ΄ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΠΎΠ»Π³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Β· ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ...
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ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΓ‘ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ β Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ...
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΓ‘ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ β Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π³Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° (Π² 1907β1917 Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°). Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° .
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² β ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°). Π ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
Π Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² XVIIβXX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ β ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ:
Β· Ρ 1826 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ β Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Β· Π² 1880β1903 Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°;
Β· Π² 1906β1917 Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ 1826 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π³Π²Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ (Π² Ρ.Π½. Β«ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ Π³Π²Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈΒ») ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²Π½Ρ Π°ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ Π’Π°Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π³Π°Ρ , Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π³Π²Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ 1843 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ β ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Ρ , ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄.), Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠΊ Π½Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ , Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π±Π»ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ-ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΜΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΜΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ β Ρ 1907 ΠΏΠΎ 1917 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ (Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ) Π·Π²ΡΠ·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π² Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²Π°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ, Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²Π°ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°).
ΠΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π±Π»ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌ.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ; Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ; Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅ Ρ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π·ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Ρ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ β ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π· ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠΌ 28-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° β ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ . Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΌ.
Π‘Π‘Π‘Π
Π 1917β1946 Π³Π³. Π² ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 1972 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ.
Π ΠΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π‘ΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ 1 ΡΠ½Π²Π°ΡΡ 1972 (ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, Π£ΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΎΡ 18 Π½ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ 1971 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°).
Π‘ 12 ΡΠ½Π²Π°ΡΡ 1981 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ€ , ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π‘Π‘[...]
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΓ‘ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ β Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ...
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΓ‘ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ β Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π³Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° (Π² 1907β1917 Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°). Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° .
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² β ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°). Π ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
Π Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² XVIIβXX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ β ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ:
Β· Ρ 1826 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ β Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Β· Π² 1880β1903 Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°;
Β· Π² 1906β1917 Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ 1826 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π³Π²Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ (Π² Ρ.Π½. Β«ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ Π³Π²Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈΒ») ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²Π½Ρ Π°ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ Π’Π°Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π³Π°Ρ , Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π³Π²Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ 1843 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ β ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Ρ , ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄.), Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠΊ Π½Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ , Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π±Π»ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ-ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΜΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΜΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ β Ρ 1907 ΠΏΠΎ 1917 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ (Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ) Π·Π²ΡΠ·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π² Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²Π°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ, Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²Π°ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°).
ΠΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π±Π»ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌ.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ; Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ; Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅ Ρ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π·ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Ρ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ β ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π· ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠΌ 28-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° β ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ . Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΌ.
Π‘Π‘Π‘Π
Π 1917β1946 Π³Π³. Π² ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 1972 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ.
Π ΠΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π‘ΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ 1 ΡΠ½Π²Π°ΡΡ 1972 (ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, Π£ΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΎΡ 18 Π½ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ 1971 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°).
Π‘ 12 ΡΠ½Π²Π°ΡΡ 1981 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ, Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ€ , ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΠ‘ Π‘Π‘[...]
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08.03.2021 β The flag features a green background. A red circle at the centre features a Sisserou Parrot ("Amazona imperialis") surrounded by ten green stars, which represent ...
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academic2.ru ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΓ‘ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ β Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ... ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΓ‘ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ β Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎ 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π³Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° (Π² 1907β1917 Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°). Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡβ¦
Π‘Π Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ (ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΠΠ€ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΌΠ°Π½ ).
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World Cultures/Culture in Asia/Culture of Russia
Introduction[edit | edit source]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/RedSquare_SaintBasile_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/220px-RedSquare_SaintBasile_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Alyye_parusa.jpg/220px-Alyye_parusa.jpg "Scarlet Sails" celebration in Saint Petersburg (Watch on )
The cultureof the ethnic Russianpeople (along with the cultures of many other ethnicities with which it has intertwined in the territory of the Russian Federation and the former Soviet Union) has a long tradition of achievement in many fields,[1] especially when it comes to literature,[2] folk dancing,[3] philosophy, classical music,[4][5] traditional folk-music, ballet,[6] architecture, painting, cinema,[7] animation and politics. In all these areas Russia has had a considerable influence on world culture. Russia also has a rich material culture and a tradition in technology.
