👉what type of glass used for curtain walls and why?

💫Curtain walls primarily use insulated glass units (IGUs), especially with low-emissivity (Low-E) coatings, for their thermal performance and energy efficiency.

⏺Other common types include tempered glass and laminated glass for safety and durability.

⏺The specific glass is chosen based on performance needs like energy conservation, glare reduction, safety, and sound insulation. 

🚧Insulated Glass Units (IGUs): Also called double or triple glazing, these units have at least two panes of glass with a sealed space between them filled with air or an inert gas.

▶️Why: This design provides excellent thermal insulation, reducing heating and cooling costs, and offers sound dampening.

🚧Tempered Glass: This is glass that has been heat-treated to increase its strength.

🏷Why: It is much stronger than regular glass and, when it does break, it shatters into small, relatively harmless pieces, making it a crucial safety feature.

🚧Laminated Glass: This is made of two or more layers of glass with a plastic interlayer, such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB), sandwiched between them.

⏺Why: It offers enhanced security and impact resistance, as the interlayer holds the glass fragments together if it breaks, and also provides better sound insulation.

🚧Low-E Coatings: These are microscopically thin, transparent coatings applied to one or more glass surfaces, usually within an IGU.

⏺Why: Low-emissivity (Low-E) coatings reflect infrared light, which keeps heat inside during the winter and outside during the summer.

⏺This significantly improves a building's energy efficiency and thermal performance.

@etconp

👉Tension zone and compression zone of a beam

🚧When a beam bends under load its cross-sectional fibers (top to bottom) stretch or shorten.

🏷That creates two zones:

⭐️Tension zone

⏺The part of the section where fibers are being stretched (pulled).
⏺Stretched fibers develop tensile stress.

⏺In reinforced concrete beams the steel reinforcement is placed in the tension zone because concrete is weak in tension but steel is strong in tension.
⏺Tension causes cracks (in concrete) when tensile stress exceeds tensile capacity.

⭐️Compression zone

⏺The part of the section where fibers are being shortened (squeezed).
⏺Fibers develop compressive stress.

⏺Concrete handles compression well, so the compression zone is mainly resisted by the concrete (and sometimes by compression reinforcement).
⏺Failure in compression shows as crushing of concrete if overload occurs.

⭐️Neutral axis

⏺The horizontal line inside the cross section that separates the two zones.

⏺Fibers on the neutral axis neither stretch nor shorten (zero strain/stress).
⏺Distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber is used in stress calculations.

❇️How it appears in common cases

⏺A simply supported beam loaded downward (sagging): top fibers → compression, bottom fibers → tension.
⏺A cantilever or overhanging span under certain loads (hogging): top may be in tension and bottom in compression — depends on bending moment sign.

🚧Basic formula (bending stress sign)

⏺Bending stress formula:
sigma = (M * y) / I
Where
sigma = bending stress
M = bending moment
y = distance from neutral axis
I = moment of inertia
Tension and compression rule:
If sigma is positive →

⚡️TENSION

⏺If sigma is negative → COMPRESSION
▶️(Note: sign depends on bending direction)

❇️Neutral axis condition:
stress at neutral axis = 0
y = 0
❇️Maximum bending stress:
sigma_max = (M * y_max) / I

🔰For rectangular beam section: Moment of inertia:
I = (b * h^3) / 12

Where
b = width of beam
h = total depth of beam
Stress at extreme fibers:
Top fiber stress: sigma_top = (M * h/2) / I

🎲Bottom fiber stress: sigma_bottom = (M * h/2) / I
(Sign decides tension or compression)

🚧Reinforced concrete design concept (basic):

▶️Compression force in concrete: C = 0.36 * fck * b * x
▶️Tension force in steel: T = 0.87 * fy * Ast
▶️Equilibrium condition: C = T


⏺Positive means tension (convention depends on sign choices), negative means compression — importantly the sign changes across the neutral axis.

📜Design insight (reinforced concrete)

⏺Put main steel where tension occurs (to carry tensile forces and control cracking).

▶️Depth of compression zone controls the beam’s capacity; designers check that compression concrete and tension steel balance properly.

@etconp

👉What is Lean Construction?

💫Lean Construction is a modern approach to managing construction projects that focuses on maximizing value while minimizing waste.

