👉 PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE (PSC) VS REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC)
.
➡️ፕሪ እስትረስድ ኮንክሪት👇
▶️ኮንክሪቱ ላይ ሎድ ከመጫኑ በፊት Axial Compressive Stress አፕላይ ይደረግባቸል።
⏺ለምሳሌ አንድን ቢም ከጎንና ከጎን Compressive ፎርስ ስናደርግበት የ ‹‹ በ ›› ፊደል አይነት ቅርፅ ይኖረዋል (ሲጋነን) ኢሄ የታጠፈው ቢም እላዩ ላይ ሎድ ሲጫንበት ቢሙ ወደ ነበረበት ቦታው ይመለሳል።
🚩እንደዛ ነው pre-stressed ኮንክሪቶች act የሚያደርጉት
🚧PSC Vs RC
➡️1 RC beam ላይ ለዲዛይን assume ስናደርግ ኮንክሪቱ ምንም አይነት tensile stress አይሸከምም - tensile እስትረሱን የሚሸከመው ፌሮው ነው ብለን ነው ሌላው assumption ፌሮው ቴንሽኑን ይሸከማል ብንልም የፌሮውን አቅም fully utilize አናደርገውም ወይም ደሞ ሙሉ ለሙሉ አንጠቀምበትም የዚህም ምክንያቱ ኮንክሪቱ ቴንሽን ዞን ውስጥ የሚከሰተውን Crack width ለመገደብ ወይም limit ለማድረግ ነው።
⏹ከላይ በተገለፁት ሁለት ምክንያቶች ማለትም የኮንክሪቱንም የፌሮውንም አቅም ሙሉ ለሙሉ ባለመጠቀማችን የተነሳ ለትልልቅ ሎዶች RC ከ PSC አንፃር ኢኮኖሚካል አይደለም።
⏹የዚህም ምክንያቱ የ RCን አቅም ሙሉ ለሙሉ ስለማንጠቀምበት ነው በተጨማሪም RC ላይ ትልልቅ Grade ያላቸው ኮንክሪትና ፌሮ መጠቀማችን ብዙም ዋጋ የለውም ከ RC ድክመት ለመዳን Pre-Stressed ኮንክሪቶች ተፈጠሩ ከRC በተሻለ መልኩ የኮንክሪቱንና የብረቱን እስትሬንግዝ ይጠቀማሉና።
🚧Methods of Prestressing
➡️1) Pre tensioning👇
⏺ቢሙን ካስት ማድረጊያ mold እናዘጋጃለን።
⏺ሞልድ ውስጥም PSC ኬብሎች ወይም tendon
እናስቀምጣለን
⏺እነዚህ ኬብሎችም ላይ Tensile ፎርስ apply እናደርጋለን
⏺አፕላይ እንደተደረገ ኮንክሪቱን ሞልድ ውስጥ አስገብተን ኮንክሪቱን ካስት እናደርጋለን
⏺ኮንክሪቱ ሲደርቅ ፎርሶቹን remove እናደርጋለን ቢሙም ዝግጁ ሆነ ማለት ነው::
➡️2) Post tensioning👇
⏺እዚህ ላይ ኮንክሪቱ ከደረቀ በኋላ ነው Compressive force አፕላይ የምናደርገው
⏺Apply የሚደረጉት ፎርሶች ኮንክሪቱ ላይ compressive stress ሲፈጥሩ ብረቱ ላይ ደሞ tensile stress ይፈጥራሉ ማለት ነው::
#Structure
#Concretetechnology
@etconp
.
