📘 THE SITE ENGINEER'S ULTIMATE HANDBOOK

👷‍♂️ ለሲቪል ኢንጂነሮች እና ለግንባታ ባለሙያዎች እጅግ አስፈላጊ መፅሐፍ

✅ 200 አስፈላጊ የSite Engineering ክህሎቶችና ወሳኝ እውቀቶች የያዘ

🏗️ስለ የግንባታ፣ Quantity Estimation፣ Concrete፣ QA/QC፣ HSE፣ Project Management እና ሌሎችንም በቀላሉ ይማሩ የኮንስትራክሽን እውቀትዎ ያስፉ👇

https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6aca98e1644ce_etconp

👉የከተማ ፕላን ቡድን የሥራ ድርሻ‼️         ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━👷‍♂የከተማ ፕላን ቡድን ዋና ዓላማ ከተማዋ በሥርዓት፣ በዘመናዊነትና በዘላቂነት እንድታድግ ማቀድና መቆጣጠር ነው።

🗂ዋና ዋና የሥራ ድርሻዎቹ፦

1)የከተማ ልማት ማቀድ፦ የከተማዋን የአሁንና የወደፊት እድገት ማቀድ።

2)የመሬት አጠቃቀም፦ ለመኖሪያ፣ ለንግድ፣ ለኢንዱስትሪና ለሌሎች አገልግሎቶች ቦታ መመደብ።

3)የመንገድ እና መሠረተ ልማት እቅድ፦ የመንገድ፣ የውሃ፣ የፍሳሽና የኤሌክትሪክ መስመሮችን ማቀድ።

4)የሕንፃ አቀማመጥ መቆጣጠር፦ ሕንፃዎች በተፈቀደው ፕላን መሠረት መገንባታቸውን መከታተል።

5)የከተማ ካርታ ማዘጋጀት፦ የመሬትና የከተማ አቀማመጥ ካርታዎችን ማዘጋጀት።

6)የአካባቢ ጥበቃ፦ አረንጓዴ ቦታዎችን፣ ፓርኮችንና የሕዝብ መገልገያ ቦታዎችን ማቀድ።

7)የፕላን አፈጻጸም ክትትል፦ የተዘጋጀው የከተማ ፕላን በትክክል መተግበሩን መከታተል።

🌟In Short፦ የከተማ ፕላን ቡድን ከተማዋ የተደራጀች፣ ውብ፣ ምቹ፣ ደህንነቷ የተጠበቀና ለነዋሪዎች ተስማሚ እንድትሆን የሚያቅድና የሚያስተባብር ቡድን ነው።
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​​🌐ለተጨማሪ መረጃ እና ሌሎች የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ዜናዎች የ YouTube ገፃችን ከታች ባለው ሊንክ በመግባት SubScribe አርገው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ👇

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction7?si=ils307xXQQpIdCwG
‎
‎@etconp

ተምር  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

✂️ላሜራ መቁረጫ መብሻና  ማጠፊያ ማሽኖች አሉን

🔗ፌሮ (ቶንዲኖ) ጥርስ እናበጃለን እንዲሁም እናጥፋለን

📐ማንኛዉንም የሞደፊክ ስራዎችን እንሰራለን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታ

Telegram  https://t.me/heavenic1

tiktok.com/@blessedase1

🚧 የመንገድ ስንጥቅ (Road Cracking) – የጥራት ችግር ወይስ የመሬት እንቅስቃሴ?

በምስሉ ላይ በመንገዱ ወለል ላይ የሚታዩት ብዙ የተያያዙ ስንጥቆች (Alligator Cracking) የመንገድ ጥገናና የጥራት ቁጥጥር ትኩረት እንደሚፈልግ ያመለክታሉ።

እንደዚህ ያሉ ስንጥቆች ከሚከተሉት ምክንያቶች ሊመጡ ይችላሉ፦

🔹 በመንገዱ መሠረት የSubgrade ደካማነት።
🔹 በቂ ያልሆነ Compaction።
🔹 ከመጠን በላይ የተሸከርካሪ ጭነት።
🔹 የውሃ መግባትና የDrainage ችግር።
🔹 የAsphalt Layer ውፍረት ወይም ጥራት ችግር።

⚠️ እንዲህ ያሉ ስንጥቆች በጊዜ ካልተጠገኑ ወደ Potholes እና የመንገድ ትልቅ ብልሽት ሊያድጉ ይችላሉ።

💬 የምህንድስና ጥያቄ!

