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๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
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๐Ÿ“จ @Philemona7 Or @ETCONpBOT

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แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ‘‰แŠจ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‹ญ แŒแ‹ตแ‰ฅ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แŠฎแˆชแ‹ฐแˆญ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต

แŠจแŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“

แˆ˜แŒ‹แ‹˜แŠ–แ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒฝแ‹ซ แŠญแแˆ

แŠ แˆปแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แŠ แˆณแˆญแˆแŠ“แˆ

๐Ÿ”ฐแˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ‰?

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ˜แ‰แˆจแŒซ รท แˆ›แŒ แŠแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆป แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แˆ›แˆตแ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แ แŠซแˆฐแ‰ก แˆˆแˆฑแˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ‘ แ‰ แŒƒแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹‰

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แ‰ฅแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

โ˜Ž๏ธแ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹‰แˆ‰แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ›แŠญแˆฉแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ
                    แ‰.1 แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                    แ‰.2 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต
                     แ‰.3 แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŒคแŠ“

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๐Ÿ‘5โค1๐ŸŽ‰1๐Ÿ‘Œ1
๐Ÿ‘‰แˆตแˆˆ Stair

@etconp ๐Ÿ‘‡
๐Ÿ‘8โค5
Ethio Construction Engineering
๐Ÿ‘‰แˆตแˆˆ Stair @etconp ๐Ÿ‘‡
๐Ÿ‘‰Stair

1. Tread Depth
The depth of the stair tread should allow a foot to comfortably rest, typically between 25 to 30 cm.

2. Riser Height
The height of the riser should be convenient, typically between 15 to 18 cm, to ensure easy climbing or descending.

3. Step Width

The width of the stairs should accommodate one or two people, typically at least 90 cm.

4. Handrail
The handrail should be installed at an accessible height, typically 80 to 100 cm above the stair surface.

5. Slip Resistance

The stair surface should have anti-slip materials to prevent accidents.

6. Landing Space
Landing spaces should be provided after every 12 steps for resting.

7. Angle of Staircase
The staircase angle should be appropriate, typically between 30 to 40 degrees, for ease of use.

8. Load Capacity
The staircase should be designed to support the weight of people and potential loads.

9. Headroom Clearance
There should be enough headroom clearance, typically at least 2 meters, to avoid obstruction.

10. Aesthetic Integration
The staircase design should harmonize with the overall architecture of the building.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘17โค6๐Ÿ‘3
แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆชแˆแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต

แ‹จแ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แŠ แˆ›แˆซแŒญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆชแˆ แŠขแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆแŒกแ‹‹แ‰ฝแˆ:: แŠซแˆˆ แˆˆแŠฅแŠ”แˆ แŒ แ‰แˆ™แŠ::

แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ•แŒแ‹ต แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ปแˆˆแ‹แฃ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แ‹ซแ‰ƒแ‰ฐแ‹แฃแ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แ‰แˆž แŒแˆซ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฃแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ตแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แАแ‹ แˆ‹แˆ‹แˆˆแ‰€ แˆชแˆ แŠขแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹? แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰€แ‹แŠ“ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆซแ‹จ แˆ‹แˆˆแ‹ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŠณ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แŠฅแˆบ แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆ…แˆ::

แ‹ซแŠ•แ‰ฐ 40 แˆบแˆ… แ‰ฅแˆญ แŠชแˆซแ‹ญ แˆˆแ‰ฃแŠ•แŠฉ แˆแŠ• แˆŠแˆแ‹ญแ‹ตแˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹? แ‰คแ‰ฑแˆ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณแ‹ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰…แ‰… แ‹ซแˆˆ แŠจแˆ†แА แˆˆแˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰ขแ‹แАแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ›แˆตแ‹ซแ‹ฃ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แŠฅแŠฎ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆปแŒญ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ::

แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰กแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠฉ แ‹จแŠฅแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ• แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แŠญแแ‹ซ แˆŠแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆแŒ แ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒแˆ:: แŒแŠ• แ‰คแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆตแ‰ตแˆแˆแŒ‰ แŠ แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแ‹ณแ‰ฝแˆแˆ:: แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แŠญแแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠจแ‹ˆแˆˆแ‹ต แАแŒป แ‰แŒ แ‰ฃ แ‰ แˆ‰แ‰ต::

แˆ˜แŠชแŠ“ แˆปแŒญแˆ แ‹ญแˆแŠ• แˆชแˆ แŠขแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แˆปแŒญ "แ‹จแ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แ‰ฅแ‹ตแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‰ปแ‰ธแˆˆแ‰ต" แˆฒแˆ แŠจแ‹จแ‰ตแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ? แ‰ฅแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‹แˆแŠ“ แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ตแˆซแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆณแ‰ณแАแ‰กแŠ“ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠฉ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆ„แ‹ณแ‰ฝแˆ แˆณแ‰ณแˆจแŒ‹แŒแŒก แŠ แ‰ตแŠญแˆแˆ‰::

