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International_Construction_Contract_Claims_Management_1730973611.pdf
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๐Ÿ”น Understanding the Contractorโ€™s Delay Claims Process with FIDIC 2017 ๐Ÿ”น

In construction, delays are often unavoidable. According to the 2017 FIDIC Red Book, contractors can submit claims for additional payment or time extensions if they encounter delays caused by the employer. Hereโ€™s a breakdown of the process:

1- Identify the Delay Event: Recognize any event impacting the critical path and compare the original and actual schedules.

2- Determine Entitlement: Verify if the delay is excusable or compensable based on contract terms.

3- Submit Notice of Claim: Submit a notice within 28 days of the delay event to maintain eligibility for compensation.

4- Engineerโ€™s Initial Response: The engineer has 14 days to respond to the claim with their preliminary assessment.

5- Fully Detailed Claim: Submit a comprehensive claim with all supporting documents within 84 days.

Also helps contractors manage delays professionally, ensuring clarity and compliance with FIDIC standards.

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘8๐Ÿ‘Œ8๐Ÿ’”1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แˆณแ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• (Site) แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆŽแŠฌแ‰ต แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแ‰€แˆ แˆตแˆŒแ‰ต?

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰  แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แŠซแˆฌ แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แ‰ฅแˆŽแŠฌแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแŠ•?? แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆตแˆŒแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต

๐Ÿšงแ‹จแ‰ฅแˆŽแŠฌแ‰ต แˆตแ‹แ‰ต =0.4แˆœ 
               แ‰แˆ˜แ‰ต =0.2แˆœ

=1/(0.4*0.2)
=12.5
=~13

๐Ÿทแˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‰  แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แŠซแˆฌ 13 แแˆฌ แ‰ฅแˆŽแŠฌแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆˆแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹

แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ‰แŠ• แŠ แŒ‹แˆฉ! Share แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ!


@etconp ๐Ÿ—
๐Ÿ‘64๐Ÿ‘3๐Ÿ™1
๐Ÿ‘‰๐‘ช๐’๐’๐’•๐’“๐’‚๐’„๐’•๐’๐’“โ€™๐’” ๐‘ฎ๐’–๐’Š๐’…๐’† ๐‘ป๐’ ๐‘ช๐’๐’๐’”๐’•๐’“๐’–๐’„๐’•๐’Š๐’๐’ ๐‘ฐ๐’๐’—๐’๐’Š๐’„๐’Š๐’๐’ˆ

๐ŸทUnlike most retail companies that only require simple line items list on invoice Most construction businesses is complex & have to provide collection of detailed documents, providing proof of labor & materials supplied within billing period

๐Ÿšง๐–๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ˆ๐ฌ ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ˆ๐ง๐ฏ๐จ๐ข๐œ๐ž?

Document submitted by contractors to list owed amount for completed work, materials, labor charges & specified time duration

๐Ÿšง๐ˆ๐ง๐ฏ๐จ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ˆ๐ง ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ

Invoicing process vary based on contract agreed upon owner & contractor, but larger construction projects will most likely be on progress billing structure

Contract type(Lump sum, T&M, etc.) ultimately decides how & when to make payment

๐Ÿšง๐๐ซ๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ 

Pay contractors based %work completed, allow client to control cash outflows to match project progress Typically, issuers make payment on monthly schedule & at certain completion% (30%,60%, etc.)

๐Ÿšง๐๐ž๐ซ๐œ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐š๐ ๐ž ๐Ž๐Ÿ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง(๐๐Ž๐‚)

Accounting Method for long-term projects where Revenue & Expenses recognized based on periodical work% complete(Monthly basis)

Most common way to determine projectโ€™s POC is ๐‚๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ-๐“๐จ-๐‚๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐…๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐š by comparing estimated & actual project costs
%Complete= Total Cost To Date/Total Cost Estimated

Recognized Revenue = %Complete x Contract Amount

๐Ÿšง๐Œ๐ข๐ฅ๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ง๐ž ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ 

Billing based on Specific Milestone(eg. Mobilization, Material delivery, Energization,etc.)