⏺It applies principles from Lean Manufacturing (originally from Toyota Production System) to the construction industry.

✅ Key Principles of Lean Construction:

1. Value Definition – Define what the client truly needs and focus all efforts on delivering that.
2. Eliminate Waste – Reduce anything that doesn’t add value: waiting, overproduction, rework, excess inventory, unnecessary transport, etc.
3. Flow Efficiency – Ensure smooth workflow among trades and construction phases.
4. Pull Planning – Tasks are only done when the next process needs it (vs. pushing work regardless of readiness).
5. Continuous Improvement (Kaizen) – Constantly look for small, ongoing improvements.
6. Collaboration and Transparency – Strong coordination among all parties: clients, consultants, contractors, suppliers.

🛠️ Lean Tools Used in Construction:
• Last Planner System (LPS) – Collaborative planning system that improves scheduling and commitment tracking.
• 5S – Sort, Set in order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain – for clean and efficient job sites.
• Value Stream Mapping – Identifies waste across workflows.
• Just-In-Time (JIT) delivery – Materials arrive exactly when needed.
• Visual Management – Use of charts, boards, and visuals to communicate progress.

🇪🇹 Lean Construction in Ethiopia – Current Practice

🟡 Status: Very Limited but Growing Awareness

Lean construction is not yet widely practiced in Ethiopia, but the concept is gradually gaining attention among leading contractors, engineers, and construction managers.

🚧 Challenges in Ethiopia:

1. ❌ Low Awareness – Many professionals are not familiar with Lean Construction principles.
2. ❌ Fragmented Industry – Poor communication and siloed practices hinder collaborative planning.
3. ❌ Traditional Contract Models – Competitive, claim-based contracting discourages team collaboration.
4. ❌ Weak Planning Culture – Poor baseline schedules, unreliable procurement systems.
5. ❌ Short-term Thinking – Focus on lowest bid instead of long-term project performance.

✅ Positive Signs:
• Increasing interest in cost control, time management, and construction productivity is creating demand for lean tools.
• Some local firms and professionals are exploring lean principles to improve performance, especially on delayed projects.
• Performance-based pay schemes, which you’re working on, are aligned with lean thinking by encouraging efficiency and accountability.

🧭 How to Promote Lean in Ethiopia:

1. 📚 Introduce Lean Training to professionals (engineers, site managers, planners).
2. 🏗️ Pilot Lean Planning Tools like the Last Planner System on active sites.
3. 🧑‍🏫 Collaborate with universities and professional bodies to integrate lean into education.
4. 📊 Track and share performance metrics (cost savings, time reduction).
5. ⚙️ Promote integrated project delivery (IPD) or Design-Build models for better collaboration.

@etconp

👉In building construction, a spacer (also called cover block or concrete spacer) is a small component used to maintain the correct distance between reinforcement bars and the formwork in columns, beams, and slabs.

🚧Meaning of Spacer

🏷A spacer ensures the required concrete cover around steel reinforcement so that steel does not touch the shuttering or ground.

⭐️Why Spacers Are Important
Spacers are used to:

⏺Maintain specified concrete cover
⏺Protect steel from corrosion
Ensure proper bonding between concrete and steel
Improve durability and strength of the structure
⏺Maintain correct bar position during concreting

🔰Spacer in Different Structural Elements

1️⃣ Spacer in Column
Keeps vertical bars away from column formwork
Ensures uniform cover on all sides
Common cover: 25–40 mm (depends on design)

2️⃣ Spacer in Beam
Maintains bottom and side cover of beam reinforcement
Prevents steel from touching shuttering
Common cover:
Bottom: 25 mm
Side: 20–25 mm

3️⃣ Spacer in Slab
Supports bottom reinforcement mesh
Maintains cover from slab shuttering
Common cover: 15–25 mm

🏷Types of Spacers

⏺Concrete spacers (most common, durable)
⏺Plastic spacers (easy to use, light)
⏺Stone or brick pieces (not recommended)

📜Simple Definition

Spacer: A small block used in RCC works to maintain required concrete cover between reinforcement bars and formwork in columns, beams, and slabs.