➡️ፕሪ እስትረስድ ኮንክሪት👇
▶️ኮንክሪቱ ላይ ሎድ ከመጫኑ በፊት Axial Compressive Stress አፕላይ ይደረግባቸል።
⏺ለምሳሌ አንድን ቢም ከጎንና ከጎን Compressive ፎርስ ስናደርግበት የ ‹‹ በ ›› ፊደል አይነት ቅርፅ ይኖረዋል (ሲጋነን) ኢሄ የታጠፈው ቢም እላዩ ላይ ሎድ ሲጫንበት ቢሙ ወደ ነበረበት ቦታው ይመለሳል።
🚩እንደዛ ነው pre-stressed ኮንክሪቶች act የሚያደርጉት
🚧PSC Vs RC
➡️1 RC beam ላይ ለዲዛይን assume ስናደርግ ኮንክሪቱ ምንም አይነት tensile stress አይሸከምም - tensile እስትረሱን የሚሸከመው ፌሮው ነው ብለን ነው ሌላው assumption ፌሮው ቴንሽኑን ይሸከማል ብንልም የፌሮውን አቅም fully utilize አናደርገውም ወይም ደሞ ሙሉ ለሙሉ አንጠቀምበትም የዚህም ምክንያቱ ኮንክሪቱ ቴንሽን ዞን ውስጥ የሚከሰተውን Crack width ለመገደብ ወይም limit ለማድረግ ነው።
⏹ከላይ በተገለፁት ሁለት ምክንያቶች ማለትም የኮንክሪቱንም የፌሮውንም አቅም ሙሉ ለሙሉ ባለመጠቀማችን የተነሳ ለትልልቅ ሎዶች RC ከ PSC አንፃር ኢኮኖሚካል አይደለም።
⏹የዚህም ምክንያቱ የ RCን አቅም ሙሉ ለሙሉ ስለማንጠቀምበት ነው በተጨማሪም RC ላይ ትልልቅ Grade ያላቸው ኮንክሪትና ፌሮ መጠቀማችን ብዙም ዋጋ የለውም ከ RC ድክመት ለመዳን Pre-Stressed ኮንክሪቶች ተፈጠሩ ከRC በተሻለ መልኩ የኮንክሪቱንና የብረቱን እስትሬንግዝ ይጠቀማሉና።
🚧Methods of Prestressing
➡️1) Pre tensioning👇
⏺ቢሙን ካስት ማድረጊያ mold እናዘጋጃለን።
⏺ሞልድ ውስጥም PSC ኬብሎች ወይም tendon
እናስቀምጣለን
⏺እነዚህ ኬብሎችም ላይ Tensile ፎርስ apply እናደርጋለን
⏺አፕላይ እንደተደረገ ኮንክሪቱን ሞልድ ውስጥ አስገብተን ኮንክሪቱን ካስት እናደርጋለን
⏺ኮንክሪቱ ሲደርቅ ፎርሶቹን remove እናደርጋለን ቢሙም ዝግጁ ሆነ ማለት ነው::
➡️2) Post tensioning👇
⏺እዚህ ላይ ኮንክሪቱ ከደረቀ በኋላ ነው Compressive force አፕላይ የምናደርገው
⏺Apply የሚደረጉት ፎርሶች ኮንክሪቱ ላይ compressive stress ሲፈጥሩ ብረቱ ላይ ደሞ tensile stress ይፈጥራሉ ማለት ነው::
#Structure
#Concretetechnology
@etconp
👉WHAT IS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS? CONCEPTS & LOADS ON STRUCTURE
➡️Structural analysis of structure is essential before starting construction work.
➡️It provides the details of the size of the foundation, size of column and beam, and reinforcement details which is sufficient to carry the load acting on the structure.
➡️Before constructing any structure, there are several documents required like plan, elevation & section details.
➡️This process of finding out the load that a structure can carry safely, without failure is called structural analysis.
🏷Structural Elements/Members
➡️Loads Acting on a Structure are
⏺1. Dead Loads
⏺2. Imposed Loads
⏺3. Live Load
⏺4. Crane load
⏺5. Wave Load
⏺6. Earth Pressure Load
⏺7. Impact Load
⏺8. Wind Loads
⏺9. Earthquake Loads
🏷Basic Concept of Structural Analysis:
*⃣1. Idealization of Structure:
*⃣2. Threats on Structures:
*⃣2. Calculating the response of Structure under the Threat:
*⃣3. Calculation of Internal Stresses:
*⃣4. Efficiency of the Structure:
*⃣5. Analysis of Determinate Structures:
*⃣6. For Plane Truss and Frame:
*⃣7. Analysis of Indeterminate Structures:
*⃣8. For Beams, Plane Truss and Frame:
➡️The most general definition of a structure is a building or an object made from several parts.
➡️From an engineering point of view, the structure may be defined as follows
*⃣The structure is composed of a number of components or elements connected together by joints or supports to fulfill the function for which it is constructed; in such a way that they can transmit the forces coming on the structure to the foundation safely without showing considerable deformation
➡️The concept of structural analysis is applied not only in building constructions but also in our day-to-day life.
*⃣For instance,The aluminum container for carrying food parcels is provided with vertical ribs, which can impart stiffness to it As a result, it becomes easier to carry it without bending.
🏷Importance of Structural Analysis:
➡️To know the behavior of the structure under the loaded condition.
➡️To know the maximum load up to which the structure can be loaded, so that the structure will not fail.