๐Ÿšง๐‚๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ˆ๐ง๐ฏ๐จ๐ข๐œ๐ž ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง๐ž๐ง๐ญ

invoice line items vary depending on different factors, enforced templates, project nature etc.

-Project/Contract Info
-Contractor/Client Info
-Invoice# & Reference details
-Work Description
-Contract Price
-Approved VOs
-Materials stored on site
-Retention amount
-Previous Invoice Value/Due

๐Ÿšง๐๐š๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐€๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐ƒ๐จ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง

Contractor send supporting documentation for payment to be accepted.

-Schedule Of Values(SOV):List of every work item on a project, along with each itemโ€™s value
-Additions/Omissions:Increment/Deductions in quantities awarded & mentioned in BOQ
-Change Orders
-Daily Reports
-Photo
-Vedor Invoices
-Provisional Sum

๐Ÿšง๐‘๐ž๐ญ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง

A payment portion, typically 5-10%, withheld until predefined milestone is achieved

๐Ÿšง๐๐ซ๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ƒ๐ž๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ

In certain contracts, if period forecasted progress threshold not met, part retention will be applied to invoice (Typically 5% invoice)

๐Ÿšง๐‚๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐Ž๐Ÿ ๐๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ (๐‚๐Ž๐)

Non Conformance Certificates (NCR) result periodical deduction to assure contractor responsible to rework at own cost

๐Ÿšง๐Œ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐’๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐š๐ ๐ž ๐€๐ญ ๐’๐ข๐ญ๐ž

Part of progress invoice based on pre-agreed %

๐Ÿšง๐“๐š๐ฑ & ๐ˆ๐ง๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž

Important construction invoice part. Broad & % varries depending on, awarding entity, country, business.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘23โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰Plumb Bob (แ‰ฑแˆแ‰ข)

๐Ÿ’ซA plumb bob, plumb bob level, or plummet, is a weight, usually with a pointed tip on the bottom, suspended from a string and used as a vertical reference line, or plumb-line.

It is a precursor to the spirit level and used to establish a vertical datum.

It is typically made of stone, wood, or lead, but can also be made of other metals.

The instrument has been used since at least the time of ancient Egypt to ensure that constructions are "plumb", or vertical.

It is also used in surveying, to establish the nadir with respect to gravity of a point in space.

It is used with a variety of instruments (including levels, theodolites, and steel tapes) to set the instrument exactly over a fixed survey marker or to transcribe positions onto the ground for placing a marker.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘21โค5
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“แŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ค แˆ›แˆตแŒจแ‰ แŒซ แ‰ฐแˆฐแŒ 

๐Ÿšงแ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠจแ‰ปแ‹ญแŠ“ แŠฎแˆ™แŠ’แŠฌแˆฝแŠ• แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŠซแˆแ“แŠ’ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แŒ‹แˆซ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆปแˆ‰ แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แŒแ‰ฅแˆƒแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ SBS (Styrene S - Butadiene B - Styrene - S) แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆปแˆˆ แŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ Super-CRB (Cold Repair Binder) แ–แˆŠแˆ˜แˆญ แˆ›แ‰ดแˆชแ‹ซแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแ‰ฐแŠฎแˆจ แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“ แ‰ฐแˆฐแŒฅแ‰ทแˆแข

โบแ‹จแˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“แ‹ แ‹‹แŠ“ แŠ แˆ‹แˆ› แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ‹แŒฅแˆ™ แ‰ฐแŒแ‹ณแˆฎแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ƒแˆˆแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แแŒฅแАแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ แŠ•แ…แ…แˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แŒˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‹›แ‰ค แˆ›แˆตแŒจแ‰ แŒซ แАแ‹แข

โ–ถ๏ธSBS แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆปแˆˆ แŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‹จแŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ตแฃ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆญ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ แŠ•แ…แ…แˆญ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ 20 แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ แ‹จแ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‰…แŠ“แˆฝแฃ แ‹แ‰…แ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‰ฅแŠญแˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆช แ‰ แˆ›แˆปแˆปแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ˜แŒฃแˆแข