Russian culture grew from that of the East Slavs, with their pagan beliefs and specific way of life in the wooded, steppe and forest-steppe areas of Eastern Europe and Eurasia. Major influences on early Russian culture and East Slavic people in Russia included:
* nomadic Turkic people (Tatars, Kipchaks) and tribes of Iranian origin through intense cultural contacts in the Russian steppe
* Finno-Ugric peoples, Balts and Scandinavians (Germanic people) through the Russian North
* Goths in the Pontic littoral, who left linguistic traces in the early Russian dialects
* the people of the Byzantine Empire (especially Greeks) with whom the early Russians maintained strong cultural links[8]
In the late 1st millennium AD the Nordic sea culture of the Varangians (Scandinavian Vikings) and in the middle of the second millennium the nomadic peoples of the Mongol Empire also influenced Russian culture.[9][10][11] The fusion of Nordic-European and Oriental-Asian cultures shaped Early Slavic tribes in European Russia and helped to form the Russian identity in the Volga region and in the states of the Rus' Khaganate (Template:Circa 9th century AD) and Kievan Rus' (9th to 13th centuries). Orthodox Christian missionaries began arriving from the Eastern Roman Empire in the 9th century, and Kievan Rus' officially converted to Orthodox Christianity in 988. This largely defined the Russian culture of the next millennium as a synthesis of Slavic and Byzantine cultures.[12] Russia or Rus' formed, developed its culture and was influenced through its location by Western European and Asian cultures so that a Russian-Eurasian culture developed.[13]
After Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453, Russia remained the largest Orthodox nation in the world and eventually claimed succession to the Byzantine legacy in the form of the Third Rome idea. An important period in Russian history, the Tsardom of Russia from 1547 until 1721, saw many Russian cultural peculiarities emerge and develop. At different periods in Russian history, the culture of Western Europe also exerted strong influences over Russian citizens. During the era of the Russian Empire which existed from 1721 to 1917, the title of the rulers became officially westernised: Tsars claimed the title and rank of "Emperor". Following the reforms of Peter the Great (reigned 1682β1725) in the Russian Empire, for two centuries Russian "high culture" largely developed in the general context of European culture rather than pursuing its own unique ways.[14] The situation changed in the 20th century, when the distinctive Communist ideology - originally imported from Europe - became a major factor in the culture of the Soviet Union, where Russia, in the form of the Russian SFSR, was the largest and leading part. The culture of the Soviet[...]
World Cultures/Culture in Asia/Culture of Russia
Introduction[edit | edit source]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/RedSquare_SaintBasile_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/220px-RedSquare_SaintBasile_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Alyye_parusa.jpg/220px-Alyye_parusa.jpg "Scarlet Sails" celebration in Saint Petersburg (Watch on )
The cultureof the ethnic Russianpeople (along with the cultures of many other ethnicities with which it has intertwined in the territory of the Russian Federation and the former Soviet Union) has a long tradition of achievement in many fields,[1] especially when it comes to literature,[2] folk dancing,[3] philosophy, classical music,[4][5] traditional folk-music, ballet,[6] architecture, painting, cinema,[7] animation and politics. In all these areas Russia has had a considerable influence on world culture. Russia also has a rich material culture and a tradition in technology.
Russian culture grew from that of the East Slavs, with their pagan beliefs and specific way of life in the wooded, steppe and forest-steppe areas of Eastern Europe and Eurasia. Major influences on early Russian culture and East Slavic people in Russia included:
* nomadic Turkic people (Tatars, Kipchaks) and tribes of Iranian origin through intense cultural contacts in the Russian steppe
* Finno-Ugric peoples, Balts and Scandinavians (Germanic people) through the Russian North
* Goths in the Pontic littoral, who left linguistic traces in the early Russian dialects
* the people of the Byzantine Empire (especially Greeks) with whom the early Russians maintained strong cultural links[8]
In the late 1st millennium AD the Nordic sea culture of the Varangians (Scandinavian Vikings) and in the middle of the second millennium the nomadic peoples of the Mongol Empire also influenced Russian culture.[9][10][11] The fusion of Nordic-European and Oriental-Asian cultures shaped Early Slavic tribes in European Russia and helped to form the Russian identity in the Volga region and in the states of the Rus' Khaganate (Template:Circa 9th century AD) and Kievan Rus' (9th to 13th centuries). Orthodox Christian missionaries began arriving from the Eastern Roman Empire in the 9th century, and Kievan Rus' officially converted to Orthodox Christianity in 988. This largely defined the Russian culture of the next millennium as a synthesis of Slavic and Byzantine cultures.[12] Russia or Rus' formed, developed its culture and was influenced through its location by Western European and Asian cultures so that a Russian-Eurasian culture developed.[13]
After Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453, Russia remained the largest Orthodox nation in the world and eventually claimed succession to the Byzantine legacy in the form of the Third Rome idea. An important period in Russian history, the Tsardom of Russia from 1547 until 1721, saw many Russian cultural peculiarities emerge and develop. At different periods in Russian history, the culture of Western Europe also exerted strong influences over Russian citizens. During the era of the Russian Empire which existed from 1721 to 1917, the title of the rulers became officially westernised: Tsars claimed the title and rank of "Emperor". Following the reforms of Peter the Great (reigned 1682β1725) in the Russian Empire, for two centuries Russian "high culture" largely developed in the general context of European culture rather than pursuing its own unique ways.[14] The situation changed in the 20th century, when the distinctive Communist ideology - originally imported from Europe - became a major factor in the culture of the Soviet Union, where Russia, in the form of the Russian SFSR, was the largest and leading part. The culture of the Soviet[...]
