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๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
Latest updates, tips, and tutorials on building, civil engineering, and construction in World.
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๐Ÿ“จ @Philemona7 Or @ETCONpBOT

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โ‡๏ธ Archedemy แ‹จแˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“ แˆ˜แ‹•แŠจแˆ แŠจ etconp แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แˆแ‹ฉ แ‹จแŠญแˆญแˆ˜แ‰ต แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“ แŠ แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ทแˆ แข

๐Ÿ›‘แˆแ‹ฉ แ‹จแŠญแˆจแˆแ‰ต แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“          ๐Ÿ›‘ 20% แ‰…แŠ“แˆฝแข         ๐Ÿ“ž 0984121839

         ๐Ÿ“แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ› แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆ
แˆฐแŠž แฃแˆจแ‰กแ‹• แฃแŠ แˆญแ‰ฅ (แ‹จแŠจแˆฐแŠ แ‰ต)
แˆ›แŠญแˆฐแŠž แฃ แˆ€แˆ™แˆต แฃ แ‰…แ‹ณแˆœ (แ‹จแŒ แ‹‹แ‰ต )
         ๐Ÿ“แ‹จแˆ›แ‰ณ
แˆฐแŠž แฃแˆจแ‰กแ‹• แฃแŠ แˆญแ‰ฅ(แŠจ11:30-1:30)
         ๐Ÿ“แ‹จแ‰…แ‹ณแˆœ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแˆแ‹ต
แ‰…แ‹ณแˆœ แˆ›แ‰ณ 11:30-1:30
แŠฅแˆแ‹ต แŒ แ‹‹แ‰ตแข 3:30 - 6:30


โœ…แˆแˆแ‹ต แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆฒแ‰ฒ แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆซแŠ• แŠ“ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒฅ แˆแ‹ฉ แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“แข

โœ…แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆชแˆ แ‰ แˆณแˆแŠ•แ‰ต แˆˆ1 แ‰€แŠ•  แАแƒ แˆœแŠ•แ‰ถแˆญ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰  แŠฆแŠ•แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แ‹‰แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆ แข


โœ…แ‹ญแˆ… Course แˆตแˆˆ BIM แŠฅแŠ“ 3D Modeling, แˆ›แ‹ˆแ‰… แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฆแ‰ตแŠ• แˆแˆ‰แŠ•แˆ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ต แАแ‹ แข แ‰ แŠฎแˆญแˆฑ แ‰ฅแ‰ แˆ†แАแ‹ แˆ‹แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰ แˆฐแˆญแ‰ตแแŠฌแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆฐแŒฃแˆ แข

                   โœณ๏ธ    แ‹จแŠฎแˆญแˆฑ แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆฎแ‰ฝ

โœ… Full BIM & 3D design in in Revit,  Archicad

โœ…Rendering in Lumion , Twinmotion & Enscape

โœ…Video Presentation in Wondershare Filmora 


    โœณ๏ธ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแŠ แ‹‹แŒ‹  10, 000 ETB แˆˆ3
แ‹ˆแˆญ!
    โœณ๏ธ แ‰ แŠ แŠซแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แˆตแˆแŠญ  แˆตแ‰ตแˆ˜แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ก แ‰  etconp แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแŒˆแŠ›แ‰ฝแˆ แŠจแŒˆแˆˆแŒปแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จ 10 % แ‰…แŠ“แˆป แ‰ณแŒˆแŠ›แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แข

โœณ๏ธ  แ‰…แ‹ตแˆšแ‹ซ   แˆˆแˆšแˆ˜แŒก 5 แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹จ แ‰…แŠ“แˆฝ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆจแ‹‰ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ แข
   
๐Ÿ“ž 0984121839
@etconpworks
๐Ÿ‘5
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ˜แ‰แˆจแŒซ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆปแŠ“  แˆ›แŒ แŠแ‹ซ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ แŒƒแˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠฅแŠ“แŒฅแ‹แˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆฐแˆซแˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ แ‰.1 แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ถแ‰ฅแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ(แˆ˜แˆณแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซ)
                    แ‰.2 แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                    แ‰.3 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต

0904040477
0911016833
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แŠ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต (Road Saftey) แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แŠจแˆšแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แŒ€แŠ•แ‹ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‰€แ‹ณแˆš แАแ‹แข

โ–ถ๏ธแŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‹˜แˆญแ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ญแ‹ž แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แŒ แˆฉ แŠฉแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆ›แŠ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹˜แˆญแˆ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแŠจแŠ“แ‹แŠ“แˆ‰แข

๐Ÿทแ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ฐแŠžแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒ‰แ‹ž แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆ›แŠ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแข

โญ๏ธแ‹จแˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแŒ แ‹ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‹ตแˆ แ‰ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹ฐแŒ แˆžแŠญแˆจแ‹‹แˆแค แˆตแŠฌแ‰ตแˆ แŠ แŒแŠแ‰ฐแ‹แ‰ แ‰ณแˆแข