โ‡๏ธแ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆปแˆˆ แŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แ‰ แ‰ปแ‹ญแŠ“ แŠฎแˆ™แŠ’แŠฌแˆฝแŠ• แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŠซแˆแ“แŠ’ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแŠแАแ‰ต แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠคแˆญแ–แˆญแ‰ต แ‹จแŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ›แˆปแˆปแ‹ซ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹แˆŽ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แŠ แˆแƒแ€แˆ แˆ›แˆณแ‹จแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแข

โบแ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‹ Super-CRB แ–แˆŠแˆ˜แˆญแŠ• แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แ‰ แŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ แˆแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒŽแ‹ตแŒŽแ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆ˜แ‰ แˆณแ‰ต (Pothole) แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฝแŠจแˆญแŠซแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒŽแˆ› แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆŽ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฐแˆญแŒŽแ‹ต (Rut) แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แŒแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠจSuper-CRB แŠฌแˆšแŠซแˆ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹‹แˆ€แ‹ตแฃ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แแŒฅแАแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ แŠ•แ…แ…แˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แŒˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

โบแŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠแŠญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆด แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แ‹›แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‹Š แ‰ขแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แ‰ แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‹แŠ• แŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ‰ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆชแ‹ซ แŒแ‰ฅแˆƒแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–แˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ขแ‹แŠ• แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆซแ‹˜แˆ แ‹ญแˆจแ‹ณแˆแข

๐Ÿทแ‰ แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“แ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆแˆซแ‰ตแˆ แˆ†แА แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ แˆญ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆšแŠ“แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ฑแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŠ แ‹แ‰ณแˆญ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰…/แ‰ขแˆฎแ‹Žแ‰ฝแฃ แŠจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แ‹ฒแˆตแ‰ตแˆชแŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแˆฉ แŠจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แ‰ตแˆฅแˆฅแˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แŠจแˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆแฃ แŠจแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แˆ›แŠ”แŒ…แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแŠ แˆแƒแ€แˆ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแŒฃแŒก แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ตแˆแ‹แ‰ แ‰ณแˆแข

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹จแˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แŒ‹แˆซ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ• แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆจแŒก แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‹Š แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠจแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ท แ‹จแˆ˜แˆแŠญแ‹“-แˆแ‹ตแˆญ แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แ‹จแˆญ แ€แ‰ฃแ‹ญ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแˆตแˆ›แˆšแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒก แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

๐Ÿ”ฐแ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆ›แˆฉ แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ• แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒ แ‰€แˆ™ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆญแ‰ฑ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‹›แ‰ค แˆ›แˆตแŒจแ‰ แŒซ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แ‰ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ›แ‹‹แˆ แ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆแข

Via ERA

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘15โค2
Archicad manual @ETCONP.pdf
20.2 MB
ACHICAD MANUAL

Contents

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿฟ
Introduction
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿฟconcepts and tools
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿฟ project and office setup
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿฟcreating a virtual building
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿฟvisualization
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿฟ project information
๐Ÿ‘‰๐ŸฟDocument Layout
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿฟ project management and coordination

#archicad #virtual #3D

@etconp
@etconp crack.zip
41.4 MB
ARCHICAD CRACK

แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• crack copy แŠ แˆญแŒ‹แ‰ฝแˆ local disc แŒ‹แˆญ แˆ„แ‹ณแ‰ฝแˆ archicad แ‹จแˆšแˆ file แˆ‹แ‹ญ paste แˆตแ‰ตแˆ‰ replace แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆ yes แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ฝแ‹ แ‹แŒกแข

Copy this crack file and go to local disc and open program file and search for archicad then paste on archicad file then replace it .

แ‹ญแˆ… crack XF patch แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

This crack file is not XF patch file.