በዚህ ምስል ላይ የምታዩት የመንገድ ስንጥቅ ዋና መንስኤ ምን ሊሆን ይችላል?

1️⃣ Poor Compaction
2️⃣ Weak Subgrade
3️⃣ Poor Drainage
4️⃣ Heavy Traffic Loading

እንደ ባለሙያ ያላችሁን ሀሳብ በComment አካፍሉን👇

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​​🌐ለተጨማሪ መረጃ እና ሌሎች የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ዜናዎች የ YouTube ገፃችን ከታች ባለው ሊንክ በመግባት SubScribe አርገው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ👇

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction7?si=ils307xXQQpIdCwG
‎
‎@etconp

📘CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TESTING MANUAL

🏗️የግንባታ ጥሬ ዕቃዎችን የጥራት ምርመራ (Material Testing) በተግባር መማር ይፈልጋሉ?

🌟ይህ ሙሉ የሙያ መመሪያ የሲሚንቶ፣ አግሪጌት፣ ኮንክሪት፣ ጡብ፣ ብሎክ፣ ብረት፣ አፈር፣ ፓይል እና የውሃ መከላከያ ቁሳቁሶችን የምርመራ ዘዴዎች ይዟል።

✅ ለCivil እና Material Engineers
✅ ለLaboratory Technicians
✅ ለQA/QC Engineers
✅ ለSite Engineers
✅ ለ COTEM እና Civil Engineering Students

🎯 የሙያ እውቀትዎን ያሳድጉ፤ የግንባታ ጥራትን ያረጋግጡ!

📥ይህ ምርጥ መመርያ መፅሃፍ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇

https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6ae709e5de7bd_etconp

👉አለም አቀፍ የኪነህንጻ ውድድር

🌟ማንም ሊሳተፍበትም የሚችል (አርክቴክት መሆን ግዴታ የሌለበት)

ዝርዝሩን የተያያዘው ድረ-ገጽ ላይ ይመልከቱ👇

https://architecturecompetitions.com/microhome2027/

@etconp

🕌ስለ መስጊድ አርክቴክቸር እና ግንባታ በተግባር ለመማር የሚረዳ 4 ምርጥ መፅሐፍ በአንድ ላይ አዘጋጅተናል📚

📐 የሚያካትተው፦
✅ Mosque Architecture
✅ Concept & Geometry
✅ Space Planning
✅ Design Synthesis & Form
✅ የአርክቴክቸራል እና Structural Drawings የምሳሌ ፕሮጀክቶች
✅ ለመማርና ለፕሮጀክት ማጣቀሻ የሚሆኑ ዝርዝር ማብራሪያዎች ያለው ነው🌙

💫እነዚህ መፅሐፍ ከፈለጉ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇

https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a8fbfb8b8611_etconp

🏗️ Compaction እና Consolidation፣ አንድ ናቸው ብለው ያስባሉ?

ሁለቱም አፈርን ጥቅጥቅ ያደርጋሉ፣ ግን በእውነቱ ፈጽሞ የተለያዩ ሂደቶች ናቸው! 👇

🔵 Compaction (የአፈር መጠቅጠቅ)
በRoller ወይም Compactor ማሽን በውጫዊ ኃይል ይከናወናል።
በአፈር ቅንጣቶች መካከል ያለው አየር ይወጣል።

የአፈሩ Density ይጨምራል።

🟢 Consolidation (የአፈር መጨፍለቅ)
በጭነት ምክንያት በጊዜ ሂደት ይከሰታል፣ በተለይ በውሃ በጠገበ (Saturated) አፈር ውስጥ።

ጭነቱ ሲመጣ የPore Water Pressure ይጨምራል፤ ውሃው ቀስ በቀስ ከቀዳዳዎቹ ሲወጣ የአፈሩ መጠን ይቀንሳል።

በClay አፈር ውስጥ እጅግ በዝግታ ይከናወናል።

💡 በአጭሩ:
Compaction = የአየር መውጣት
Consolidation = የውሃ መውጣት

⚠️ ይህን ልዩነት ማወቅ በFoundation Design፣ በመንገድ ግንባታና በEarthwork ሥራዎች ላይ ትልቅ ጥቅም አለው።

💬 ጥያቄ ለእናንተ!
በClay አፈር ውስጥ Consolidation ከ Compaction ለምን ይበልጥ ረጅም ጊዜ ይወስዳል? መልሳችሁን በComment ያካፍሉን👇