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academic2.ru full World Cultures/Culture in Asia/Culture of Russia Introduction[edit | edit source]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/RedSquare_SaintBasile_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/220px-RedSquare_SaintBasile_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg Saintβ¦
Union has decisively shaped the former Soviet Russian Republic and thus Russian culture.
Although Russia has been influenced by Western Europe, the Eastern world, Northern cultures and the Byzantine Empire for more than 1000 years since ancient Rus' and is culturally connected with them, it is often arguedTemplate:By whom? that due to its history, geography and inhabitants (which belong to different language families but became embedded in the Russian language and culture), the country has developed a character with many aspects of a unique Russian civilization which in many parts differs from both Western and Eastern cultures.[15][16][17]
Nowadays,Template:When? the Nation Brands Index ranks Russian cultural heritage seventh in importance,[citation needed] based on interviews of some 20,000 people mainly from Western countries and from the Far East. Due to the relatively late involvement of Russia in modern globalization and in international tourism, many aspects of Russian culture, like Russian jokes and Russian art, remain largely unknown to foreigners.[18] Language and literature[edit | edit source]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ostromirovo.jpg/395px-Ostromirovo.jpg The Ostromir Gospels, the second oldest East Slavic book known; 1056 AD; Russian National Library (Saint Petersburg) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Buslaevskaya_psaltir.jpg/179px-Buslaevskaya_psaltir.jpg Page of a Russian illuminated manuscript; 1485β1490
Russia's 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages.[1] According to the 2002 census, 142.6 million people speak Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3 million and Ukrainian with 1.8 million speakers.[19] Russian is the only official state language, but the Constitution gives the individual republics the right to make their native language co-official next to Russian.[20] Despite its wide dispersal, the Russian language is homogeneous throughout Russia. Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken Slavic language.[21] Russian belongs to the Indo-European language family and is one of the living members of the East Slavic languages; the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn). Written examples of Old East Slavic (Old Russian) are attested from the 10th century onwards.[22]
Over a quarter of the world's scientific literature is published in Russian. Russian is also applied as a means of coding and storage of universal knowledgeβ60β70% of all world information is published in the English and Russian languages.[23] The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Folklore[edit | edit source]New Russian folklore takes its roots in the pagan beliefs of ancient Slavs, which is nowadays still represented in the Russian folklore. Epic Russian bylinas are also an important part of Slavic mythology. The oldest bylinas of Kievan cycle were actually recorded mostly in the Russian North, especially in Karelia, where most of the Finnish national epic Kalevala was recorded as well. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ivanbilibin.jpg/220px-Ivanbilibin.jpg Buyanby Ivan Bilibin
Many Russian fairy tales and bylinas were adapted for Russian animations, or for feature movies by famous directors like Aleksandr Ptushko (Ilya Muromets, Sadko) and Aleksandr Rou (Morozko, Vasilisa the Beautiful). Some Russian poets, including Pyotr Yershov and Leonid Filatov, created a number of well-known poetical interpretations of classical Russian fairy tales, and in some cases, like that of Alexander Pushkin, also created fully original fairy tale poems that became very popular.
Folklorists today consider the 1920s the Soviet Union's golden age of folklore. The struggling new government, which had to focus its efforts on establishing a new administrative system and building up the nation's backwar[...]
