Sociology Optional, Paper-1, Chapter-7
Social Mobility
Syllabus- Types of mobility-open and closed models; intra-and intergenerational mobility; vertical and horizontal mobility; social mobility and social change.
Social mobility
According to Wallace and Wallace, social mobility is the movement of a person or persons from one social position to another. It normally entails changes in life chances and lifestyles. Social mobility may not just be limited to class. For example, simply adapting to a new language or mannerisms may also increase the mobility of a person in a relatively open structure.
Implicit in invoking the concept of social mobility is the recognition of social hierarchy and gradation in society. This gradation is usually in terms of power, wealth, and prestige.
Strata sub-cultures tend to be particularly distinctive when there is little opportunity to move from one stratum to another. This opportunity to move decides whether a system of stratification is open or closed. Mobility is an indicator of a meritocratic society and the stability of class architecture in society.
Open and Closed Systems
Weber talks of social closure by different status groups. For example caste endogamy in Hindus.
In a closed system, individuals are assigned their place in the social structure on the basis of ascriptive criteria like age, birth, and sex. This system emphasizes the associative character of the hierarchy. It justifies the inequality in the distribution of wealth, status, and power and discourages or even suppresses any attempt to change it. Considerations of functional suitability or ideological notions of equality of opportunity are irrelevant in this society.
In an open system, the norms prescribe and encourage mobility. There are independent principles of ranking like status, class, and power. Individuals are assigned to different positions in the social structure based on their merit or achievement. The system is characterized by occupational diversity, flexible hierarchy, and rapidity of change. The hold of ascription-based groups like caste, kinship, or family is insignificant. The dominant values in such a system emphasize equality and freedom of the individual and change and innovation. Industrialization and urbanization are the contributing factors.
Very little vertical mobility is possible in a closed society. Pre-modern India was a closed system to a great extent. In contrast, an open society allows for greater vertical social mobility.
However, even in open societies, people cannot move from one stratum to another without resistance.
Blau and Duncan in their study on mobility observe that most while open societies have a fairly high degree of vertical social mobility, the social distance traveled is not very long.
Every society has established criteria - which might be proper manners, family lineage, education, racial affiliation, etc., which must be satisfied before people can move to a higher social level.
A study by Willmott and Young in London revealed that 83% of the managing directors in the 1970s were the sons of professionals and managers. A recent survey by Stanworth and Giddens designed to investigate the social origins of company chairmen revealed a high degree of elite self-recruitment.
Lipset and Bendix’s study on social mobility confirms that the rate of mobility displays a basic similarity across industrial societies. But they also point out that the high mobility of industrial societies is less an effect of greater openness of these societies. Instead, they consider the high mobility primarily caused by structural change in these societies.
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Social Mobility
Syllabus- Types of mobility-open and closed models; intra-and intergenerational mobility; vertical and horizontal mobility; social mobility and social change.
Social mobility
According to Wallace and Wallace, social mobility is the movement of a person or persons from one social position to another. It normally entails changes in life chances and lifestyles. Social mobility may not just be limited to class. For example, simply adapting to a new language or mannerisms may also increase the mobility of a person in a relatively open structure.
Implicit in invoking the concept of social mobility is the recognition of social hierarchy and gradation in society. This gradation is usually in terms of power, wealth, and prestige.
Strata sub-cultures tend to be particularly distinctive when there is little opportunity to move from one stratum to another. This opportunity to move decides whether a system of stratification is open or closed. Mobility is an indicator of a meritocratic society and the stability of class architecture in society.
Open and Closed Systems
Weber talks of social closure by different status groups. For example caste endogamy in Hindus.
In a closed system, individuals are assigned their place in the social structure on the basis of ascriptive criteria like age, birth, and sex. This system emphasizes the associative character of the hierarchy. It justifies the inequality in the distribution of wealth, status, and power and discourages or even suppresses any attempt to change it. Considerations of functional suitability or ideological notions of equality of opportunity are irrelevant in this society.