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​​🌐ለተጨማሪ መረጃ እና ሌሎች የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ዜናዎች የ YouTube ገፃችን ከታች ባለው ሊንክ በመግባት SubScribe አርገው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ👇

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction7?si=ils307xXQQpIdCwG
‎
‎@etconp

👉ኳንቲቲ ሰርቨይንግ በቀላሉ ለመረዳት እና ቴክ ኦፍ እንዲሁም Cost Breakdown ለማዘጋጀት የሚጠቅም ምርጥ መፅሐፍ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇

https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a71b78edc006_etconp

🏗️WEEKLY CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS REPORT📊

A weekly construction progress report is an essential document used by site engineers, project managers, and contractors to monitor construction activities, track productivity, and ensure that projects stay on schedule and within budget.

📋 Key Components of a Weekly Construction Progress Report

1️⃣ Project Information
Record the project name, location, reporting week, and the person preparing the report.

2️⃣ Overall Progress Summary
Compare planned progress with actual progress and identify any delays or deviations from the construction schedule.

3️⃣ Work Completed This Week
Document completed activities, planned quantities, actual completed quantities, units of measurement, and work status.

4️⃣ Manpower Status
Track the planned and actual workforce, including engineers, supervisors, skilled workers, and unskilled workers.

5️⃣ Equipment Status
Monitor the availability and operating condition of excavators, cranes, concrete mixers, compactors, dump trucks, and other equipment.

6️⃣ Material Status
Record the required, received, and remaining quantities of cement, steel, sand, aggregates, bricks, and other construction materials.

7️⃣ Quality Control
Document inspections, non-conformance reports (NCRs), corrective measures, and important quality issues.

8️⃣ Safety Performance
Record safety training, near-miss incidents, accidents, injuries, and safety observations.

9️⃣ Key Challenges
Identify site problems such as material shortages, labour issues, equipment breakdowns, weather delays, and design changes.

🔟 Corrective Actions
List the actions required to resolve problems, assign responsibilities, and establish target completion dates.

1️⃣1️⃣ Plan for Next Week
Define upcoming construction activities, work targets, resource requirements, and project milestones.

1️⃣2️⃣ Remarks
Include additional observations, instructions, and important project updates.

1️⃣3️⃣ Prepared By
The responsible site engineer or project representative signs the report.

1️⃣4️⃣ Reviewed By
The project manager or authorized reviewer checks the report and confirms its accuracy.

📌 Why Is a Weekly Progress Report Important?

✅ Tracks construction progress against the baseline programme.
✅ Improves coordination between engineers, contractors, and project managers.
✅ Helps control labour, equipment, and material costs.
✅ Identifies delays and risks at an early stage.
✅ Maintains quality and safety records.
✅ Supports informed decision-making and timely project completion.

💡 Engineering Tip: Always compare planned progress with actual progress, document the reasons for any variance, and assign corrective actions with clear deadlines.

📢 Civil Engineers, Site Engineers & Contractors: Do you prepare weekly construction progress reports on your projects? Share your experience in the comments!

Follow CIVIL Tech Time for more civil engineering knowledge, construction techniques, site management tips, and practical engineering guides.

🏗️ Build Smarter, Build Stronger!

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🏗 Construction Supervision Forms & Checklists

🌟ሙሉ የ Construction Supervision ስራዎን በቀላሉ ለማደራጀት Forms፣ Checklists፣ Excel Registers እና Reports በአንድ ሙሉ ኪት

📦 በውስጡ የሚያገኙት

✅ 2 Excel Workbooks (Sample + Blank)፣ 38 Sheets
✅ 81 Inspection Checklists
✅ 38 Professional Word Forms
✅ 18 የተሞሉ ምሳሌ ሰነዶች
✅ 343 Realistic Sample Records
✅ Project Dashboard + Charts (በራስ-ሰር ይዘምናል)
✅ 26 ገጽ User Manual

🌟ይህ ድንቅ ፋይሎች የያዘ ሲስተም ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇

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🛣️Superelevation in Highway Engineering

Superelevation (e) is the transverse slope provided on a curved road by raising the outer edge of the pavement and lowering the inner edge.

It helps counteract the centrifugal force acting on vehicles, thereby reducing the risk of skidding and overturning and improving riding comfort and safety.