Turn off your internet while installing

Internet แˆ˜แŒฅแ‹แ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹ซแˆจแŒ‹แŒแŒก

@etconp
@etconp ARCHICAD-20-Update-5011-1.0.exe
576.5 MB
ARCHICAD UPDATE PATCH


แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠžแ‰ปแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ แŒ แ‹จแ‰ƒแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จ Archicad setup แ‹ญแ‹˜แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ

Instructions /แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ

๐Ÿ‘‰๐ŸฟMake sure to turn off your internet while installing
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿฟแ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• software แ‰ แˆแ‰ตแŒญแŠ‘แ‰ แ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ internet แŠ แŒฆแ‰แข

How to install / แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒซแАแ‹?

1. Install the setup / setupโ€™แ‹ แ‰ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆšแ‹ซแˆ แ‹ญแŒซแŠ‘ launch แˆณแ‹ญแˆ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแ‹แ‰ต
Donโ€™t launch it leave it

2. Install update patch / แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰€แŒ แˆ update patchโ€™แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแŒซแŠ‘แ‰ต

3. Program file แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹ Archid file แˆ‹แ‹ญ crack fileโ€™แˆแŠ• copy pate แŠจแ‹›แŠ• repalce แ‰ แˆ‰แ‰ต/ fo to local disc and you will get archicad file copy the crack file and paste on the program file ( replace it )

Turn off your internet while installing


The crack is not XF patch file
Crackโ€™แˆ XF patch file แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ

แ‹แ‹ญแˆ‰ 0.5 GB แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА WiFi แ‰ขแŒ แ‰€แˆ™ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆจแŒฃแˆ

@etconp
@etconp ARCHICAD-20-INT-3012-1.3.exe
1.4 GB
ARCHICAD setup

แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠžแ‰ปแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ แŒ แ‹จแ‰ƒแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จ Archicad setup แ‹ญแ‹˜แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ
Instructions

๐Ÿ‘‰๐ŸฟMake sure to turn off your internet while installing
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿฟแ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• software แ‰ แˆแ‰ตแŒญแŠ‘แ‰ แ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ internet แŠ แŒฆแ‰แข

How to install / แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒซแАแ‹?

1. Install the setup / setupโ€™แ‹ แ‰ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆšแ‹ซแˆ แ‹ญแŒซแŠ‘ launch แˆณแ‹ญแˆ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแ‹แ‰ต
Donโ€™t launch it leave it

2. Install update patch / แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰€แŒ แˆ update patchโ€™แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแŒซแŠ‘แ‰ต

3. Program file แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹ Archid file แˆ‹แ‹ญ crack fileโ€™แˆแŠ• copy pate แŠจแ‹›แŠ• repalce แ‰ แˆ‰แ‰ต/ fo to local disc and you will get archicad file copy the crack file and paste on the program file ( replace it )

Turn off your internet while installing


The crack is not XF patch file
Crackโ€™แˆ XF patch file แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ

แ‹แ‹ญแˆ‰ 1.4GB แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА WiFi แ‰ขแŒ แ‰€แˆ™ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆจแŒฃแˆ

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘20๐Ÿ‘5โค4
Intercon Construction Chemicals 
    
๐Ÿ‘‰ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK

โ— Concrete Admixtures
โ— Bonding Agents
โ— Waterproofings
โ— Concrete Repair, Grout   
โ— Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
โ— Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
โ— Quartz, Contextra
โ— Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
โ— Floor hardener, Epoxy              
โ— Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
๐Ÿ‘8๐Ÿฅฐ1
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต แ•แˆŒแ‰ต & jbolt แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

แฆแ•แˆŒแ‰ต 1mm-30mm any size แ‰†แˆญแŒ แŠ• แ‰ แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ• แŒฃแŒฃแ‹‰แŠ• แŒจแˆญแˆฐแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“แˆตแˆจแŠญแ‰ฆแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แฆjbolt 12mm-32mm แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‰แˆ˜แ‰ต แŒฅแˆญแˆต แŠ แ‹‰แŒฅแ‰ฐแŠ• แŠ แŒฅแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆฐแŒฆแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แฆankerbolt

แฆstafa(แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆˆ 6 แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆˆ 8)แ‰ แ‹จแ‰ตแŠ›แ‹‰แˆ size แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

แฆแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆฐแˆซแˆˆแŠ•

แฆแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ณ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŒˆแ‹›แˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•
แ‰.1  แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ แŠฎแˆญแ‰ป แ‰ฐแˆซ
แ‰.2 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ต แ‰ฅแˆŽ
แ‰.3 แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ถแ‰ฅแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ต แ‰ฅแˆŽ แˆ˜แˆณแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข
แ‰.4 แŠ แ‹จแˆญ  แŒคแŠ“
แ‰.5 แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ก แ‰„แˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ
0904040477
0911016833
0994941706

แ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹‰แˆ‰แˆแŠ• แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ‘ แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆแ‹Žแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•แข
๐Ÿ‘4
๐Ÿ‘‰แˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ

"แŠจแ‹›แˆฌ แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‰ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แˆ˜/แ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹‰ แ‹จแˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แŒแ‰ฅแ‹ญแ‰ต แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰€แˆญแ‰ทแˆ " - แ‹ถ/แˆญ แŠซแˆณแˆแŠ• แŒŽแŒ

แ‹จแŠ•แŒแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‰€แŒฃแŠ“แ‹Š แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹ถ/แˆญ แŠซแˆณแˆแŠ• แŒŽแŒ แŠจแˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แŠ แˆแˆซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆ˜แ‹ˆแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแˆฐแˆแ‰ทแˆแข

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต " แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แ‰ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹‰ แ‹จแˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แŒแ‰ฅแ‹ญแ‰ต แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แˆฅแˆซ แŠจแ‹›แˆฌ แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‰€แˆญแ‰ทแˆ " แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแข

แŠ แˆแˆซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹‰ แŠƒแˆ‹แŠแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแˆ˜แˆญแŒงแ‰ธแ‹‰ แŠ แŠจแ‹แ‹แ‹ฎแ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‰ธแˆญแ‰ปแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แˆˆแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแŠ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ก แŠ แˆณแˆตแ‰ แ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‹จแˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซแ‹‰แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒ‹แ‰ต แŒฅแ‰ฅแ‰… แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญแŠ“ แŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ต แˆˆแˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ก แ‰ แˆ›แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹‰แˆ แ‹จแˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แŠ แˆแˆซแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ " แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแ‹ณแŒแˆ แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒ แ‹ญแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ณแˆ " แˆฒแˆ‰ แŠ แˆตแŒ แŠ•แ‰…แ‰€แ‹‹แˆแข

แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆฉ " แŠ แ‹ฒแˆฑแŠ• แ‹‰แˆณแŠ”แŠ“ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆŽ แ‰ แŒแ‰ฅแ‹ญแ‰ต แˆฐแŠ•แˆฐแˆˆแ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆ‹แˆ‹ แŒฃแˆแ‰ƒ แŒˆแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แ‹จแŠจแˆฐแˆ˜แฃ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ“ แˆˆแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆšแ‹‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆ›แŠ แ‹จแˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒ แฃ แŠ แˆแˆซแ‰พแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ขแ‹‰แŠ• แ‰ตแˆญแ แŠฅแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹จแŠจแˆแ“แŠ’แ‹Žแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹‰แŠ• แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แ‹•แ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰€แŒฅแˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ• " แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแ‹ญแ‰ต แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ฑ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠจแŠซแˆฝ แŠญแแ‹ซ แАแŒป แˆ†แŠ– แ‰ แ‹ฒแŒ‚แ‰ณแˆ แŠญแแ‹ซ แˆฅแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแŒธแˆ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แŠ แˆตแ‰€แˆแŒ แ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแŠฉ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แŠ แˆแˆซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆแˆญแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ตแŒ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆแˆแข

แˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แŠ แˆแˆซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆฑแŠ• แ‹แˆณแŠ” แ‰ แˆ›แŠญแ‰ แˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ฅแˆฉ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆแˆจแ‰ป แŒแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‰ต แฃ แ‹จแŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹ฅ แ‰ฝแŒแˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแ‰ฑแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹‰ แŒ แ‹ญแ‰€แ‹‹แˆแข