➡️To ensure that the displacement and deformation remain in the permissible limits.
➡️Some of the structural elements are mentioned below:
🚧Structural Analysis Beam: A horizontal member transmitting transverse loads.
▶️Resists loads applied laterally to the beam axis.
▶️The load produces shear and bending moment in the beam.
🚧Column: A vertical member carrying only gravity loads.
▶️It transmits axial force or bending force.
🚧Truss : A structure having slender members connected by pin-joint.
▶️It carries axial load only, applied at joints.
▶️Members undergo either compression or tension.
🚧Grid : Network of beams intersecting each other at right angles.
▶️Vertical loading is transmitted through grids.
🚧Frame : Network of beams and columns with rigid joints.
🚧Plates: Members carrying bending in two directions are called plate structures.
➡️Continuum mechanics principles are followed in their analysis.
*⃣Concrete flat slab is an example of a plate structure
▶️Arch: Members carrying compression in one direction only.
⚡️We Will Continued....
#Structure
@etconp
➡️Structural analysis of structure is essential before starting construction work.
➡️It provides the details of the size of the foundation, size of column and beam, and reinforcement details which is sufficient to carry the load acting on the structure.
➡️Before constructing any structure, there are several documents required like plan, elevation & section details.
➡️This process of finding out the load that a structure can carry safely, without failure is called structural analysis.
🏷Structural Elements/Members
➡️Loads Acting on a Structure are
⏺1. Dead Loads
⏺2. Imposed Loads
⏺3. Live Load
⏺4. Crane load
⏺5. Wave Load
⏺6. Earth Pressure Load
⏺7. Impact Load
⏺8. Wind Loads
⏺9. Earthquake Loads
🏷Basic Concept of Structural Analysis:
*⃣1. Idealization of Structure:
*⃣2. Threats on Structures:
*⃣2. Calculating the response of Structure under the Threat:
*⃣3. Calculation of Internal Stresses:
*⃣4. Efficiency of the Structure:
*⃣5. Analysis of Determinate Structures:
*⃣6. For Plane Truss and Frame:
*⃣7. Analysis of Indeterminate Structures:
*⃣8. For Beams, Plane Truss and Frame:
➡️The most general definition of a structure is a building or an object made from several parts.
➡️From an engineering point of view, the structure may be defined as follows
*⃣The structure is composed of a number of components or elements connected together by joints or supports to fulfill the function for which it is constructed; in such a way that they can transmit the forces coming on the structure to the foundation safely without showing considerable deformation
➡️The concept of structural analysis is applied not only in building constructions but also in our day-to-day life.
*⃣For instance,The aluminum container for carrying food parcels is provided with vertical ribs, which can impart stiffness to it As a result, it becomes easier to carry it without bending.
🏷Importance of Structural Analysis:
➡️To know the behavior of the structure under the loaded condition.
➡️To know the maximum load up to which the structure can be loaded, so that the structure will not fail.
➡️To ensure that the displacement and deformation remain in the permissible limits.
➡️Some of the structural elements are mentioned below:
🚧Structural Analysis Beam: A horizontal member transmitting transverse loads.
▶️Resists loads applied laterally to the beam axis.
▶️The load produces shear and bending moment in the beam.
🚧Column: A vertical member carrying only gravity loads.
▶️It transmits axial force or bending force.
🚧Truss : A structure having slender members connected by pin-joint.
▶️It carries axial load only, applied at joints.
▶️Members undergo either compression or tension.
🚧Grid : Network of beams intersecting each other at right angles.
▶️Vertical loading is transmitted through grids.
🚧Frame : Network of beams and columns with rigid joints.
🚧Plates: Members carrying bending in two directions are called plate structures.
➡️Continuum mechanics principles are followed in their analysis.
*⃣Concrete flat slab is an example of a plate structure
▶️Arch: Members carrying compression in one direction only.
⚡️We Will Continued....
#Structure
@etconp
Ethio Construction Engineering
👉WHAT IS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS? CONCEPTS & LOADS ON STRUCTURE ➡️Structural analysis of structure is essential before starting construction work. ➡️It provides the details of the size of the foundation, size of column and beam, and reinforcement details which…
👉LOADS ACTING ON A STRUCTURE
🚧1. Dead Loads
➡️The loads on the structure due to the self weight of the building and the weight of the permanent furniture are classified as dead loads.
➡️To calculate dead load, Assess the quantity of the material Multiply it by the unit weight of the material
➡️Dead Load = Quantity of Material x Unit Weight The unit weights of the material.