Via แˆ€แˆฐแŠ• แŠขแŠ•แŒƒแˆž แ‹จแ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แŠ แ‹‹แ‰‚ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆช

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘19๐Ÿ‘Œ1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แŒป แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆญแ‹•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ แ‰ แˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒˆแАแ‰ก แ‰ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซ แАแ‹

๐Ÿทแ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แŒป แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆญแ‹•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แˆ†แАแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒˆแАแ‰ก แ‰ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแˆฐแˆซแŠ• แАแ‹ แˆฒแˆ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แกแก

แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ‘ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ•แˆฎแŒ„แŠญแ‰ต แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญแŠ“ แŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแŒปแˆš แ‰ แˆจแŠจแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‹˜แˆซ แŠจแ‹แŠ“ แ‹ฒแŒ‚แ‰ณแˆ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฃแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ณ แˆ…แŠ•แŒปแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆฒแŒˆแАแ‰ก แˆˆแˆญแ‹•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฎ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแŒ‹แˆˆแŒกแŠ“ แˆˆแ‰ฝแŒแˆฉ แˆ˜แŠ•แˆตแŠค แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญแŠ“ แ‹จแŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆ แˆตแˆซ แˆฒแˆฐแˆซ แˆ˜แ‰†แ‹จแ‰ฑแŠ• แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ก แ‰ แŠ แ‹แˆญ แŠญแˆแˆ แŠ แ‹‹แˆฝ แˆแŠ•แ‰ณแˆŒแŠ“ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆฐแ‰ฐแ‹แŠ• แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒ‹แŒ‹แˆš แˆญแ‹•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ˜แАแˆป แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠจแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆฐแŒฅแ‰ถ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซ แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ‘ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแˆแŠ“ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐ แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ‘ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแŒปแˆš แŒแˆฉแˆ แˆแ‹ญแˆณ แ‰ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆฒแŒˆแАแ‰ก แ‹จแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹แŠ• แ‰ฐแŒจแ‰ฃแŒญ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠซแˆ‹แŒˆแŠ“แ‹˜แ‰ก แˆˆแˆ˜แˆฐแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฎ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แˆŠแŒ‹แˆˆแŒกแŠ“ แˆ˜แŠ•แˆตแŠค แˆŠแˆ†แŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŒ แ‰แˆ˜แ‹‹แˆแกแก

แŠจแ‹šแˆ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ‘ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ…แŠ•แŒป แˆฒแŒˆแАแ‰ฃ แˆแŠ• แˆแŠ• แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆŸแˆ‹แ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แˆแ‰ƒแ‹ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆฐแŒฅ แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰…แˆจแ‰ก แŠจแ‰ฐแˆแŒ แˆจแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒ‹แŒ‹แˆš แŠญแˆตแ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แАแˆณแ‰ตแˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ‘ แ‹จแ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญแŠ“ แ‹จแŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆ แˆตแˆซแ‹แŠ• แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แˆฐแŒฅแ‰ถ แŠฅแ‹จแˆฐแˆซ แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแกแก

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@etconp
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๐Ÿ‘5โค1๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰what are the Types of joints in concrete constructions

1)Construction Joints
2)Expansion Joints
3)Contraction Joints
4)Isolation Joints

โญ๏ธ1)construction joint :-

โบA separation provided in a building that allows its component parts to move with respect to each other; a joint where two placements of concrete meet.

โญ๏ธ2)An expansion joint or movement joint:-

โบis an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced expansion and contraction of construction materials, to absorb vibration, to hold parts together, or to allow movement due to ground settlement or earthquakes

โญ๏ธ3)A control joint or contraction 
joint :-

โบis a joint that is put in the concrete to control cracking. For example, when they sawcut joints into the concrete pavement, these are control joints.

โญ๏ธ4) isolation joint

โบaccommodate anticipated differential horizontal and vertical movements that occur between a pavement and a structure.

Their purpose is to allow movement without damaging adjacent structures.

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๐Ÿ‘‰Several tests are used for quality and strength of cement, including:

1. Fineness test: This test is used to determine the particle size of cement. The fineness of cement affects its rate of hydration and strength development.

2. Soundness test: This test is used to determine the ability of cement to resist volume change and cracking due to hydration. This test is important to ensure that the cement does not cause expansion or cracking in concrete.

3. Setting time test: This test is used to determine the time it takes for cement to set and harden. This test helps to ensure that the cement has the proper setting time for the intended application.

4. Compressive strength test: This test is used to determine the strength of cement after it has hardened. The compressive strength of cement is important to ensure that it can withstand the loads placed on it.

5. Tensile strength test: This test is used to determine the tensile strength of cement. This test is important for applications where cement may be subjected to tensile stresses.

6. Heat of hydration test: This test is used to determine the amount of heat released during the hydration of cement. This test is important to ensure that the heat generated during the hydration process does not cause cracking or other damage to the concrete.

7. Chemical analysis: This test is used to determine the chemical composition of cement. This test is important to ensure that the cement meets the desired chemical specifications and does not contain any harmful materials.

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