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘12โค2๐Ÿฅฐ1
๐Ÿ‘‰ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แˆ›แŠ…แ‰ แˆญ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹Š แŒ แ‰…แˆ‹แˆ‹ แŒ‰แ‰ฃแ‹”แ‹แŠ• แ‹›แˆฌ แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แŒฅแ‰…แˆแ‰ต  30 แ‰€แŠ• 2017 แ‹“.แˆ แ‰ แŠขแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆญ แˆ‹แŒแ‹ แˆช (แ‹จแ‰€แ‹ตแˆžแ‹ แŠขแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆญ แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ฒแАแ‰ณแˆ) แˆ†แ‰ดแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠซแˆ„แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ

๐Ÿšงแ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹ตแŠคแ‰ณ แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆแŒŒแ‰ณ แŠ แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠญแˆแ‰ป แŠ•แŒแŒแˆญ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹‹แˆแข

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘4
Ethio Construction Engineering
๐Ÿ‘‰ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แˆ›แŠ…แ‰ แˆญ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹Š แŒ แ‰…แˆ‹แˆ‹ แŒ‰แ‰ฃแ‹”แ‹แŠ• แ‹›แˆฌ แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แŒฅแ‰…แˆแ‰ต  30 แ‰€แŠ• 2017 แ‹“.แˆ แ‰ แŠขแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆญ แˆ‹แŒแ‹ แˆช (แ‹จแ‰€แ‹ตแˆžแ‹ แŠขแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆญ แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ฒแАแ‰ณแˆ) แˆ†แ‰ดแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠซแˆ„แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ ๐Ÿšงแ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹ตแŠคแ‰ณ แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆแŒŒแ‰ณ แŠ แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠญแˆแ‰ป แŠ•แŒแŒแˆญ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹‹แˆแข @etconp
๐Ÿ’ซแ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹ตแŠคแ‰ณ แŠ แ‰ถ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆแŒŒแ‰ณ แŠ แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆญ แ‰ฃแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹Š แŒ แ‰…แˆ‹แˆ‹ แŒ‰แ‰ฃแŠค แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠแ‰ฐแ‹ แŠซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŠญแˆแ‰ป แŠ•แŒแŒแˆญ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ•แˆฐแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแฃ

โ–ถ๏ธแ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแ‹ แŠจแŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ แˆซ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ˆแˆณแŠ แˆšแŠ“ แ‹ญแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ณแˆแข

โบแ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ แ‹จแ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แŠจ 150,000 แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‹˜แˆญแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŠ•แ‰€แˆณแ‰€แˆต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแˆณแ‹ซแˆ‰แข

โบแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แ‰ต 26 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆฐแˆฉ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ (แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ ) แŠจแŒแ‹ฐแˆซแˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ 54 แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ แ‰ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž 79 แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แАแ‹แŠ• แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ตแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆแˆจแˆ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ฐแˆ แАแ‹แข

โญ๏ธแ‹ญแˆ… แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ณ แŠจแ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰น แ‹จแŠ แ‹แˆชแŠซ แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แˆฒแАแƒแ€แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แАแ‹แข

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘7
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@antearb
@antearb
๐Ÿ‘10๐Ÿ‘Œ1
๐Ÿ‘‰COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE

๐ŸทWhat is a bridge ?

โบA bridge is a structure constructed along a traffic crossing or over obstacles such as river, to make movement of vehicles easier.

โญ๏ธCOMPONENTS

โ–ถ๏ธThe bridge components can basically be divided into two parts or discuss under two headings

๐ŸšงA. Sub - structure components

๐Ÿšงb. Super - structure components

๐Ÿ’ซSub - structure are the components below the bearing , on the other hand, components above the bearings constitutes superstructure.

โบThere are various types of bridge being constructed as a result of the technological developments, hence the components of each bridge solely depends on the type of construction made, but the major components for a convectional type of bridge are:

a. Abutments
b. Wing walls
c. Piers
d. Pier cap
e. Bearing
f.  Foundation

โ‡๏ธ1. ABUTMENTS:  Bridge abutments are vertical supports at the bridge ends.

