đá°áá áŚá¨á (Turnover) áááľáá?
đ§á áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŽá˝ á¨á¨á¨áł á°ááłáłáŞááľ áááá áá á¨ááłáŠ áááŞáŤáá˝ ááŤá¨á "Turnover" á ááą á˛áá á á ááľ áááą ááľáĽ áŤááá áᢠáĽá á˝áŤá á á á ááá áľáá áááἠááᢠá ááľ á°ááŤá á¨á°á ááá ááŽáááśá˝ áĽá á áááááśá˝ á¨ááŤáááá á á áá áᢠá á ááľ á¨á°áá°á áá ááľáĽ á á°ááá á á ááľ áááľ ááľáĽ á¨áá°á áľááľ Turnover ááŁááá˘
âşáá áľááľ á¨áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŠá á¨áĽáŤ áááá áá á ááá áĽáŤáááłáá° áŤááá á¨ááŽáááśá˝ á ááľ ááĽá°áľ á¨ááŤáááŁáá á˛áá á¨áááľ áĽáŤ á ááťá¸á ááá ááłáŤ á°á°áá á¨ááá°áľ ááᢠáá áľááľ á ááľ áĽáŤ á°ááŤá á¨áááŁáł áŽááľáŤáśá˝áŁ á¨áááľ á°ááŤáŽá˝ áĽá á¨ááá˝ á°áŤáŤáĽ áĽáŤáá˝ á¨ááááá áᢠá áá á¨ááŤá ááá á˛áá á¨áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŠá ááἠááá áĽáľááľá ááá á áá áŤá ááľáĽ áĽáŤáłá¨ áŤáá áľáá áłá á¨áááááľ á¤ááááľáá áĽáľááľá á¨áá áá ááá áá¨á ááá˘
âď¸á°áá áŚá¨á (Turnover) á¨áá°áá á¨á°á ááááľ ááŽáááśá˝ á¨á°áááá á á áá áᢠá á°áá°á á¨áá áá°áĽ ááľáĽ (á áĽááľ á á ááľ á ááľ áááľ ááľáĽ) á áá ááá ááá˘
âśď¸áááłá á ááľ áŽááľáŤáá°á á áááľ áŚáľáľ ááŽáááśá˝á á á áá áá áĽáá áĽááľáĽ áĽá áĽáŤááłááłá¸á á¨ááŽáááľ ááá¸á 50,000,000 áĽáᣠ75,000,000 áĽáᣠáĽá 30,000,000 áĽá áá áŤáá¸á á˘áá á á ááá áľáá á¨ááŽáááśáš áľáá = 155,000,000 áĽá áááá áááľ ááá˘
áá á áá á¨áá°ááľ áá áśá˝ ááá á¨áľáŤ á°ááŤáŠ Turnover á¨áá°á áááłáľ áá áŤáá áľááľ áá á ááááá á¨á áá áá°áá°á áá˝áá (ááľááľ áĽáŤáłá¨ áá áááľ áĽá¨áááľ á¨áááá áá áá፠áááľá áľá áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŠ áĽáááľ á¨ááŁáá áľ áááá áááá°á ááťáá áááľ áá)á˘
đááá áá ááá áá°á¨áłá ááłá á¨áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŠ Turnover á ááááľ á á¨áá°á áááł áĽáŤá°á áááá á¨ááŤáłá ááá á ááŤá áá áľááá ááá á¨áááá á áĽáŽ á¨ááŁáŁá á¨áá ááá˘
á¨áá°á áá áŤáá¸áá ááŽáááśá˝ áá áĽáŤáááłáá° á˘ááá áľáááááą áᎠááá ááá˛á¨ á¨áá á áĽáŤá áá áááá¨áą ááľáľá áľááááá áĽá áľáá á¨ááá áĽáŤ ááľáŤáą á á á áľááááłá Turnover áĽáťáá áá á¨ááá áááľ ááá˘
á¨áá°á Turnover á¨áĽáŠ áľáá áá á¨áŚá˛áľ áŞáááľ á¨áŤá áĽáŤ á°ááŤá áááŤá á¨áĽáľááľ ááááľ áá áĽáá°áá áá¨áá፠ááá˘
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đ§á áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŽá˝ á¨á¨á¨áł á°ááłáłáŞááľ áááá áá á¨ááłáŠ áááŞáŤáá˝ ááŤá¨á "Turnover" á ááą á˛áá á á ááľ áááą ááľáĽ áŤááá áᢠáĽá á˝áŤá á á á ááá áľáá áááἠááᢠá ááľ á°ááŤá á¨á°á ááá ááŽáááśá˝ áĽá á áááááśá˝ á¨ááŤáááá á á áá áᢠá á ááľ á¨á°áá°á áá ááľáĽ á á°ááá á á ááľ áááľ ááľáĽ á¨áá°á áľááľ Turnover ááŁááá˘
âşáá áľááľ á¨áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŠá á¨áĽáŤ áááá áá á ááá áĽáŤáááłáá° áŤááá á¨ááŽáááśá˝ á ááľ ááĽá°áľ á¨ááŤáááŁáá á˛áá á¨áááľ áĽáŤ á ááťá¸á ááá ááłáŤ á°á°áá á¨ááá°áľ ááᢠáá áľááľ á ááľ áĽáŤ á°ááŤá á¨áááŁáł áŽááľáŤáśá˝áŁ á¨áááľ á°ááŤáŽá˝ áĽá á¨ááá˝ á°áŤáŤáĽ áĽáŤáá˝ á¨ááááá áᢠá áá á¨ááŤá ááá á˛áá á¨áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŠá ááἠááá áĽáľááľá ááá á áá áŤá ááľáĽ áĽáŤáłá¨ áŤáá áľáá áłá á¨áááááľ á¤ááááľáá áĽáľááľá á¨áá áá ááá áá¨á ááá˘
âď¸á°áá áŚá¨á (Turnover) á¨áá°áá á¨á°á ááááľ ááŽáááśá˝ á¨á°áááá á á áá áᢠá á°áá°á á¨áá áá°áĽ ááľáĽ (á áĽááľ á á ááľ á ááľ áááľ ááľáĽ) á áá ááá ááá˘
âśď¸áááłá á ááľ áŽááľáŤáá°á á áááľ áŚáľáľ ááŽáááśá˝á á á áá áá áĽáá áĽááľáĽ áĽá áĽáŤááłááłá¸á á¨ááŽáááľ ááá¸á 50,000,000 áĽáᣠ75,000,000 áĽáᣠáĽá 30,000,000 áĽá áá áŤáá¸á á˘áá á á ááá áľáá á¨ááŽáááśáš áľáá = 155,000,000 áĽá áááá áááľ ááá˘
áá á áá á¨áá°ááľ áá áśá˝ ááá á¨áľáŤ á°ááŤáŠ Turnover á¨áá°á áááłáľ áá áŤáá áľááľ áá á ááááá á¨á áá áá°áá°á áá˝áá (ááľááľ áĽáŤáłá¨ áá áááľ áĽá¨áááľ á¨áááá áá áá፠áááľá áľá áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŠ áĽáááľ á¨ááŁáá áľ áááá áááá°á ááťáá áááľ áá)á˘
đááá áá ááá áá°á¨áłá ááłá á¨áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŠ Turnover á ááááľ á á¨áá°á áááł áĽáŤá°á áááá á¨ááŤáłá ááá á ááŤá áá áľááá ááá á¨áááá á áĽáŽ á¨ááŁáŁá á¨áá ááá˘
