๐Water ponding on roads can cause damage due to several factors:
๐ง1. Hydrostatic Pressure
โบProlonged water accumulation increases pressure on the pavement, leading to cracks and structural weaknesses.
๐ง2. Erosion
โบWater can erode the sub-base and subgrade layers, weakening the pavement support.
๐ง3. Freeze-Thaw Cycles
โบIn colder climates, water can freeze and expand within cracks, causing further deterioration.
๐ง4. Material Degradation
โบWater can weaken materials like asphalt, leading to potholes and surface failures.
๐ง5. Loss of Adhesion
โบMoisture can strip the binding agents within asphalt, reducing durability.
๐ซPreventive measures include proper drainage design and regular maintenance to ensure water doesn't accumulate on road surfaces.
@etconp
๐ง1. Hydrostatic Pressure
โบProlonged water accumulation increases pressure on the pavement, leading to cracks and structural weaknesses.
๐ง2. Erosion
โบWater can erode the sub-base and subgrade layers, weakening the pavement support.
๐ง3. Freeze-Thaw Cycles
โบIn colder climates, water can freeze and expand within cracks, causing further deterioration.
๐ง4. Material Degradation
โบWater can weaken materials like asphalt, leading to potholes and surface failures.
๐ง5. Loss of Adhesion
โบMoisture can strip the binding agents within asphalt, reducing durability.
๐ซPreventive measures include proper drainage design and regular maintenance to ensure water doesn't accumulate on road surfaces.
@etconp
๐18
แณแแซแต แแแต แฅแ แแฆแแต แ แ
แซแข
๐แแแ แ แ แแต แฆแณ แจแแซแแแ แต แฅแ แแแแ แ แญแฅ
๐ฐแแ แญแแแแ?
๐แแแตแ แแฆแแต แ แแแแต แ แญแแต แจแฐแแแ แ แแ
โ๏ธแแแซ แแตแแซแจแฅ แแตแ แณแต แแญแแ แแณแ แ แจแแแ แฅแแณแซแตแก แแแแ แแฝแแฝ แ แตแแฅแฐแแ
๐แแฎ (แถแแฒแ) แฅแญแต แแตแ แแต แแญแแ แแณแ แ แซแฐแก แแฑแ แแฝแ แ แแฝแ แแ
๐แแแแแแ แจแแฐแแญ แตแซแแฝแ แจแแฐแฉ แฅแ แฃแแแซแแฝแ แ แแ
โ๏ธแญแฐแแแแ แซแแญแฉแ
๐แขแตแฎแตแซ แแตแฅ แจแตแ แฅแแแญแแณแแ
แ แตแซแปแฝแแฆ แ.1 แ แแถแฅแต แฐแซ(แแณแแแซ)
แ.2 แแญแซแถ
แ.3 แฐแญแแแญแแแต
0904040477
0911016833
๐แแแ แ แ แแต แฆแณ แจแแซแแแ แต แฅแ แแแแ แ แญแฅ
๐ฐแแ แญแแแแ?
๐แแแตแ แแฆแแต แ แแแแต แ แญแแต แจแฐแแแ แ แแ
โ๏ธแแแซ แแตแแซแจแฅ แแตแ แณแต แแญแแ แแณแ แ แจแแแ แฅแแณแซแตแก แแแแ แแฝแแฝ แ แตแแฅแฐแแ
๐แแฎ (แถแแฒแ) แฅแญแต แแตแ แแต แแญแแ แแณแ แ แซแฐแก แแฑแ แแฝแ แ แแฝแ แแ
๐แแแแแแ แจแแฐแแญ แตแซแแฝแ แจแแฐแฉ แฅแ แฃแแแซแแฝแ แ แแ
โ๏ธแญแฐแแแแ แซแแญแฉแ
๐แขแตแฎแตแซ แแตแฅ แจแตแ แฅแแแญแแณแแ
แ แตแซแปแฝแแฆ แ.1 แ แแถแฅแต แฐแซ(แแณแแแซ)
แ.2 แแญแซแถ
แ.3 แฐแญแแแญแแแต
0904040477
0911016833
๐3๐2
๐แแ แแจแแต!