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ แŠ แ‹แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแˆŠแ‹ซ "แ‰ณแˆญแˆ›แŠญ แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ•แˆœแŠชแŠ•แŒ" แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ แŠฉแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ซ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแˆช แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ…แŠฆ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‰€แˆˆแˆžแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แˆแˆญแ‰ถ แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แ‹แˆแˆแข

๐ŸšงแŠ แ‹ฒแˆฑ แ‰€แˆˆแˆ แ‰€แŠ• แŠจแ€แˆแ‹ญ แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ แˆฐแ‰ แ‹แŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญแˆƒแŠ• แˆ˜แˆแˆถ แ‰ แˆแˆฝแ‰ต แ‰ แŠ แˆจแŠ•แŒ“แ‹ตแ‹ซแˆ› แ‰€แˆˆแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ€แ‰ฃแˆซแ‰‚ แˆ†แŠ– แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ญ แАแ‹แข แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‹จแˆแˆฝแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ“แ‹ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆ›แŠ แŒ‰แ‹žแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰บ แАแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆแˆแข

๐Ÿšงแ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹แŠ• แŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ แˆแˆฝแ‰ต แŠ แˆฝแŠจแˆญแŠซแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ตแŠซแˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆฑ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰€แˆˆแˆ แŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแŒฅแˆญแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ˜แ‰ณแŒ แŠแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แˆˆแŠ แˆตแ‰ธแŒ‹แˆช แŒฅแˆแแˆแ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‰€แˆˆแˆ™ แŒ แ‰€แˆœแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹จแˆ‹แ‰€ แАแ‹แข

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘16โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‹แŒญ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ต แˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹ แАแ‹ ?!

๐Ÿšงแ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆญแŠ“ แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ“ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญแŠ• แŠ แАแŒ‹แŒแˆฌแ‹ซแˆˆแˆแข

โญ๏ธแŠ แˆˆแˆแŠ แ‰€แ‹แ‹Š แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‹ แŠจ600 แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆ†แА แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿทแˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆฉ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ 2 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แˆ›แ‹ฐแŒ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰งแˆ?

Via~แŠคแˆญแˆšแ‹ซแˆต

@etconp

https://t.me/ETCONp
๐Ÿ™5โค3๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰แŒŽแ‰ฐแˆซ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‰ 35 แˆ„แŠญแ‰ณแˆญ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแ‰ปแ‹ญแŠ“แ‹ CCCC แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แŠ แŒ‹แˆญแАแ‰ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹›แˆฌ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ฑแˆžแˆฎ แˆแ‹ฉ แ‹จแŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš แ‹žแŠ• แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก แ‰ตแˆ‹แˆแ‰… แˆžแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แŠ แ“แˆญแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒคแŠ“ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆฐแ‹แŠ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‹แŠ“แŠ›แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ฐแ‰ฐ แАแ‹แข

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘13โค4
Intercon Construction Chemicals 
    
๐Ÿ‘‰ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK

โ— Concrete Admixtures
โ— Bonding Agents
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โ— Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
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โ— Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
๐Ÿ‘3
๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
๐Ÿ‘‰Method repair of rutting pavement defects?

๐ŸšงRutting in road pavement refers to the formation of depressions or grooves in the wheel paths of the pavement surface.

โ–ถ๏ธIt is typically caused by the deformation of pavement layers under repeated traffic loads, inadequate pavement structure, or the use of inappropriate materials.

โบRepairing rutting involves addressing the underlying causes and restoring the pavement surface to its original condition.

๐ŸทHere are the steps to repair rutting in road pavement:

1. Assess the Extent of Rutting
Inspection: Conduct a thorough inspection to measure the depth, length, and severity of the ruts.

Identify whether the rutting is confined to the surface layer or extends into the base layers.

- Identify Causes: Determine the primary causes of rutting, such as weak subgrade, poor compaction, inadequate pavement thickness, or unsuitable asphalt mix.

2. Select the Appropriate Repair Method

The repair method will depend on the depth and severity of the rutting:

- Shallow Rutting (less than 1 inch deep): Typically affects the asphalt surface layer.

- Moderate to Severe Rutting (more than 1 inch deep): Indicates problems in the base or subgrade layers.

3. Execute the Repair

โญ๏ธFor Shallow Rutting

- Surface Patching:
  - Clean the Area: Remove debris, loose material, and moisture from the rutted area.
  - Apply Tack Coat: Use a tack coat to ensure a good bond between the existing pavement and the new asphalt.
  - Fill the Ruts: Apply a leveling course of hot-mix asphalt or cold-mix asphalt to fill the ruts.
  - Compact the Asphalt: Use a roller or vibratory plate compactor to compact the asphalt to the required density and ensure a smooth surface.