🔹 Design Formula

For equilibrium condition:

e + f = V² / 127R

Where:

e = rate of superelevation

f = side-friction factor

V = design speed in km/h

R = radius of curve in metres

🔹 Typical Values

Maximum superelevation: 7%

Maximum side friction factor: 0.15

Rural roads: approximately 4–7%

Urban roads: approximately 2–6%

Typical lane width shown: 3.5 m

🔹 Important Points & Terminology

1. PC – Point of Curve: Beginning point of the horizontal curve.

2. SC – Start of Curve: Start of the circular curve.

3. CC – Circular Curve: Constant-radius portion of the curve.

4. TS – Tangent Start of Superelevation: Location where the superelevation transition begins.

5. SF – Superelevation Full: Point where full superelevation is achieved.

6. EC – End of Curve: End of the circular curve.

7. Te – Tangent End of Superelevation: End of the superelevation transition.

8. Ls – Length of Spiral: Length of the spiral transition curve.

9. Le – Length of Superelevation: Length over which superelevation is developed.

10. TR – Tangent Runout: Portion used to remove the normal pavement cross slope before full superelevation is developed.

🔹 Cross-Section at Full Superelevation

At full superelevation, the outer edge of the pavement is raised relative to the inner edge, creating a transverse slope toward the inside of the curve. The pavement is supported by the sub-base and subgrade.

✅ Key Benefits

Balances centrifugal force.

Reduces vehicle skidding and overturning.

Provides a smoother and more comfortable transition through curves.

Improves highway safety.

Superelevation should be introduced gradually, generally using appropriate transition curves.

Design values should follow the applicable highway standards, such as relevant IRC provisions.

In simple terms: Superelevation is the banking of a road at horizontal curves to help vehicles negotiate the curve safely and comfortably. 🚧🛣️

@etconp

👉ዛሬ ምርጥ መፅሃፍ ይዘንላቹ መጥተናል

🏛Quantity Surveying & Specification📘

🌟የQuantity Surveying እና Building Construction Estimation ከ ሀ አስከ ፐ ችሎታዎን በተግባራዊ ምሳሌዎች የሚያሳድጉበት ምርጥ መፅሐፍ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇

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🚨አሳዛኝ የግንባታ ሥራ ላይ አደጋ😢

በአዲስ አበባ ከ12ኛ ፎቅ ላይ የወደቁ ሦስት የግንባታ ሠራተኞች ሕይወታቸው አለፈ

በአዲስ አበባ ከተማ፣ ቂርቆስ ክፍለ ከተማ፣ ወረዳ 9፣ ከደምበል ወደ መስቀል ፍላወር በሚያመራው መንገድ፣ ጋዜቦ አደባባይ አካባቢ በሚገኝ በግንባታ ላይ ባለ ሕንፃ ላይ ዛሬ ህዳር 5 ቀን 2019 ዓ.ም. ከጠዋቱ 4፡30 ገደማ አሳዛኝ የሥራ ላይ አደጋ ደርሷል።

አደጋው የተከሰተው ሦስቱ ሠራተኞች በሕንፃው ላይ የዕለት ተዕለት የግንባታ ሥራቸውን እያከናወኑ ሳለ ቆመውበት የነበረው ርብራብ በድንገት በመፍረሱ ከ12ኛ ፎቅ ላይ በመውደቃቸው ነው።

የአዲስ አበባ ፖሊስ ዋና መምሪያ የሕዝብ ግንኙነት ኃላፊ ኮማንደር ቶማስ እሸቴ ለኤኤምኤን በሰጡት መግለጫ፣ ሦስቱም ሠራተኞች በአደጋው ሕይወታቸውን ማጣታቸውን አረጋግጠዋል።

የአዲስ አበባ ፖሊስና የእሳትና ድንገተኛ አደጋ ባለሙያዎች የአደጋውን መንስኤና ዝርዝር ሁኔታ ለማጣራት ምርመራ እያካሄዱ ሲሆን፣ የምርመራው ውጤት ሲጠናቀቅ ተጨማሪ መረጃ ይፋ እንደሚደረግ ተገልጿል።