โญ๏ธแจแแแแ แณแแ แฎแแตแตแซแญแฝแ แฃแแคแต แฒแแ แแตแฎ แณแแ แจแแ แแแ แ แแต แฐแแฉ
๐ซแ แ แแซแฝแ แขแตแฎแตแซ แ แญแซแณ แฅแแซแ แฅแ แแแ แจแแแฃแณ แแฎแแญแถแฝแ แ แแจแแแ แแแ แซแฐแจแแ แณแแ แฎแแตแตแซแญแฝแ แฃแแคแต แ 92 แแแณแธแ แจแแ แแแ แ แแต แฐแแญแฐแแแข
๐งแฅแแ แแแฐแฅ 1.5 แขแแฎแ แถแแญ แจแฐแฃแซ แแฅแต แฅแแณแแธแ แจแแญแฅแต แแฝแแต แแจแ แซแณแซแแข
@etconp
โญ๏ธแจแแแแ แณแแ แฎแแตแตแซแญแฝแ แฃแแคแต แฒแแ แแตแฎ แณแแ แจแแ แแแ แ แแต แฐแแฉ
๐ซแ แ แแซแฝแ แขแตแฎแตแซ แ แญแซแณ แฅแแซแ แฅแ แแแ แจแแแฃแณ แแฎแแญแถแฝแ แ แแจแแแ แแแ แซแฐแจแแ แณแแ แฎแแตแตแซแญแฝแ แฃแแคแต แ 92 แแแณแธแ แจแแ แแแ แ แแต แฐแแญแฐแแแข
๐งแฅแแ แแแฐแฅ 1.5 แขแแฎแ แถแแญ แจแฐแฃแซ แแฅแต แฅแแณแแธแ แจแแญแฅแต แแฝแแต แแจแ แซแณแซแแข
@etconp
๐ข12๐10โค4
Dynamic cone penetration penetrometer
โช Dynamic cone penetration
penetrometer or DCP is a tool used
for evaluating the strength of soil on site.
โช It also helps with monitoring the condition of granular layers and sub
grade soils in pavement section over time.
โช It can be the right choice for site
with soft soil
โช it is also applied when the CBR value of compacted soil sub-grade beneath the existing road pavement is to be determined. Continuous reading can be taken down to depth of 800mm or when an extension rod is fitted to be a depth up to 1200 mm.
โช The DCP is simple and portable
instrument. It consists of hardened conical tip, standard diameter steel
rod , and standard weight hammer (8kg) , which is dropped from the top of the rod against an anvil to advance the tip into the ground.
#DCP #road #highway
@etconp
โช Dynamic cone penetration
penetrometer or DCP is a tool used
for evaluating the strength of soil on site.
โช It also helps with monitoring the condition of granular layers and sub
grade soils in pavement section over time.
โช It can be the right choice for site
with soft soil
โช it is also applied when the CBR value of compacted soil sub-grade beneath the existing road pavement is to be determined. Continuous reading can be taken down to depth of 800mm or when an extension rod is fitted to be a depth up to 1200 mm.
โช The DCP is simple and portable
instrument. It consists of hardened conical tip, standard diameter steel
rod , and standard weight hammer (8kg) , which is dropped from the top of the rod against an anvil to advance the tip into the ground.