โญ๏ธFor Moderate to Severe Rutting

- Mill and Fill:

  - Milling: Use a milling machine to remove the deformed asphalt layer to a depth that extends beyond the rutted area.
  - Clean the Surface: Ensure the milled surface is clean and free of debris.
  - Apply Tack Coat: Apply a tack coat on the milled surface to promote bonding.
  - Place New Asphalt: Lay new hot-mix asphalt, ensuring the material is spread evenly.
  - Compact the Asphalt: Compact the asphalt with a roller to achieve the desired density and surface smoothness.
- Full-Depth Reconstruction:
  - Excavate the Affected Area: Remove the pavement down to the subgrade if the rutting extends into the base or subgrade layers.
  - Rebuild the Base and Subgrade: Reconstruct the base and subgrade layers with appropriate materials and ensure proper compaction.
  - Lay New Asphalt: Apply and compact a new asphalt layer.

4. Post-Repair Inspection and Maintenance

- Inspect the Repair: Check the repaired area for proper compaction, smoothness, and adherence to the surrounding pavement.
- Regular Maintenance: Implement routine inspections and maintenance to identify and address early signs of rutting.

5. Preventive Measures

- Proper Design: Ensure that the pavement design is adequate for the expected traffic loads and environmental conditions.
- Quality Materials: Use high-quality asphalt and aggregate materials with suitable properties to resist deformation.
- Adequate Compaction: Ensure all layers of the pavement structure are properly compacted during construction.
- Proper Drainage: Maintain good drainage to prevent water from weakening the pavement structure.

๐Ÿ’ซBy following these steps, you can effectively repair rutting in road pavements and enhance the pavementโ€™s performance and longevity.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘11โค3
๐ŸทแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแŒ แ‰…แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แˆ•แŒŽแ‰ฝ

โžก๏ธแˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆตแ‰ตแˆชแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แ‹‹แŒ†แ‰ฝ (Decree)แฃ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฆแ‰ฝ (regulations)แฃ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (Directives)แฃ แˆตแ‰ณแŠ•แ‹ณแˆญแ‹ถแ‰ฝ (Manuals)แฃ แ‹จแ‹แˆ แˆฐแАแ‹ถแ‰ฝ (Contract Conditions)แฃ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝ (Laws and codes)แฃ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฆแ‰ฝ (Negarit) แŠ แˆแ‰ตแข แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แˆ›แˆ•แ‰€แŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆแ‹ตแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ฅ  (แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ‹แ‹Š แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แŠ แ‰€แ‹แ‹Š) แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข 

โ–ถ๏ธ1แŠ›) แ‰ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‹แˆ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰€แŽแ‰ฝแฆ FIDIC MDBS (Federation Internationale Des Ingenieurs-Conseils)แฃ EU condition of contractแฃ NEC- new engineering contract, UK (แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แˆˆแ‹แŠƒ แ‰แ‹แˆฎ แ‹แˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹แˆ) แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ฃแˆปแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ›แŠ‘แ‹‹แˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆช แˆแŠฌแ‰ต (แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆ™แŠจแˆซ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแ‰ต) แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแŠ•แข
*โƒฃแŠจแŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ:- American Society Testing Materials (ASTM), American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“แ‹Žแ‰น แˆฒแˆ†แŠ‘ Indian Standards (IS) แŠฅแŠ“ British Standard (BS)  แŠ แˆแŽ แŠ แˆแŽ แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹แˆ‰ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

โžก๏ธ2แŠ›) แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ›แˆ•แ‰€แŽแ‰ฝแฆ Building and Transport Construction Design Authority (BaTCoDA - แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ“ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแˆ‹แ‰ต)แฃ Public Procurement Agency (PPA - แˆˆแŒจแˆซแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ต แ‹แˆ แˆฐแАแ‹ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ)แฃ Civil Code, Civil Procedural codes, Ministry of Works and Urban Development Standard Conditions of Contract (MOWUD Directives), FDRE constitution, แŒแ‹ฐแˆซแˆ แАแŒ‹แˆชแ‰ต แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฃ (Negarit Gazieta), แ‰ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆปแˆปแˆ‰ แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แŒป แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแ‰ณแŠ•แ‹ณแˆญแ‹ถแ‰ฝแฃ แ‹จแˆ™แ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แแ‰ƒแ‹ต แŠ แ‹‹แŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ณแˆแข

*โƒฃแ‰ แŠฅแˆญแŒแŒฅ แ‰ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‹Š แˆŠแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‰แˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆฉแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠจแ‰ฅแ‹ณแˆแฃ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑแˆ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝ แŠจแ‰ฆแ‰ณแฃ แŠจแˆฅแˆซแฃ แŠจแˆฐแ‹ แŠƒแ‹ญแˆแฃ แŠจแˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒแ‹ดแ‰ณแฃ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ตแฃ แŠจแ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆแŠ“ แแ‰ตแˆ• แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹™ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝ แˆดแŠญแ‰ฐแˆฉแˆ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แˆแˆ‰ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆตแ‰ตแˆช แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แАแ‹แข

Via Abraham Tebeje

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๐Ÿ‘12๐Ÿ™5โค1