⚠️ይህ አሳዛኝ ክስተት በግንባታ ሥራዎች ውስጥ የሠራተኞች ደህንነት፣ የጊዜያዊ የሥራ መዋቅሮች ጥንካሬ፣ የደህንነት መሣሪያዎች አጠቃቀምና ተገቢ የሥራ ቦታ ቁጥጥር ምን ያህል ወሳኝ እንደሆኑ በድጋሚ ያሳስበናል።

በግንባታ ዘርፍ የሚፈጠር እያንዳንዱ አደጋ የሰው ሕይወትን ከማጥፋቱ በተጨማሪ ቤተሰብን፣ የሥራ ባልደረቦችንና መላውን የግንባታ ዘርፍ የሚነካ ኪሳራ ነው።

በዚህ አሳዛኝ አደጋ ሕይወታቸውን ላጡ ሠራተኞች ቤተሰቦች፣ ወዳጅ ዘመዶችና የሥራ ባልደረቦቻቸው መጽናናትን እንመኛለን።

የሰው ሕይወት ከማንኛውም የግንባታ ፕሮጀክት የበለጠ ዋጋ አለው!

@etconp

🏗️10 NEW CIVIL ENGINEERING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS WITH SHORT ANSWERS👷‍♂️

Preparing for a civil engineering interview? Here are 10 important structural engineering questions every civil engineering student, site engineer, and construction professional should know.

📚INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1️⃣ What is the difference between Dead Load and Live Load?

Dead load is the permanent weight of a structure, including beams, columns, slabs, and walls. Live load refers to variable loads caused by people, furniture, equipment, and movable objects.

2️⃣ What is Wind Load?

Wind load is the pressure or force exerted by wind on a building or structure. It can cause horizontal forces, uplift, and overturning effects.

3️⃣ What is Seismic Load?

Seismic load is the force induced in a structure due to earthquake ground motion. It mainly depends on the building's mass, stiffness, and seismic characteristics.

4️⃣ What is Lateral Load?

A lateral load is a horizontal force acting on a structure, such as wind pressure or earthquake forces.

5️⃣ What is a Diaphragm in a Building?

A diaphragm is a floor or roof structural system that transfers lateral forces to vertical resisting elements, such as shear walls or moment-resisting frames.

6️⃣ What is a Moment-Resisting Frame (MRF)?

It is a structural frame in which beam-column connections resist bending moments and lateral loads through flexural action.

7️⃣ What is Bracing?

Bracing consists of structural members, usually diagonal, that improve stability and help resist lateral forces.

8️⃣ What is a Shear Centre?

The shear centre is the point through which a transverse shear force must act to avoid twisting of a structural section.

9️⃣ What is a Load Path?

A load path is the continuous route through which structural loads travel from slabs and roofs through beams, columns, and foundations into the supporting soil.

🔟 What is Structural Stability?

Structural stability is the ability of a structure to maintain equilibrium and resist applied loads without buckling, overturning, or collapsing.

🎯 WHY ARE THESE QUESTIONS IMPORTANT?

✅ Useful for civil engineering interviews.
✅ Important for structural engineering fundamentals.
✅ Helpful for site engineers and fresh graduates.
✅ Improves understanding of building load transfer and structural behaviour.

💡 INTERVIEW TIP: Don't just memorise definitions. Understand how loads travel through a building and how different structural elements resist them.

📌 Save this post for your next civil engineering interview!

💬 QUESTION: Which of these 10 questions do you find most difficult? Share your answer in the comments.

Follow CIVIL Tech Time for more civil engineering knowledge, practical construction tips, and interview preparation.

🏗️ Build Smarter, Build Stronger!

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
​📌 ተጨማሪ ዝርዝር መረጃዎችን እና የሳምንቱን የኮንስትራክሽን ዜናዎች ለማግኘት ​የፌስቡክ ገፃችን ይጎብኙ👇

https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61592085774934

@etconp

🌟በነገራችን ላይ Full ኳንቲቲ ሰርቨይንግ Online Course የ 25% ቅናሽ አርገናል ከዚህ በተጨማሪ ከ UDEMY በዶላር ከገዛናቸው ኮርሶች አንድ መርጠው በነፃ ይመረቅላቹዋል❤️

📩 ለማነኛውም ጥያቄ @Philemona7 ፃፉልን

🚀 ዛሬውኑ ይመዝገቡ እና የ Quantity Surveying ክህሎትዎን ወደ ሌላ ደረጃ ያሳድጉ!