#DCP #road #highway
@etconp
๐15โค1
Ethio Construction Engineering
Dynamic cone penetration penetrometer โช Dynamic cone penetration penetrometer or DCP is a tool used for evaluating the strength of soil on site. โช It also helps with monitoring the condition of granular layers and sub grade soils in pavement sectionโฆ
Dynamic cone penetrometer
In Amharic ๐ช๐น
๐๐พแจ แ แแญแ แฅแแซแฌ แฅแแ site แแญ แแแแซแต แจแแซแแแแ แแณแชแซ แแแข
๐๐ฟ แ แฐแจแแชแ แจ แ แ แญ แแแแฝแ (granular layer) แฅแ subgrade ( แจแแตแ แ แจ แ แแญ แญแแ) แแแณ แจ แแ แ แแ แแ แแญ แฅแแณแ แจแแซแณแแแ แแณแชแซ แแแข
๐๐พ แญแ แแณแชแซ แ แฐแแญ แแตแแณ แจแ แแญ แ แญแแต แญแแจแฃแ
๐๐พ แญแ แแณแชแซ แจ แแแฐแแ แแตแ แ แญแแ (sub grade) CBR value (California bearing ratio) แแแแฑ แจแฐแฐแซ แ แแ แฅแแณ แ แแแ แซแตแฝแแแข แญแ แแณแชแซ แฅแตแจ 800 แแแแตแญ แแฐแณแฝ แฐแญแตแฎ แแแฃแณ แจแแฝแ แแแข แจแแ แ แแญ แฐแญแตแฎ แฅแแฒแแฃ แจแแแแ แแซแแแซ (extension
Rod) แฐแ แ แแ แฅแตแจ 1200แแแแตแญ แแซแแ แฅแแฝแแแแข
๐๐ฟ แญแ แแณแชแซ 8 แชแ แแซแ แจแแแแ แแถแป แ แแ แญแ แ แแฐแแญ แฅแ แแฐแณแฝ แฒแฐแจแ แจแแแแฑแ แแฃแ แฐแญแตแฎ แญแแฃแแแแข
แจแแ แแณแชแซ แแญแแซ แแคแต แ DPI (penteration index) แญแแแแแข
แจ แ แแฉ DPI แแแต แแ แซแ แ แ แแฉ แ แแถแปแ แฅแแ แตแแด แฅแแฐแฐแฐแจแฐแจ แญแแแจแแแข แญแ แ แ millimeter แญแแแ แแแแข แ แญแจแญ แซแ แจแ แแญ แ แญแแต แ แแต แซแ DPI value แ แแ แแแต แแ แแญแแซแฑแ แ แแแ แตแแแญแฐแจแฐแญแข
DPI แฅแแดแต calculate แฅแแฐแแฐแจแ แแ แแ แฅแแซแแแข
DCP test results are expressed in DPI.
DPI is defined as the amount of vertical movement of the DPC cone produced by one drop of hammer. Itโs expressed in millimeters. Strong souls have lower DPI than weaker soil.
Next time we will show you how to calculate DPI value.
@etconp
In Amharic ๐ช๐น
๐๐พแจ แ แแญแ แฅแแซแฌ แฅแแ site แแญ แแแแซแต แจแแซแแแแ แแณแชแซ แแแข
๐๐ฟ แ แฐแจแแชแ แจ แ แ แญ แแแแฝแ (granular layer) แฅแ subgrade ( แจแแตแ แ แจ แ แแญ แญแแ) แแแณ แจ แแ แ แแ แแ แแญ แฅแแณแ แจแแซแณแแแ แแณแชแซ แแแข
๐๐พ แญแ แแณแชแซ แ แฐแแญ แแตแแณ แจแ แแญ แ แญแแต แญแแจแฃแ
๐๐พ แญแ แแณแชแซ แจ แแแฐแแ แแตแ แ แญแแ (sub grade) CBR value (California bearing ratio) แแแแฑ แจแฐแฐแซ แ แแ แฅแแณ แ แแแ แซแตแฝแแแข แญแ แแณแชแซ แฅแตแจ 800 แแแแตแญ แแฐแณแฝ แฐแญแตแฎ แแแฃแณ แจแแฝแ แแแข แจแแ แ แแญ แฐแญแตแฎ แฅแแฒแแฃ แจแแแแ แแซแแแซ (extension
Rod) แฐแ แ แแ แฅแตแจ 1200แแแแตแญ แแซแแ แฅแแฝแแแแข
๐๐ฟ แญแ แแณแชแซ 8 แชแ แแซแ แจแแแแ แแถแป แ แแ แญแ แ แแฐแแญ แฅแ แแฐแณแฝ แฒแฐแจแ แจแแแแฑแ แแฃแ แฐแญแตแฎ แญแแฃแแแแข
แจแแ แแณแชแซ แแญแแซ แแคแต แ DPI (penteration index) แญแแแแแข
แจ แ แแฉ DPI แแแต แแ แซแ แ แ แแฉ แ แแถแปแ แฅแแ แตแแด แฅแแฐแฐแฐแจแฐแจ แญแแแจแแแข แญแ แ แ millimeter แญแแแ แแแแข แ แญแจแญ แซแ แจแ แแญ แ แญแแต แ แแต แซแ DPI value แ แแ แแแต แแ แแญแแซแฑแ แ แแแ แตแแแญแฐแจแฐแญแข
DPI แฅแแดแต calculate แฅแแฐแแฐแจแ แแ แแ แฅแแซแแแข
DCP test results are expressed in DPI.