In an open system, the norms prescribe and encourage mobility. There are independent principles of ranking like status, class, and power. Individuals are assigned to different positions in the social structure based on their merit or achievement. The system is characterized by occupational diversity, flexible hierarchy, and rapidity of change. The hold of ascription-based groups like caste, kinship, or family is insignificant. The dominant values in such a system emphasize equality and freedom of the individual and change and innovation. Industrialization and urbanization are the contributing factors.
Very little vertical mobility is possible in a closed society. Pre-modern India was a closed system to a great extent. In contrast, an open society allows for greater vertical social mobility.
However, even in open societies, people cannot move from one stratum to another without resistance.
Blau and Duncan in their study on mobility observe that most while open societies have a fairly high degree of vertical social mobility, the social distance traveled is not very long.
Every society has established criteria - which might be proper manners, family lineage, education, racial affiliation, etc., which must be satisfied before people can move to a higher social level.
A study by Willmott and Young in London revealed that 83% of the managing directors in the 1970s were the sons of professionals and managers. A recent survey by Stanworth and Giddens designed to investigate the social origins of company chairmen revealed a high degree of elite self-recruitment.
Lipset and Bendix’s study on social mobility confirms that the rate of mobility displays a basic similarity across industrial societies. But they also point out that the high mobility of industrial societies is less an effect of greater openness of these societies. Instead, they consider the high mobility primarily caused by structural change in these societies.
For More Click the Below Link
https://www.hemunda.com/2022/05/social-mobility-for-oas-sociology-optional.html
Hemunda
Social Mobility Notes for the OAS Sociology Optional
Types of mobility-open and closed models; intra-and intergenerational mobility; vertical and horizontal mobility; social mobility and social change.
Home Science is a very popular optional subject in Odisha Civil services examination(popularly known as OAS examination). This optional is not a UPSC optional so the online materials for this optional are limited. From my experience, I am telling you, this is very scoring optional. You can score very high marks preparing for a limited period of time. But before taking this optional you should keep certain things in mind.
1. This optional is a combination of both humanities and science topics. So it requires both an analytical and expressive mind.
2. The Nutrition Section of this optional is a topic from life Science. One should not have bio-phobia in his or her mind.
3. The Human Development or Child Development Section is a topic from Developmental psychology. Here we need to memorize certain facts so one should not feel bore of memorizing facts.
4. The Familly Life-Cycle chapter is a Sociology topic and very easy. Try to memorize some thinkers and their contribution to family studies and mention them while answering 20 markers or 60 markers questions. It will fetch you some extra marks.
5. The family resources utilization section is very common sense in nature. So one or two-time readings are enough to answer a 60 marker or 20 markers.
6. Housing and interior decoration is again a common sense topic. It also includes certain technical terms from civil engineering, particularly in the building construction part.
7. The Textile section consists of certain topics from textile engineering. It includes certain technical jargon but it is high scoring once you understand those things in a lucid manner.
8. The wardrobe management section is a topic from fashion technology but it is again a common sense topic. So one or two-time readings is enough.
9. The Extension Education section is the cakewalk of this optional and you can score 250+ marks in the paper-2 because of this section.
Fore More Click the Below Link
https://www.hemunda.com/2021/02/%20Home%20science-tips-syllabus-booklist-opsc-oas-exam.html
1. This optional is a combination of both humanities and science topics. So it requires both an analytical and expressive mind.
2. The Nutrition Section of this optional is a topic from life Science. One should not have bio-phobia in his or her mind.
3. The Human Development or Child Development Section is a topic from Developmental psychology. Here we need to memorize certain facts so one should not feel bore of memorizing facts.
4. The Familly Life-Cycle chapter is a Sociology topic and very easy. Try to memorize some thinkers and their contribution to family studies and mention them while answering 20 markers or 60 markers questions. It will fetch you some extra marks.