🚧2. Imposed Loads
➡️The loads that are ‘imposed’ on the structure are called imposed load.
🚧3. Live Load
➡️The loads which change their position with respect to time are called live loads.
E.g., weight of a person, furniture, moving partitions, etc.
➡️The minimum values to be taken for the design purpose are given in EBCS based on the occupancy of the building, i.e., whether the structure is residential, warehouse, etc.
🚧4. Crane load
➡️Loads from the crane and other moving machinery is called crane load.
➡️These loads are vital for the structure If they are not considered, then the structure may undergo failure during its erection itself!
➡️These loads can be known from the manufacturer’s data.
🚧5. Wave Load
➡️For off-shore structures, these loads are essential
e.g., force exerted by water current to the bridge piers, abutments, and other waterfront structures These are random loads, and specialists with enough experience are needed to determine them.
🚧6. Earth Pressure Load
➡️The pressure exerted by the soil on the structures or part of structure embedded partly or fully in the ground is called earth pressure.
➡️These loads are required for the foundation of the structures.
➡️These are also needed for the design of retaining walls, underground water tanks, culverts, bridges, etc.
🚧7. Impact Load
➡️The structures carrying moving loads are to be designed for impact loads.
e.g., bridge
🚧8. Wind Loads
➡️The force exerted on the structures by the horizontal component of the wind is considered under the wind load.
➡️It is considered for the design of tall buildings.
🚧9. Earthquake Loads
➡️the earthquake causes shaking of ground in all directions, and role reversal in the structural elements take place.
➡️As the ground shakes horizontally, horizontal inertia forces are generated.
➡️These lateral forces are transferred through slabs, beams, and columns.
➡️And Columns that are designed to carry compressive loads start getting tensile loads too.
*⃣So, the lateral forces are evaluated to make the structure earthquake resistant.
🏷The following values are needed to be for executing any structural analysis,
⏺Material properties (To know the value of Elastic Modulus)
⏺Structural load
⏺Support conditions
⏺Geometry
🏷As you complete the Structural analysis, you will have the values of:
*⃣Support reactions
*⃣Displacement value
*⃣Stress in the member
➡️These values are then compared to the criteria for structural failure to conclude how much load the member will be able to resist.
🏷Classification of Structures
🚧Based on Type
⏺1. Solid structure
⏺2. Frame structure
⏺3. Membrane structure
⏺4. Composite structure
🚧Based on Form
⏹1. 1-D structures: Rope, cable. Strut, beam, column, and arch
⏹2. 2-D structures: slab, membranes, domes, and plates
⏹3. 3-D structures: Solid masses
🚧Based on Determinacy of the structure
*⃣1. Determinate structure
▶️The structure whose support reactions and internal forces in the members can be found out from the equations of static equilibrium is called a statically determinate structure.
*⃣2. Indeterminate structures
▶️The structure whose support reactions and internal forces in the members can NOT be found out from the equations of static equilibrium is called a statically indeterminate structure.
▶️Indeterminate structures are further classified into statically or kinematically indeterminate structures.
⚡️We Will Continued
#Structure
@etconp
🚧1. Dead Loads
➡️The loads on the structure due to the self weight of the building and the weight of the permanent furniture are classified as dead loads.
➡️To calculate dead load, Assess the quantity of the material Multiply it by the unit weight of the material
➡️Dead Load = Quantity of Material x Unit Weight The unit weights of the material.
🚧2. Imposed Loads
➡️The loads that are ‘imposed’ on the structure are called imposed load.
🚧3. Live Load
➡️The loads which change their position with respect to time are called live loads.
E.g., weight of a person, furniture, moving partitions, etc.
➡️The minimum values to be taken for the design purpose are given in EBCS based on the occupancy of the building, i.e., whether the structure is residential, warehouse, etc.
🚧4. Crane load
➡️Loads from the crane and other moving machinery is called crane load.
➡️These loads are vital for the structure If they are not considered, then the structure may undergo failure during its erection itself!
➡️These loads can be known from the manufacturer’s data.
🚧5. Wave Load
➡️For off-shore structures, these loads are essential
e.g., force exerted by water current to the bridge piers, abutments, and other waterfront structures These are random loads, and specialists with enough experience are needed to determine them.
🚧6. Earth Pressure Load
➡️The pressure exerted by the soil on the structures or part of structure embedded partly or fully in the ground is called earth pressure.
➡️These loads are required for the foundation of the structures.