Although Russia has been influenced by Western Europe, the Eastern world, Northern cultures and the Byzantine Empire for more than 1000 years since ancient Rus' and is culturally connected with them, it is often arguedTemplate:By whom? that due to its history, geography and inhabitants (which belong to different language families but became embedded in the Russian language and culture), the country has developed a character with many aspects of a unique Russian civilization which in many parts differs from both Western and Eastern cultures.[15][16][17]
Nowadays,Template:When? the Nation Brands Index ranks Russian cultural heritage seventh in importance,[citation needed] based on interviews of some 20,000 people mainly from Western countries and from the Far East. Due to the relatively late involvement of Russia in modern globalization and in international tourism, many aspects of Russian culture, like Russian jokes and Russian art, remain largely unknown to foreigners.[18] Language and literature[edit | edit source]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ostromirovo.jpg/395px-Ostromirovo.jpg The Ostromir Gospels, the second oldest East Slavic book known; 1056 AD; Russian National Library (Saint Petersburg) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Buslaevskaya_psaltir.jpg/179px-Buslaevskaya_psaltir.jpg Page of a Russian illuminated manuscript; 1485β1490
Russia's 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages.[1] According to the 2002 census, 142.6 million people speak Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3 million and Ukrainian with 1.8 million speakers.[19] Russian is the only official state language, but the Constitution gives the individual republics the right to make their native language co-official next to Russian.[20] Despite its wide dispersal, the Russian language is homogeneous throughout Russia. Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken Slavic language.[21] Russian belongs to the Indo-European language family and is one of the living members of the East Slavic languages; the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn). Written examples of Old East Slavic (Old Russian) are attested from the 10th century onwards.[22]
Over a quarter of the world's scientific literature is published in Russian. Russian is also applied as a means of coding and storage of universal knowledgeβ60β70% of all world information is published in the English and Russian languages.[23] The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Folklore[edit | edit source]New Russian folklore takes its roots in the pagan beliefs of ancient Slavs, which is nowadays still represented in the Russian folklore. Epic Russian bylinas are also an important part of Slavic mythology. The oldest bylinas of Kievan cycle were actually recorded mostly in the Russian North, especially in Karelia, where most of the Finnish national epic Kalevala was recorded as well. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ivanbilibin.jpg/220px-Ivanbilibin.jpg Buyanby Ivan Bilibin
Many Russian fairy tales and bylinas were adapted for Russian animations, or for feature movies by famous directors like Aleksandr Ptushko (Ilya Muromets, Sadko) and Aleksandr Rou (Morozko, Vasilisa the Beautiful). Some Russian poets, including Pyotr Yershov and Leonid Filatov, created a number of well-known poetical interpretations of classical Russian fairy tales, and in some cases, like that of Alexander Pushkin, also created fully original fairy tale poems that became very popular.
Folklorists today consider the 1920s the Soviet Union's golden age of folklore. The struggling new government, which had to focus its efforts on establishing a new administrative system and building up the nation's backwar[...]
academic2.ru πΒ²
Union has decisively shaped the former Soviet Russian Republic and thus Russian culture. Although Russia has been influenced by Western Europe, the Eastern world, Northern cultures and the Byzantine Empire for more than 1000 years since ancient Rus' andβ¦
ds economy, could not be bothered with attempting to control literature, so studies of folklore thrived. There were two primary trends of folklore study during the decade: the formalist and Finnish schools. Formalism focused on the artistic form of ancient byliny and faerie tales, specifically their use of distinctive structures and poetic devices.[24] The Finnish school was concerned with connections amongst related legends of various Eastern European regions. Finnish scholars collected comparable tales from multiple locales and analyzed their similarities and differences, hoping to trace these epic storiesβ migration paths.[25] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Culture_of_Russia.svg/220px-Emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Culture_of_Russia.svg.png Emblem of the Ministry of Culture of Russia. The image of the crowned double eagle and the central crown which is connected with the other two crowns is often used as a pictorial example of Russias cultural nature. One crowned head looks to Europe and reflects the Western European element in Russian culture, the other looks to Asia and symbolizes the Asian Oriental element in Russia. Both are connected to a big third crown. Russian culture is connected with European and Asian cultures and was influenced by both.[26]
Once Joseph Stalin came to power and put his first five-year plan into motion in 1928, the Soviet government began to criticize and censor folklore studies. Stalin and the Soviet regime repressed folklore, believing that it supported the old tsarist system and a capitalist economy. They saw it as a reminder of the backward Russian society that the Bolsheviks were working to surpass.[27] To keep folklore studies in check and prevent "inappropriate" ideas from spreading amongst the masses, the government created the RAPP β the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers. The RAPP specifically focused on censoring fairy tales and children's literature, believing that fantasies and "bourgeois nonsense" harmed the development of upstanding Soviet citizens. Fairy tales were removed from bookshelves and children were encouraged to read books focusing on nature and science.[28] RAPP eventually increased its levels of censorship and became the Union of Soviet Writers in 1932.
<a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/file:viktor_vasnetsov_-_%d0%91%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%8b%d1%80%d0%b8_-_google_art_pr
Once Joseph Stalin came to power and put his first five-year plan into motion in 1928, the Soviet government began to criticize and censor folklore studies. Stalin and the Soviet regime repressed folklore, believing that it supported the old tsarist system and a capitalist economy. They saw it as a reminder of the backward Russian society that the Bolsheviks were working to surpass.[27] To keep folklore studies in check and prevent "inappropriate" ideas from spreading amongst the masses, the government created the RAPP β the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers. The RAPP specifically focused on censoring fairy tales and children's literature, believing that fantasies and "bourgeois nonsense" harmed the development of upstanding Soviet citizens. Fairy tales were removed from bookshelves and children were encouraged to read books focusing on nature and science.[28] RAPP eventually increased its levels of censorship and became the Union of Soviet Writers in 1932.
<a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/file:viktor_vasnetsov_-_%d0%91%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%8b%d1%80%d0%b8_-_google_art_pr