DPI is defined as the amount of vertical movement of the DPC cone produced by one drop of hammer. Itโs expressed in millimeters. Strong souls have lower DPI than weaker soil.
Next time we will show you how to calculate DPI value.
@etconp
Telegram
Ethiopian Construction Vacancy & Tender
Ethiopian Construction Vacancy & Tender
Daily updates on construction Engineering Works, job vacancies, tenders,News,Technology and bid announcements in Ethiopia & World
Buy ads: https://telega.io/c/ETCONpWORK
๐ฉ @Philemona7
Daily updates on construction Engineering Works, job vacancies, tenders,News,Technology and bid announcements in Ethiopia & World
Buy ads: https://telega.io/c/ETCONpWORK
๐ฉ @Philemona7
๐11โค4
Intercon Construction Chemicals
๐ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK
โ Concrete Admixtures
โ Bonding Agents
โ Waterproofings
โ Concrete Repair, Grout
โ Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
โ Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
โ Quartz, Contextra
โ Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
โ Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
๐ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK
โ Concrete Admixtures
โ Bonding Agents
โ Waterproofings
โ Concrete Repair, Grout
โ Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
โ Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
โ Quartz, Contextra
โ Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
โ Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
๐7
If the soil sample is having porosity 50% and degrees of saturation at 90% then its percentage air voids is
Anonymous Quiz
34%
(a) 5%
22%
(b) 50%
23%
(c) 45%
20%
(d) 4.5%
๐17โค6
๐แ แแ แแ แ แฐแจแฐแฐ แตแแแฐแ แจ แ แแญ แแณ แฃแฐแ แแแแฝแ แฅแแแแแแ๐ญ
๐ซETCONp แ แ แฐแแ แจแฐแฐแแ แฅแแ แแแ แฅแจแแแ แแค แ แ แฐแแ แแญแแซแต แคแฐแฐแฆแปแธแ แแกแต แฅแแฒแแ แแแแ แจแขแตแฎแตแซ แ แแฅ แแ แแแต แญแแแ๐
@etconp
๐ซETCONp แ แ แฐแแ แจแฐแฐแแ แฅแแ แแแ แฅแจแแแ แแค แ แ แฐแแ แแญแแซแต แคแฐแฐแฆแปแธแ แแกแต แฅแแฒแแ แแแแ แจแขแตแฎแตแซ แ แแฅ แแ แแแต แญแแแ๐
@etconp
๐ข23๐3
โจaQuapa PPR Pipes - PN 20
๐ฅKey Features:
๐Pressure Rating: PN 20 (20 bar)
๐Diameter Range: 20mm to 63mm
๐Material: Polypropylene Random Copolymer (PPR)
๐Applications: Suitable for high-pressure water supply systems, industrial applications, and more.
โจ aQuapa PPR Fittings - PN 25
๐ฅKey Features:
๐Pressure Rating: PN 25 (25 bar)
๐Diameter Range: 20mm to 63mm
๐Types of Fittings: Elbows, tees, reducers, couplings, end caps, and more.
๐Material: Polypropylene Random Copolymer (PPR)
๐Applications: Ideal for high-pressure water systems, industrial applications, plumbing, and heating systems.
๐Head Office
Location: Derar Mall 9th floor opposite to Sahlite Mihret Church
๐ฑ+251 929 93 0206
๐ฑ+251 929 53 1707
#ethiopia #theklinker #ektceramics #construction #admixture #ceramic #paint #sika #jotun #aquapa #primacera #hanbon #tesaassaabloy #spc #tiles #pprpipe #doorlock #sanitarywares #buildingmaterials
๐ฅKey Features:
๐Pressure Rating: PN 20 (20 bar)
๐Diameter Range: 20mm to 63mm
๐Material: Polypropylene Random Copolymer (PPR)
๐Applications: Suitable for high-pressure water supply systems, industrial applications, and more.