➡️These are also needed for the design of retaining walls, underground water tanks, culverts, bridges, etc.
🚧7. Impact Load
➡️The structures carrying moving loads are to be designed for impact loads.
e.g., bridge
🚧8. Wind Loads
➡️The force exerted on the structures by the horizontal component of the wind is considered under the wind load.
➡️It is considered for the design of tall buildings.
🚧9. Earthquake Loads
➡️the earthquake causes shaking of ground in all directions, and role reversal in the structural elements take place.
➡️As the ground shakes horizontally, horizontal inertia forces are generated.
➡️These lateral forces are transferred through slabs, beams, and columns.
➡️And Columns that are designed to carry compressive loads start getting tensile loads too.
*⃣So, the lateral forces are evaluated to make the structure earthquake resistant.
🏷The following values are needed to be for executing any structural analysis,
⏺Material properties (To know the value of Elastic Modulus)
⏺Structural load
⏺Support conditions
⏺Geometry
🏷As you complete the Structural analysis, you will have the values of:
*⃣Support reactions
*⃣Displacement value
*⃣Stress in the member
➡️These values are then compared to the criteria for structural failure to conclude how much load the member will be able to resist.
🏷Classification of Structures
🚧Based on Type
⏺1. Solid structure
⏺2. Frame structure
⏺3. Membrane structure
⏺4. Composite structure
🚧Based on Form
⏹1. 1-D structures: Rope, cable. Strut, beam, column, and arch
⏹2. 2-D structures: slab, membranes, domes, and plates
⏹3. 3-D structures: Solid masses
🚧Based on Determinacy of the structure
*⃣1. Determinate structure
▶️The structure whose support reactions and internal forces in the members can be found out from the equations of static equilibrium is called a statically determinate structure.
*⃣2. Indeterminate structures
▶️The structure whose support reactions and internal forces in the members can NOT be found out from the equations of static equilibrium is called a statically indeterminate structure.
▶️Indeterminate structures are further classified into statically or kinematically indeterminate structures.
⚡️We Will Continued
#Structure
@etconp
❤1
Ethio Construction Engineering
👉LOADS ACTING ON A STRUCTURE 🚧1. Dead Loads ➡️The loads on the structure due to the self weight of the building and the weight of the permanent furniture are classified as dead loads. ➡️To calculate dead load, Assess the quantity of the material Multiply…
👉EQUATION OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
➡️The structure should remain in equilibrium after a load is applied to it.
➡️no component of the structure should exhibit motion on the application of load.
➡️If the structure possesses sufficient rigidity to develop reactions in response to the loads applied on it, then the equilibrium of the structure is achieved.
➡️To check whether a structure will be in equilibrium or not, three mathematical equations are developed for two dimensional structures, and six mathematical equations are developed for three-dimensional structures.
🏷For 2-D Structures,
▶️The following 3 conditions should be fulfilled
⏺1. The summation of the forces in the horizontal direction should be zero.
⏺2. The summation of the forces in the vertical direction should be zero.
⏺3. The summation of the moments about the direction perpendicular to both the above forces should be zero.
🏷For 3-D Structures,
The following 6 conditions should be fulfilled
*⃣1. The summation of the forces in the horizontal direction (X ) should be zero
*⃣2. The summation of the forces in the vertical direction( Y ) should be zero
*⃣3. The summation of the forces in the direction perpendicular to both horizontal and vertical directions (Z) should be zero
*⃣4. The summation of the moments in the horizontal direction( X ) should be zero
*⃣5. The summation of the moments in the vertical direction( Y ) should be zero
*⃣6. The summation of the moments about the direction perpendicular to both horizontal and vertical directions (Z) forces should be zero
➡️Equilibrium Conditions for 3D Structural Analysis
▶️The structural analysis can be completed by applying the following step-by-step procedure
⏺1. Idealization of Structure
▶️For structural analysis, idealization of the structural system is done to simplify the structure and making the calculations simpler and easier.
➡️Some of the idealizations that we are aware are list below
⏺We assume the beam as a line structure The joints of a truss are pin jointed. In truss, we assume loads are acting only on joints; the loads acting on members cause bending moments, which is not suitable for the truss And as we have assumed truss to possess pin or hinge joints, it cannot take bending moments.
⏺2. Threats on Structures
▶️The threats on structures are the forces acting on it, which tends to reduce its capacity and stability.
▶️These can be in the form of various loads, as discussed earlier.