5. The family resources utilization section is very common sense in nature. So one or two-time readings are enough to answer a 60 marker or 20 markers.
6. Housing and interior decoration is again a common sense topic. It also includes certain technical terms from civil engineering, particularly in the building construction part.
7. The Textile section consists of certain topics from textile engineering. It includes certain technical jargon but it is high scoring once you understand those things in a lucid manner.
8. The wardrobe management section is a topic from fashion technology but it is again a common sense topic. So one or two-time readings is enough.
9. The Extension Education section is the cakewalk of this optional and you can score 250+ marks in the paper-2 because of this section.
Fore More Click the Below Link
https://www.hemunda.com/2021/02/%20Home%20science-tips-syllabus-booklist-opsc-oas-exam.html
Hemunda
Home science tips,syllabus, book list, & Best Online Coaching Classes for opsc OAS exam
Home science tips,syllabus and book list & Online Coaching Classes for opsc OAS exam. From experience, I am telling , this is very scoring optional
Anyone interested for early morning free CSAT Practice Class?
Plz text me
WhatsApp-9438546229
Plz text me
WhatsApp-9438546229
When did Mr. Attlee, Prime Minister of England, announce the transfer of power to the Indians?
a) June, 1949
b) August, 1947
c) June, 1948
d) February, 1947
Plz check the answer in comment section
a) June, 1949
b) August, 1947
c) June, 1948
d) February, 1947
Plz check the answer in comment section
The idea of the preamble has been borrowed in the Indian Constitution from the Constitution of
a) U.S.A
b) France
c) Italy
d) Canada
Plz check the answer in comment section
a) U.S.A
b) France
c) Italy
d) Canada
Plz check the answer in comment section
Who presided over the inaugural meeting of the Constituent Assembly of India?
a) Sachidananda Sinha
b) B. R. Ambedkar
c) P. Upendra
d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Plz check the answer in comment section
a) Sachidananda Sinha
b) B. R. Ambedkar
c) P. Upendra
d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Plz check the answer in comment section
How many Articles are there in the Indian Constitution ?
a) 396
b) 399
c) 395
d) 398
Plz check the answer in comment section
a) 396
b) 399
c) 395
d) 398
Plz check the answer in comment section
The amendment procedure laid down in the Constitution of India is on the pattern of?
a) Constitution of UK
b) Government of India Act, 1947
c) Constitution of South Africa
d) Government of India Act, 1935
Plz check the answer in comment section
a) Constitution of UK
b) Government of India Act, 1947
c) Constitution of South Africa
d) Government of India Act, 1935
Plz check the answer in comment section
Indian Constitution came into force on
a) 26th January, 1950
b) 6th November, 1948
c) 15th August, 1947
d) 26th November, 1948
Plz check the answer in comment section
a) 26th January, 1950
b) 6th November, 1948
c) 15th August, 1947
d) 26th November, 1948
Plz check the answer in comment section
The Preamble of the Indian constitution adopted on 26th November 1949 did not include the terms:
Socialist
Secular
Integrity
Republic
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
a) 3 and 4
b) 1, 2 and 4
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) 2, 3 and 4
Plz check the answer in comment section
Socialist
Secular
Integrity
Republic
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
a) 3 and 4
b) 1, 2 and 4
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) 2, 3 and 4
Plz check the answer in comment section
Which of the following is a feature to both the Indian Federation and the American Federation ?
a) Dual judiciary
b) A Federal Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution
c) A single citizenship
Plz check the answer in comment section
a) Dual judiciary
b) A Federal Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution
c) A single citizenship
Plz check the answer in comment section
Which of the following is used as a logo of the World Wide Fund (WWF) for Nature ?
a) Deer
b) Lion
c) Panda
d) Camel
Plz answer
a) Deer
b) Lion
c) Panda
d) Camel
Plz answer