โจ aQuapa PPR Fittings - PN 25
๐ฅKey Features:
๐Pressure Rating: PN 25 (25 bar)
๐Diameter Range: 20mm to 63mm
๐Types of Fittings: Elbows, tees, reducers, couplings, end caps, and more.
๐Material: Polypropylene Random Copolymer (PPR)
๐Applications: Ideal for high-pressure water systems, industrial applications, plumbing, and heating systems.
๐Head Office
Location: Derar Mall 9th floor opposite to Sahlite Mihret Church
๐ฑ+251 929 93 0206
๐ฑ+251 929 53 1707
#ethiopia #theklinker #ektceramics #construction #admixture #ceramic #paint #sika #jotun #aquapa #primacera #hanbon #tesaassaabloy #spc #tiles #pprpipe #doorlock #sanitarywares #buildingmaterials
๐5โค1๐1
๐BASIC PRODUCTIVITY FORMULA
๐งThe basic formula for calculating productivity is:
Productivity Rate= Output/Input
Output: The quantity of goods or services produced.
Input: The resources used to produce the output (e.g., labor hours, costs, materials).
๐ซSteps to Calculate Productivity Rates
โญ๏ธ1. Define Output and Input
Output: This can be the number of units produced, services rendered, sales volume, etc.
Input: This could be the number of labor hours, cost of resources, total expenses, etc.
โญ๏ธ2. Choose a Time Frame
Decide whether you want to measure productivity on a daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly basis.
โญ๏ธ3. Collect Data :-Gather data for the output and input for the selected time frame.
โญ๏ธ4. Apply the Formula
Use the formula mentioned above to calculate the productivity rate.
๐ทExample Calculations
โถ๏ธExample 1: Manufacturing Productivity Output: 500 widgets Input: 250 labor hours
Productivity Rate= 500 widgets/250 labor hours = 2 widgets per hour
โบExample 2: Sales Team Productivity
Output: $200,000 in sales
Input: 400 labor hours
Productivity Rate= $200,000/400 labor hours = $500 per hour
โบExample 3: Software Development Team
Output: 1000 lines of code
Input: 40 labor hours
Productivity Rate= 1000 lines/40 hours = 25 lines per hour
๐Types of Productivity Measurements
๐ฐProductivity can be measured in different ways depending on the industry and focus:
๐ฒ1. Labor Productivity
Measures the amount of goods or services produced per labor hour.
โนLabor Productivity = Total Output/Total Labor Hours
๐ฒ2. Capital Productivity
Measures output against capital invested.
Capital Productivity = Total Output//Total Capital Used
๐ฒ3. Total Factor Productivity (TFP)
Considers multiple inputs, such as labor, capital, and materials, to evaluate overall efficiency.
TFP = Total Output/Weighted Sum of Inputs
๐ซFactors Influencing Productivity
๐1. Technology: Advanced technology can increase output with the same input.
๐2. Skills and Training: Skilled workers often produce more efficiently.
๐3. Work Environment: A conducive environment can boost productivity.
๐4. Processes and Systems: Streamlined processes can enhance efficiency.
๐5. Management Practices: Effective management can lead to better productivity.
@etconp
๐งThe basic formula for calculating productivity is:
Productivity Rate= Output/Input
Output: The quantity of goods or services produced.
Input: The resources used to produce the output (e.g., labor hours, costs, materials).
๐ซSteps to Calculate Productivity Rates
โญ๏ธ1. Define Output and Input
Output: This can be the number of units produced, services rendered, sales volume, etc.
Input: This could be the number of labor hours, cost of resources, total expenses, etc.
โญ๏ธ2. Choose a Time Frame
Decide whether you want to measure productivity on a daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly basis.
โญ๏ธ3. Collect Data :-Gather data for the output and input for the selected time frame.
โญ๏ธ4. Apply the Formula
Use the formula mentioned above to calculate the productivity rate.