@etconp

👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

☎️ Tel: 0961955555

🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
      Dinberwa Hospital

🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
     Dani Plaza

👉practical site checklist for a reinforced concrete column before concreting (casting)

🚧COLUMN CHECKLIST
Before Concrete Casting

1. Drawings & Setting Out

✅ Latest approved structural drawings available on site
✅ Column location, size, and orientation checked as per drawing
✅ Column grid lines and centerlines marked correctly
✅ Column position verified using total station / tape / plumb

2. Reinforcement (Rebar) Inspection

✅ Main bar diameter and quantity as per drawing
✅ Bar spacing correct
✅ Stirrups / ties size and spacing as per drawing
✅ Hooks and bends properly formed (135° for seismic areas)
✅ Lapping length as per code and drawing
✅ Lap location approved (not at critical stress zone)
✅ Bars are clean (free from mud, oil, loose rust)
✅ Cover blocks / spacers fixed properly
✅ Minimum concrete cover maintained (usually 25 mm)

3. Formwork (Shuttering)

✅ Formwork dimension checked (width, depth, height)
✅ Formwork is strong, rigid, and tight
✅ No gaps or openings for leakage of cement slurry
✅ Formwork properly aligned and plumb (vertical)
✅ Proper support and bracing provided
✅ Inner surface cleaned
✅ Form oil applied evenly (not excessive)

4. Embedded Items & Inserts

✅ Starter bars from footing / beam properly fixed
✅ Anchor bolts, sleeves, conduits placed correctly (if any)
✅ Openings and inserts approved and secured

5. Level & Height

✅ Column bottom level verified
✅ Column top level / cutoff level marked
✅ Reference level clearly visible

6. Concreting Preparation

✅ Approved concrete mix design available
✅ Slump requirement confirmed
✅ Concrete mixer / batching plant ready
✅ Vibrator available and working
✅ Sufficient labor and supervision arranged
✅ Weather condition suitable (no heavy rain)

7. Safety & Quality Control

✅ Safe access provided for workers
✅ PPE available (helmet, gloves, boots)
✅ Cube mold ready for concrete strength test
✅ Site engineer / consultant approval obtained

8. Final Approval

✅ Column inspected and approved for concreting
✍Inspection record signed by: Site Engineer Consultant / Client Representative

@etconp

👉ለቢሾፍቱ ኤርፖርት ግንባታ የውጭ የፋይናንስ ተቋማት ስድስት ቢሊዮን ዶላር ብድር ለመስጠት ቃል መግባታቸው ታወቀ

🚧‎የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ በኦሮሚያ ክልል ቢሾፍቱ ከተማ አጠገብ አቡሴራ በተባለ አካባቢ ለሚያስገነባው የቢሾፍቱ ዓለም አቀፍ ኤርፖርት ግንባታ ፕሮጀክት፣ የተለያዩ የውጭ የፋይናንስ ተቋማት ስድስት ቢሊዮን ዶላር ብድር ለማቅረብ ቃል መግባታቸው ተገለጸ።
‎
⏺የአየር መንገድ ግሩፑ ዋና ሥራ አስፈጻሚ አቶ መስፍን ጣሰው ለሪፖርተር እንደገለጹት፣ ባለፈው ወር በሞሮኮ ራባት በተካሄደው የአፍሪካ ኢንቨስትመንት ፎረም የተገኙ የተለያዩ አገሮች ፋይናንስ አቅራቢዎች ለፕሮጀክቱ ግንባታ ስድስት ቢሊዮን ዶላር ብድር ለማቅረብ ቃል ገብተዋል፡፡

⏺‎ለዓለም አቀፍ ኤርፖርቱ ግንባታ ዝርዝር የፉይናንስ ሞዴልን ያካተቱ የፕሮጀከት መረጃዎችን ያቀፉ ሰነዶች ብድር ማቅረብ ለሚችሉ አካላት መላኩን አየር መንገድ ግሩፑ ያስታወቀ ሲሆን፣ ለቢሾፍቱ ኤርፖርት ፕሮጀክት የመጀመሪያ ምዕራፍ ግንባታ የሚያስፈልገው ወጪ 12.5 ቢሊዮን ዶላር የሚጠጋ መሆኑንና የመጀመሪያ ምዕራፍ ግንባታውም እ.ኤ.አ. በ2030 ተጠናቆ በዓመት 60 ሚሊዮን መንገደኞች ያስተናግዳል ተብሎ እንደሚጠበቅ ገልጿል፡፡

Via ሪፖርተር

@etconp

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♦️ ማንኛዉንም ብረታ ብረት እንገዛለን።

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                ቁ.2 አየር ጤና  ኪዳነ ምህረት

ጥራትና ታማኝነት መለያችን ነው።
ታምራት ፕሌት እና ጄ ቦልት አቅራቢ

👉Project Management Triangle (Time – Cost – Quality)

💫The Project Management Triangle represents the three key constraints that determine the success of any project: Time, Cost, and Quality.