โบThey are the end points of a bridge components which acts as a retaining walls in resist earth pressure in the approach areas .

โ‡๏ธ2. WING WALLS : wing walls are located very close to the abutments.

โบThey are act as a retaining walls in resisting earth in the approach areas.

โ‡๏ธ3. PIER:  This part of the bridge components are vertical supports provided between bridge span.

โบTheir main function is to transfer the loads coming on the superstructure to the foundation.

โ‡๏ธ4. FOUNDATION: Foundation is the key element of a bridge components.

โบThe function of any foundation is to transmit to the subsoil the loads of the structure.

โบSimilarly, the function of the bridge foundation is to transfer the loads coming on substructure and superstructure to a large area and hard strata.

โ‡๏ธ5. BEARING: Bridge bearings are components of the bridge that provides a resting surface between the bridge piers and the bridge deck.

โบThe main function of the bearing is to control movements and reduce the stress involved.

โ‡๏ธ6. DECKING: A bridge decking forms the surface for traffic, it is supported by beams and girders.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘15โค3
Ethio Construction Engineering
๐Ÿ‘‰Sources Of Cracking In Concrete 1. Use of low-grade materials: One of the major sources is the use of lower quality materials which include both concrete and steel in reinforced concrete structures. 2. Shrinkage: Shrinkage can cause cracking if not controlledโ€ฆ
๐Ÿ‘‰Why Do Concrete Cracks Occur?

๐Ÿ’ซThe causes of cracking in concrete can be summarized as follows:

1. Thermal Expansion and Contraction: Concrete expands and shrinks in response to temperature changes.

2. Excessive Heat of Hydration: High temperatures during the curing process can lead to cracking.

3. Delayed Curing: Postponing the curing process can weaken the concrete.

4. Improper Casting: Issues during the casting process can contribute to cracks.

5. Settlement of the Structure: Natural settling can create stress, leading to cracks.

6. Heavy Loads: Excessive weight placed on the concrete can cause it to crack.

7. Water Loss: Shrinkage occurs when water evaporates from the surface of the concrete.

8. Insufficient Vibration: Lack of proper vibration during placement can result in air pockets and weak spots.

9. Inadequate Cover for Reinforcement: Insufficient coverage of reinforcement can result in damage.

10. High Water-Cement Ratio: A higher ratio can increase workability but also raises the likelihood of shrinkage.

11. Corrosion of Reinforcement Steel: Rusting steel can expand and crack the surrounding concrete.

12. Rapid-Setting Mixtures: Some fast-setting options have a higher potential for shrinkage.

13. On-Site Water Addition: Adding water after mixing can negatively alter the concrete's composition.

14. Admixture Overdosage: Excessive use of admixtures can adversely affect concrete performance.

15. Incorrect Admixtures: Using the wrong type of admixture can lead to problems.

16. High Temperatures: Elevated temperatures can accelerate curing and increase the risk of cracking.

17. Low-Quality Cement: Poor-quality materials can compromise the integrity of the concrete.

18. High Absorption of Aggregates: Aggregates that absorb too much water can disrupt the balance of the mix.

19. Improper Mix Design: Errors in mix design can lead to inadequate strength and durability.

20. Issues with mass concrete include casting delays, hydration-induced overheating, temperature differentials, unmonitored temperatures, and inadequate insulation that fails to meet requirements. Other concerns involve the full use of cement without pozzolanic material substitutes.

๐ŸทBy addressing these factors, the likelihood of cracking in concrete can be significantly reduced.

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP

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๐Ÿ‘‰Main points for Construction Engineering field expert

๐Ÿ’ซETCONp TIP

1. Effective span of a beam is the distance between centers of supports.

2. The permissible stress in mild steel (Fe250) is 250 MPa.

3. Dead load includes the self-weight of structural elements.

4. Live load includes the weight of occupants and movable objects.

5. The maximum deflection limit for beams is L/250.

6. Reinforced concrete design follows the principles of limit state design.

7. Youngโ€™s modulus of concrete ranges from 25 to 35 GPa.

8. The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is 10-6 /ยฐC.

9. In RCC, tensile strength is provided by steel reinforcement.

10. Shear reinforcement is provided in the form of stirrups


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