⭐️ኮርሱ ለመጀመር👇

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🏗️ TYPICAL ONE-WAY SLAB – REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

A one-way reinforced concrete slab is designed to transfer loads primarily in one direction, towards two opposite supporting beams or walls.

When the ratio of the longer span to the shorter span is 2 or greater, the slab generally behaves as a one-way slab (subject to support conditions).

📐 1. Main Reinforcement Bars

- Main reinforcement bars are placed along the shorter span.
- They resist the primary tensile bending stresses.
- Normally positioned at the bottom of the slab in the mid-span region.
- Bar diameter and spacing are determined through structural design.

📐 2. Distribution Reinforcement Bars
- Placed perpendicular to the main reinforcement.
- Generally provided along the longer span.
- Help distribute loads and control shrinkage and temperature cracking.
- Maintain the correct position of the main reinforcement.

📐 3. Important Slab Dimensions
In this illustration:
- Longer span = 5000 mm (5 m).
- Shorter span = 2000 mm (2 m).
- Span ratio = 5000 / 2000 = 2.5.
- L/4 = 1250 mm, shown as a reference dimension.
- Slab thickness (t) must be determined by structural design.

📐 4. Important Construction Considerations
1. Maintain the specified concrete cover using suitable cover blocks.
2. Provide proper anchorage and development length.
3. Maintain reinforcement spacing according to structural drawings.
4. Use chairs where necessary to maintain reinforcement levels.
5. Ensure proper formwork and adequate propping.
6. Check reinforcement before concrete pouring.
7. Compact concrete properly and follow the specified curing procedure.

⚠️ Engineering Note
The illustration is a typical educational reinforcement arrangement, not a construction-ready design. Actual reinforcement diameter, spacing, slab thickness, cover, anchorage and detailing must be calculated and verified by a qualified structural engineer according to the applicable design code.

🚥Remember: In a typical one-way slab, main reinforcement runs along the shorter span, while distribution reinforcement runs perpendicular to it.

🏗️ Build Smarter, Build Stronger!

@etconp

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👉ሳይት ላይ ሁሌ የሚነሳ ጥያቄ አለ፦ "ብረቱን እናጥፈው ወይስ እንቁረጠው?" 🤔

መጀመሪያ ቢም ሲጫን ምን እንደሚሆን እንመልከት። መካከሉ ወደ ታች ይታጠፋል፣ ስለዚህ ከስር ጭናቅ (tension) ይፈጠራል።

ኮንክሪት ደግሞ ጭናቅን አይችልም። ለዚህ ነው ከስር ብረት የምንሰጠው። ድጋፍ (column) አጠገብ ደግሞ ነገሩ ይገለበጣል። እዚያ ከላይ ጭናቅ ይፈጠራል፣ የመቆራረጥ ኃይል (shear) ደግሞ ከፍተኛ ነው።
አሁን ሁለቱን መንገዶች እንያቸው።

🔵 Bend bar፦ ከስር ያለውን ብረት በ45° ወደ ላይ እናጥፈዋለን። በዚህ መንገድ ብረቱ ድጋፍ ላይ ከላይ ብረት ሆኖ ይሠራል፣ ከstirrups ጋር ደግሞ shearን ይቋቋማል። ግን ማጠፍ ድካም አለው፣ ማጠፊያው ከተሳሳተ ደግሞ ጥቅሙ ይጠፋል።
🟢 Cutting bar፦ ብረቱ ከዚያ በኋላ በማያስፈልግበት ቦታ እንቆርጠዋለን፣ ገንዘብም እንቆጥባለን።
ሥራው ቀላል ነው። ግን አንድ ወሳኝ ነገር አለ፦ ብረቱ መቆም ካለበት ቦታ አልፎ በበቂ ርዝመት መቀጠል አለበት። አጭር ካደረግነው ቢሙ ደካማ ይሆናል።

ታዲያ የቱ ይሻላል? እውነቱን ለመናገር ሁለቱም ትክክል ናቸው፣ በመሐንዲሱ ንድፍ ላይ እስከተመሠረቱ ድረስ።

ዛሬ በብዙ ፕሮጀክቶች ቀጥ ያለ ብረት ከstirrups ጋር መጠቀም የተለመደ ነው፣ ምክንያቱም ሳይት ላይ ለመሥራት ቀላል ነው። ስለዚህ "እንዲህ ልማድ ነው" ብለህ ብረት አታጥፍ ወይም አትቁረጥ፤ drawingውን ተመልከት።

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