*⃣Concentrated load
*⃣Distributed load
*⃣Concentrated moment
*⃣Distributed moment
⏺3. Calculating the response of Structure under the Threat
▶️Response of Structure Internal force (axial, shear or moment) Defection
⏺4. Calculation of Internal Stresses
▶️Internal stresses include: Bending stresses : Caused by the bending moment,Shear stresses Caused by the shear force.
⏺5. Efficiency of the Structure
▶️Efficiency : The structural efficiency is the measure of the mass of a structure to the load it can support safely without excessive deformation and deflections.
▶️If a structure is lighter and supports heavy loads, then its efficiency is deemed higher.
⏺6. Analysis of Determinate Structures
▶️The following methods may be implemented for the analysis of the Determinate Structures, For Beams,
▶️Macaulay’s method ,Moment area method,Conjugate beam method,Consistent Deformation method From Influence Line Diagrams
⏺7. For Plane Truss and Frame:
🚧Method of Joints
🚧Method of Sections
🚧Unit load method From Influence Line Diagrams
⏺8. Analysis of Indeterminate Structures:
▶️Compatibility equations and Principle of Superposition are mostly applied during the analysis of indeterminate structures.
▶️The following methods may be implemented for the analysis of the Indeterminate Structures
⏺8. For Beams, Plane Truss and Frame
▶️Castigliano’s Theorem Slope Deflection method
▶️Moment Distribution method From Influence Line Diagrams (Used for structures having Moving Loads, like Bridges)
▶️Matrix methods
▶️Stiffness method
▶️Flexibility method
⚡️THE END
#Structure
@etconp
➡️The structure should remain in equilibrium after a load is applied to it.
➡️no component of the structure should exhibit motion on the application of load.
➡️If the structure possesses sufficient rigidity to develop reactions in response to the loads applied on it, then the equilibrium of the structure is achieved.
➡️To check whether a structure will be in equilibrium or not, three mathematical equations are developed for two dimensional structures, and six mathematical equations are developed for three-dimensional structures.
🏷For 2-D Structures,
▶️The following 3 conditions should be fulfilled
⏺1. The summation of the forces in the horizontal direction should be zero.
⏺2. The summation of the forces in the vertical direction should be zero.
⏺3. The summation of the moments about the direction perpendicular to both the above forces should be zero.
🏷For 3-D Structures,
The following 6 conditions should be fulfilled
*⃣1. The summation of the forces in the horizontal direction (X ) should be zero
*⃣2. The summation of the forces in the vertical direction( Y ) should be zero
*⃣3. The summation of the forces in the direction perpendicular to both horizontal and vertical directions (Z) should be zero
*⃣4. The summation of the moments in the horizontal direction( X ) should be zero
*⃣5. The summation of the moments in the vertical direction( Y ) should be zero
*⃣6. The summation of the moments about the direction perpendicular to both horizontal and vertical directions (Z) forces should be zero
➡️Equilibrium Conditions for 3D Structural Analysis
▶️The structural analysis can be completed by applying the following step-by-step procedure
⏺1. Idealization of Structure
▶️For structural analysis, idealization of the structural system is done to simplify the structure and making the calculations simpler and easier.
➡️Some of the idealizations that we are aware are list below
⏺We assume the beam as a line structure The joints of a truss are pin jointed. In truss, we assume loads are acting only on joints; the loads acting on members cause bending moments, which is not suitable for the truss And as we have assumed truss to possess pin or hinge joints, it cannot take bending moments.
⏺2. Threats on Structures
▶️The threats on structures are the forces acting on it, which tends to reduce its capacity and stability.
▶️These can be in the form of various loads, as discussed earlier.
*⃣Concentrated load
*⃣Distributed load
*⃣Concentrated moment
*⃣Distributed moment
⏺3. Calculating the response of Structure under the Threat
▶️Response of Structure Internal force (axial, shear or moment) Defection
⏺4. Calculation of Internal Stresses
▶️Internal stresses include: Bending stresses : Caused by the bending moment,Shear stresses Caused by the shear force.
⏺5. Efficiency of the Structure
▶️Efficiency : The structural efficiency is the measure of the mass of a structure to the load it can support safely without excessive deformation and deflections.
▶️If a structure is lighter and supports heavy loads, then its efficiency is deemed higher.