๐ทExample Calculations
โถ๏ธExample 1: Manufacturing Productivity Output: 500 widgets Input: 250 labor hours
Productivity Rate= 500 widgets/250 labor hours = 2 widgets per hour
โบExample 2: Sales Team Productivity
Output: $200,000 in sales
Input: 400 labor hours
Productivity Rate= $200,000/400 labor hours = $500 per hour
โบExample 3: Software Development Team
Output: 1000 lines of code
Input: 40 labor hours
Productivity Rate= 1000 lines/40 hours = 25 lines per hour
๐Types of Productivity Measurements
๐ฐProductivity can be measured in different ways depending on the industry and focus:
๐ฒ1. Labor Productivity
Measures the amount of goods or services produced per labor hour.
โนLabor Productivity = Total Output/Total Labor Hours
๐ฒ2. Capital Productivity
Measures output against capital invested.
Capital Productivity = Total Output//Total Capital Used
๐ฒ3. Total Factor Productivity (TFP)
Considers multiple inputs, such as labor, capital, and materials, to evaluate overall efficiency.
TFP = Total Output/Weighted Sum of Inputs
๐ซFactors Influencing Productivity
๐1. Technology: Advanced technology can increase output with the same input.
๐2. Skills and Training: Skilled workers often produce more efficiently.
๐3. Work Environment: A conducive environment can boost productivity.
๐4. Processes and Systems: Streamlined processes can enhance efficiency.
๐5. Management Practices: Effective management can lead to better productivity.
@etconp
๐23๐1
Lateral torsional buckling will occur in:
Anonymous Quiz
16%
Beams whose compression flange is embedded in the slab
26%
Beams which are laterally restricted by horizontal bracings
43%
Beams which are laterally unsupported
14%
Beams whose web are restrained by lateral beams
๐10
When Compressive force applied on the Ductile material, which type of failure wiil be generate & which angle
Anonymous Quiz
19%
Shear failure, 90degree
43%
Compressive failure, 90degree
32%
Tensile failure, 45degree
7%
None of these
๐11๐4
Increasing the grade of concrete the value of Poisson's ratio is
Anonymous Quiz
48%
Directly proportional
37%
Indirectly proportional
9%
No changes
6%
Both equal changes
๐11โค1
๐FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATIONS
๐งFoundations serve the following purposes :-
1.Reduction of load intensity:-
Foundations distribute the loads of the super-structure to a larger area so that the intensity of the load at its base (i.e., the total load divided by the total area)does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the sub-soil. In the case of deep foundations it transmits the super imposed loads to the sub soil both through side friction as well as through end bearing
2.Even distribution of load:-
Foundations distribute the non-uniform load of the super-structure evenly to be sub soil. For example two columns carrying unequal loads can have a combined footing which may transmit the load to sub soil evenly with uniform soil pressure. Due to this, differential settlements are minimised.
3. Provision of level surface:-
Foundations provide levelled and hard surfaces over which the super structure can be built.
4. Lateral stability:- It anchors the super structure to the ground, thus imparting lateral stability to the super structure.The stability of the building, against sliding and overturning, due to horizontal forces (Such as wind, Earthquake etc.) is increased due to foundations.
5.Safety against undermining:- It provides the structural safety against undermining or scouring due to burrowing animals and flood water.
6.Protection against soil movements:- Special foundations measures prevents or minimises the distress (or cracks) in the super structure, due to expansion or contraction of the sub soil because of moisture movement in some problematic soils.
๐ซESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FOUNDATIONS :-
โบFoundations should be constructed to safety the following requirements:-
1.The foundations shall be constructed to sustain dead and imposed loads and to transmit these to the sub soil in such a way that pressure on it will not cause settlement which would impair the stability of the building or adjoining structures.
2.Foundation base should be rigid so that differential settlements are minimised, specially for the case when super imposed loads are not evenly distributed.
3.Foundations should be taken sufficiently deep to gaurd the building against damage or distress caused by swelling or shrinkage of the sub soil.
4. Foundations should be safely located that its performance may not be affected due to any unexpected future influence.
@etconp
๐งFoundations serve the following purposes :-
1.Reduction of load intensity:-
Foundations distribute the loads of the super-structure to a larger area so that the intensity of the load at its base (i.e., the total load divided by the total area)does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the sub-soil. In the case of deep foundations it transmits the super imposed loads to the sub soil both through side friction as well as through end bearing
2.Even distribution of load:-
Foundations distribute the non-uniform load of the super-structure evenly to be sub soil. For example two columns carrying unequal loads can have a combined footing which may transmit the load to sub soil evenly with uniform soil pressure. Due to this, differential settlements are minimised.