1️⃣ Time

Project duration and schedule
Includes planning, execution, and delivery deadlines
Delays in time usually increase cost or reduce quality

2️⃣ Cost

Total project budget
Includes direct cost, indirect cost, overheads, and profit
Cost overruns affect profitability and client satisfaction

3️⃣ Quality

Meeting required standards, specifications, and performance Depends on materials, workmanship, and supervision Poor quality leads to rework, delays, and extra cost

4️⃣ Relationship Between Time, Cost & Quality

Reducing time → increases cost (overtime, more resources) Reducing cost → affects quality or increases time Improving quality → may increase cost or time
You cannot change one without affecting the others.

@etconp

"ደረጃዉን ያልጠበቀ ግንባታ በማከናወን የተከሰሰዉ ግለሰብ በ5ዓመት ከ5 ወር እስራትና በገንዘብ ተቀጣ❗️

ተከሳሽ ይማም መሀመድ ተሰማ እድሜ 42 አድራሻ ደሴ ከተማ ቧነቧዉሃ /ክ/ከተማ የህንፃ አዋጅ ቁጥር 624/2001 አንቀጽ 53/2/ሀ/ እና /ለ/ ላይ የተመለከተዉን በመተላለፍ በወ/ሮ ሙሉ መሀመድ በተሰጠዉ የዉክልና ስልጣን መሰረት የህንፃ አዋጅ በሚፈቅደዉ አግባብ ለሚያከናዉነዉ ግንባታ ተገቢነት ያለዉ የህንፃ ግንባታ ባለሙያ አማካሪና ኮንትራክተር ይዞ ህንፃዉን ማስገንባት ሲገባዉ ለህንፃዉ ደረጃ በማይመጥንኑ ባለሙያ ባልሆኑ ሰዎች ጥር ወር 2017 ዓ.ም ህንፃ በማስገባቱ እና ከሚያከናዉነዉ ግንባታ ዉስጥ የህንፃዉ አካል የሆነዉን ሲፍቲ ታንከር ደረጃዉን ባልጠበቀ የግንባታ ቁሳቁስና ሊከተል የሚገባዉን የአገነባብ ሂደት ባለመጠበቅ ከደረጃ በታች የሆነ ግንባታ በመገንባቱ በፈጸመዉ ደረጃዉን ያልጠበቀ ግንባታ ማከናወን ወንጀል ክስ ተከሶ ምረመራዉን የደሴ ከተማ 4ኛ ዋና ፖሊስ ጣቢያ አጣርቶ ለደሴ ከተማ ፍትህ ጽ/ቤት በማቅረብ ዐ/ህግም ክሱን በማጠናቀር ለደሴ ከተማ ወረዳ ፍርድ ቤት አቀረበ፡፡

የደሴ ከተማ ወረዳ ፍ/ቤት ወንጀል ችሎት ጉዳዩን በመመርመር የሰዉና የሰነድ ማስረጃዎችን በማየትና በመስማት የጥፋተኝነት ዉሳኔ ሰጥቷል፡፡

በመሆኑም ችሎቱ ከከሳሽና ከተከሳሽ የቅጣት ማክበጃና መቅለያ አስተያየት በመቀበል ፍ/ቤቱ በቀን 3/04/2018 ዓ.ም በዋለው ችሎት ጥፋተኛዉን ያርማል ሌሎችን ያስተምራል ባለዉ በ5 ዓመት ከ 5 ወር እስራት በገንዘብ መቀጮ ብር 8000/ስምንት ሽህ ብር/ እንድቀጣ ወስኗል።"

Via የደቡብ ወሎ ዞን ከፍተኛ ፍ/ቤት

@etconp

👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

☎️ Tel: 0961955555

🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
      Dinberwa Hospital

🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
     Dani Plaza