⏺6. Analysis of Determinate Structures
▶️The following methods may be implemented for the analysis of the Determinate Structures, For Beams,
▶️Macaulay’s method ,Moment area method,Conjugate beam method,Consistent Deformation method From Influence Line Diagrams
⏺7. For Plane Truss and Frame:
🚧Method of Joints
🚧Method of Sections
🚧Unit load method From Influence Line Diagrams
⏺8. Analysis of Indeterminate Structures:
▶️Compatibility equations and Principle of Superposition are mostly applied during the analysis of indeterminate structures.
▶️The following methods may be implemented for the analysis of the Indeterminate Structures
⏺8. For Beams, Plane Truss and Frame
▶️Castigliano’s Theorem Slope Deflection method
▶️Moment Distribution method From Influence Line Diagrams (Used for structures having Moving Loads, like Bridges)
▶️Matrix methods
▶️Stiffness method
▶️Flexibility method
⚡️THE END
#Structure
@etconp
👉Design Of Columns As Per ACI
🚧1- Maximum and Minimum Reinforcement Ratio
▶️The minimum reinforcement ratio of 1 % is to be used in tied or spirally reinforced columns.
▶️This minimum reinforcement is needed to safeguard against any bending, reduce the effect of shrinkage and creep and enhance the ductility of columns.
🚧2- Minimum Number of Reinforcing Bars
▶️Minimum four bars within rectangular or circular sections; or one bar in each corner of the cross section for other shapes and a minimum of six bars in spirally reinforced columns should be used.
🚧3- Clear Distance between Reinforcing Bars
▶️For tied or spirally reinforced columns, clear distance between bars should not be less than the larger of 150 times bar diameter or 4 cm.
🚧4- Concrete Protection Cover
▶️The clear concrete cover should not be less than 4 cm for columns not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground.
▶️It is essential for protecting the reinforcement from corrosion or fire hazards.
🚧5- Minimum Cross Sectional Dimensions
▶️For practical considerations, column dimensions can be taken as multiples of 5 cm.
🚧6- Lateral Reinforcement
▶️Ties are effective in restraining the longitudinal bars from buckling out through the surface of the column, holding the reinforcement cage together during the construction process, confining the concrete core and when columns are subjected to horizontal forces, they serve as shear reinforcement.
▶️Spirals, on the other hand, serve in addition to these benefits in compensating for the strength loss due to spalling of the outside concrete shell at ultimate column strength.
🚧7- Ties
▶️For longitudinal bars, 32 mm or smaller, lateral ties 10 mm in diameter should be used.
▶️In some countries, ties of 8 mm dia are used for column construction.
#Structure
@etconp
🚧1- Maximum and Minimum Reinforcement Ratio
▶️The minimum reinforcement ratio of 1 % is to be used in tied or spirally reinforced columns.
▶️This minimum reinforcement is needed to safeguard against any bending, reduce the effect of shrinkage and creep and enhance the ductility of columns.
🚧2- Minimum Number of Reinforcing Bars
▶️Minimum four bars within rectangular or circular sections; or one bar in each corner of the cross section for other shapes and a minimum of six bars in spirally reinforced columns should be used.
🚧3- Clear Distance between Reinforcing Bars
▶️For tied or spirally reinforced columns, clear distance between bars should not be less than the larger of 150 times bar diameter or 4 cm.
🚧4- Concrete Protection Cover
▶️The clear concrete cover should not be less than 4 cm for columns not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground.
▶️It is essential for protecting the reinforcement from corrosion or fire hazards.
🚧5- Minimum Cross Sectional Dimensions
▶️For practical considerations, column dimensions can be taken as multiples of 5 cm.
🚧6- Lateral Reinforcement
▶️Ties are effective in restraining the longitudinal bars from buckling out through the surface of the column, holding the reinforcement cage together during the construction process, confining the concrete core and when columns are subjected to horizontal forces, they serve as shear reinforcement.
▶️Spirals, on the other hand, serve in addition to these benefits in compensating for the strength loss due to spalling of the outside concrete shell at ultimate column strength.
🚧7- Ties
▶️For longitudinal bars, 32 mm or smaller, lateral ties 10 mm in diameter should be used.
▶️In some countries, ties of 8 mm dia are used for column construction.
#Structure
@etconp
👉Lets See About Structure Supports
🔹Fixed Supports
▶️Fixed supports are also known as rigid supports.
▶️Fixed supports are restrained against both rotation and translation so that they can resist any type of force or moment.
🔹Pinned / Hinged Support
▶️Pinned or hinged support can resist both vertical and horizontal forces but they cannot resist a moment.
▶️It means that hinged support is restrained against translation.
🔹Roller Support
▶️Roller supports only resists perpendicular forces and they cannot resist parallel or horizontal forces & moment.