3. Provision of level surface:-
Foundations provide levelled and hard surfaces over which the super structure can be built.
4. Lateral stability:- It anchors the super structure to the ground, thus imparting lateral stability to the super structure.The stability of the building, against sliding and overturning, due to horizontal forces (Such as wind, Earthquake etc.) is increased due to foundations.
5.Safety against undermining:- It provides the structural safety against undermining or scouring due to burrowing animals and flood water.
6.Protection against soil movements:- Special foundations measures prevents or minimises the distress (or cracks) in the super structure, due to expansion or contraction of the sub soil because of moisture movement in some problematic soils.
๐ซESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FOUNDATIONS :-
โบFoundations should be constructed to safety the following requirements:-
1.The foundations shall be constructed to sustain dead and imposed loads and to transmit these to the sub soil in such a way that pressure on it will not cause settlement which would impair the stability of the building or adjoining structures.
2.Foundation base should be rigid so that differential settlements are minimised, specially for the case when super imposed loads are not evenly distributed.
3.Foundations should be taken sufficiently deep to gaurd the building against damage or distress caused by swelling or shrinkage of the sub soil.
4. Foundations should be safely located that its performance may not be affected due to any unexpected future influence.
@etconp
๐13โค1
๐แแป แจแตแแ
แญแต แฅแตแ
๐ซแ แฉแแญแตแต แชแแแฐแ แจแผแญแแแ แจแแป แจแตแแ แญแต แฅแตแ แแแแจแป แแแแแญ แแแต แณแแแต แฅแป แญแแจแแแข
๐ทแแตแแแ แญแซแแ แ แแ แแ แแ แแจแแแ แซแแฅแก๐
http://chevening.org/courses
@etconp
๐ซแ แฉแแญแตแต แชแแแฐแ แจแผแญแแแ แจแแป แจแตแแ แญแต แฅแตแ แแแแจแป แแแแแญ แแแต แณแแแต แฅแป แญแแจแแแข
๐ทแแตแแแ แญแซแแ แ แแ แแ แแ แแจแแแ แซแแฅแก๐
http://chevening.org/courses
@etconp
๐5๐ข1๐1
แณแแซแต แแแต แฅแ แแฆแแต แ แ
แซแข
๐แแแ แ แ แแต แฆแณ แจแแซแแแ แต แฅแ แแแแ แ แญแฅ
๐ฐแแ แญแแแแ?
๐แแแตแ แแฆแแต แ แแแแต แ แญแแต แจแฐแแแ แ แแ
โ๏ธแแแซ แแตแแซแจแฅ แแตแ แณแต แแญแแ แแณแ แ แจแแแ แฅแแณแซแตแก แแแแ แแฝแแฝ แ แตแแฅแฐแแ
๐แแฎ (แถแแฒแ) แฅแญแต แแตแ แแต แแญแแ แแณแ แ แซแฐแก แแฑแ แแฝแ แ แแฝแ แแ
๐แแแแแแ แจแแฐแแญ แตแซแแฝแ แจแแฐแฉ แฅแ แฃแแแซแแฝแ แ แแ
โ๏ธแญแฐแแแแ แซแแญแฉแ
๐แขแตแฎแตแซ แแตแฅ แจแตแ แฅแแแญแแณแแ
แ แตแซแปแฝแแฆ แ.1 แ แแถแฅแต แฐแซ(แแณแแแซ)
แ.2 แแญแซแถ
แ.3 แฐแญแแแญแแแต
0904040477
0911016833
๐แแแ แ แ แแต แฆแณ แจแแซแแแ แต แฅแ แแแแ แ แญแฅ
๐ฐแแ แญแแแแ?
๐แแแตแ แแฆแแต แ แแแแต แ แญแแต แจแฐแแแ แ แแ
โ๏ธแแแซ แแตแแซแจแฅ แแตแ แณแต แแญแแ แแณแ แ แจแแแ แฅแแณแซแตแก แแแแ แแฝแแฝ แ แตแแฅแฐแแ
๐แแฎ (แถแแฒแ) แฅแญแต แแตแ แแต แแญแแ แแณแ แ แซแฐแก แแฑแ แแฝแ แ แแฝแ แแ
๐แแแแแแ แจแแฐแแญ แตแซแแฝแ แจแแฐแฉ แฅแ แฃแแแซแแฝแ แ แแ
โ๏ธแญแฐแแแแ แซแแญแฉแ
๐แขแตแฎแตแซ แแตแฅ แจแตแ แฅแแแญแแณแแ
แ แตแซแปแฝแแฆ แ.1 แ แแถแฅแต แฐแซ(แแณแแแซ)
แ.2 แแญแซแถ
แ.3 แฐแญแแแญแแแต
0904040477
0911016833
๐2๐1
๐Sand Cone Test
๐ซSand Cone Density is an accurate and reliable test method that has long been used to measure the in-place density of soils.
๐ทThe procedure is described in ASTM D1556 / AASHTO T 191. A flat base plate with a 6.5in (165.1mm) circular opening is used as a template to position the hole at the test site.
โบDensity test accessories such as mallets, scoops, chisels, and sample bags are used during excavation.
โถ๏ธAll the excavated material is carefully collected and saved in an airtight container.
โบThe pre-weighed Sand Cone Density Apparatus is inverted onto the base plate and the opening of the metal cone is nested in the base plate opening.
โบA rotary valve is opened, and free-flowing density test sand of known density runs into the excavated test hole.
โบThe apparatus is weighed again to establish the weight of sand needed to fill the hole and the volume of the hole is calculated.
โบThe wet weight of the excavated soil is divided by the volume of the hole to determine the wet density.
@etconp
๐ซSand Cone Density is an accurate and reliable test method that has long been used to measure the in-place density of soils.
๐ทThe procedure is described in ASTM D1556 / AASHTO T 191. A flat base plate with a 6.5in (165.1mm) circular opening is used as a template to position the hole at the test site.
โบDensity test accessories such as mallets, scoops, chisels, and sample bags are used during excavation.
โถ๏ธAll the excavated material is carefully collected and saved in an airtight container.
โบThe pre-weighed Sand Cone Density Apparatus is inverted onto the base plate and the opening of the metal cone is nested in the base plate opening.
โบA rotary valve is opened, and free-flowing density test sand of known density runs into the excavated test hole.
โบThe apparatus is weighed again to establish the weight of sand needed to fill the hole and the volume of the hole is calculated.
โบThe wet weight of the excavated soil is divided by the volume of the hole to determine the wet density.
@etconp
๐8โค4๐1
Intercon Construction Chemicals
๐ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK
โ Concrete Admixtures
โ Bonding Agents
โ Waterproofings
โ Concrete Repair, Grout
โ Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
โ Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
โ Quartz, Contextra
โ Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
โ Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
๐ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK
โ Concrete Admixtures
โ Bonding Agents
โ Waterproofings
โ Concrete Repair, Grout
โ Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
โ Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
โ Quartz, Contextra
โ Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
โ Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
๐4
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Exciting news! ๐ EKT Ceramics is thrilled to announce the launch of our new website: www.ektceramics.com! ๐
โจOur new website is designed with you in mind, offering an enhanced user experience with easier navigation, comprehensive product information, and the latest updates on our innovative solutions. Whether you're a long-time customer or new to our products, you'll find everything you need right at your fingertips.
โจExplore our extensive range of high-quality products, get inspired by our project showcases, and stay informed about upcoming events and promotions. We invite you to visit us online and discover how EKT Ceramics can bring beauty and functionality to your Environment.
Visit us now at www.ektceramics.com and let's start creating something extraordinary together! ๐บโจ
โจOur new website is designed with you in mind, offering an enhanced user experience with easier navigation, comprehensive product information, and the latest updates on our innovative solutions. Whether you're a long-time customer or new to our products, you'll find everything you need right at your fingertips.
โจExplore our extensive range of high-quality products, get inspired by our project showcases, and stay informed about upcoming events and promotions. We invite you to visit us online and discover how EKT Ceramics can bring beauty and functionality to your Environment.
Visit us now at www.ektceramics.com and let's start creating something extraordinary together! ๐บโจ
๐3โค1๐ฅฐ1