▶️It means the roller support will move freely along the surface without resisting horizontal force.
#Structure
#ConstructionNotes
@etconp
🔹Fixed Supports
▶️Fixed supports are also known as rigid supports.
▶️Fixed supports are restrained against both rotation and translation so that they can resist any type of force or moment.
🔹Pinned / Hinged Support
▶️Pinned or hinged support can resist both vertical and horizontal forces but they cannot resist a moment.
▶️It means that hinged support is restrained against translation.
🔹Roller Support
▶️Roller supports only resists perpendicular forces and they cannot resist parallel or horizontal forces & moment.
▶️It means the roller support will move freely along the surface without resisting horizontal force.
#Structure
#ConstructionNotes
@etconp
📌Difference between working stress approach and limit state approach
🔸Working Stress Approach
➡️The service loads are used in the whole design and the strength of material is not utilized in the full extent.
➡️In this method of design, stresses acting on structural members are calculated based on elastic method and they are designed not to exceed certain allowable values.
➡️In fact, the whole structure during the life span may only experience loading stresses far below the ultimate state and that is the reason why this method is called working stress approach.
➡️Under such scenario, the most economical design can hardly be obtained by using working stress approach which is now commonly used in the design of temporary works.
🔸Limit State Approach
▶️For each material and load, a partial safety factor is assigned individually depending on the material properties and load properties.
▶️Therefore, each element of load and material properties is accurately assessed resulting in a more refined and accurate analysis of the structure.
▶️In this connection, the material strength can be utilized to its maximum value during its life span and loads can be assessed with reasonable probability of occurrence.
▶️Limit state approach is commonly used for the majority of reinforced concrete design because it ensures the utilization of material strength with the lowest construction cost input.
#ConstructionNotes
#Structure
@etconp
🔸Working Stress Approach
➡️The service loads are used in the whole design and the strength of material is not utilized in the full extent.
➡️In this method of design, stresses acting on structural members are calculated based on elastic method and they are designed not to exceed certain allowable values.
➡️In fact, the whole structure during the life span may only experience loading stresses far below the ultimate state and that is the reason why this method is called working stress approach.
➡️Under such scenario, the most economical design can hardly be obtained by using working stress approach which is now commonly used in the design of temporary works.
🔸Limit State Approach
▶️For each material and load, a partial safety factor is assigned individually depending on the material properties and load properties.
▶️Therefore, each element of load and material properties is accurately assessed resulting in a more refined and accurate analysis of the structure.
▶️In this connection, the material strength can be utilized to its maximum value during its life span and loads can be assessed with reasonable probability of occurrence.
▶️Limit state approach is commonly used for the majority of reinforced concrete design because it ensures the utilization of material strength with the lowest construction cost input.
#ConstructionNotes
#Structure
@etconp
This media is not supported in your browser
VIEW IN TELEGRAM
👉We often overlook the importance of structural design and operation, but their failure can have disastrous consequences.
🌟See the end of the video for a demonstration
#Structure
@etconp
🌟See the end of the video for a demonstration
#Structure
@etconp
👍6❤1
👉How to Calculate Number of Floor Tiles
1. Measure Room Dimensions
- Example: Length = 20 ft, Width = 20 ft
- Total area = 400 sq ft
2. Measure Tile Size
- Example: 60 cm × 60 cm
- Area of one tile = 3.875 sq ft
3. Calculate Tiles Needed
- Divide total floor area by tile area
- Result ≈ 104 tiles
4. Final Result
You’ll need around 104 tiles to cover the floor.
🏷Always add 5–10% extra for wastage and cutting.
📌 Viral Caption Idea
“Measure smart, tile right! 🧱✨ Accurate tile calculation saves money, time, and effort.
#construction
#civil #building #civilconstruction
#structure
#civilengineer
1. Measure Room Dimensions
- Example: Length = 20 ft, Width = 20 ft
- Total area = 400 sq ft
2. Measure Tile Size
- Example: 60 cm × 60 cm
- Area of one tile = 3.875 sq ft
3. Calculate Tiles Needed
- Divide total floor area by tile area
- Result ≈ 104 tiles
4. Final Result
You’ll need around 104 tiles to cover the floor.
🏷Always add 5–10% extra for wastage and cutting.
📌 Viral Caption Idea
“Measure smart, tile right! 🧱✨ Accurate tile calculation saves money, time, and effort.
#construction
#civil #building #civilconstruction
#structure
#civilengineer
❤9