á¨áá°á áá áŤáá¸áá ááŽáááśá˝ áá áĽáŤáááłáá° á˘ááá áľáááááą áᎠááá ááá˛á¨ á¨áá á áĽáŤá áá áááá¨áą ááľáľá áľááááá áĽá áľáá á¨ááá áĽáŤ ááľáŤáą á á á áľááááłá Turnover áĽáťáá áá á¨ááá áááľ ááá˘
á¨áá°á Turnover á¨áĽáŠ áľáá áá á¨áŚá˛áľ áŞáááľ á¨áŤá áĽáŤ á°ááŤá áááŤá á¨áĽáľááľ ááááľ áá áĽáá°áá áá¨áá፠ááá˘
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đ2đ2
64 earthquakes in just 3 months
******
Mother earth is uncomfortable these days in our corner. A total of 64 earthquakes of magnitude 4 and above shook the ground since 27th September last year following three years of no significant event.
I felt the most recent event this evening at 6:27 pm as much as I did the one yesterday shortly before 11:00 pm. The larger of these two events was of magnitude 4.8. I am a bit uncomfortable that we have to feel such small events after the waves traveled for more than 150 km. One normally expects the great majority of the energy to be dissipated along the path.
I was wondering: How would we feel a larger but moderate magnitude of an event, say 5.6, which is only 1 unit of magnitude larger than the event we felt this evening? It would definitely wreck havoc among all of us and possibly also cause some damages. It is, however, important to note that it takes about 32-fold of the energy of the latest event for such a magnitude of shaking to happen at the source. This seems to give us some solace considering the current frequency of occurrence, with comparable magnitudes in the range of 4 to 5, which contributes towards release of strain energy stored in the crustal rocks.
However, the seismic history of the country tells us that magnitudes up to around 6.8 had been experienced in the near past. Some experts go to the extent that we could face magnitudes up to around 7.2. The Serdo and Karakore events of the 1960s and the Dobi earthquake of 1989 are cases in point, all with magnitudes between 6 and 7. Following the fact stated above, such an earthquake with, say M=6.6, would release 1024-fold of the event of this evening. I leave it to your imagination how much would such an energy release could do to us and to our meager resources. God forbid!
Having said that, I attached the USGS plot of all 64 epicenters of the events in the past three months. Worth noting is that the mini-clusters of five events at the northern end and five events at the southern end of the entire cluster took place in the past three days alone. There is a distance of around 175 km between the extreme epicenters. Some intriguing trend; right?
Let us hope that whatever is moving the ground over the past three months will soon run out of steam, and calm will prevail soon. Continued vigilance is inevitable, though. Organized preparedness is, unfortunately, almost non existent. More worrisome is the absence of awareness creation to the wider public.
Credit:- Asrat Worku ( Professor of Geotechnical Engineering at the school of civil and environmental engineering, AAiT-AAU)
@etconp
******
Mother earth is uncomfortable these days in our corner. A total of 64 earthquakes of magnitude 4 and above shook the ground since 27th September last year following three years of no significant event.
I felt the most recent event this evening at 6:27 pm as much as I did the one yesterday shortly before 11:00 pm. The larger of these two events was of magnitude 4.8. I am a bit uncomfortable that we have to feel such small events after the waves traveled for more than 150 km. One normally expects the great majority of the energy to be dissipated along the path.
I was wondering: How would we feel a larger but moderate magnitude of an event, say 5.6, which is only 1 unit of magnitude larger than the event we felt this evening? It would definitely wreck havoc among all of us and possibly also cause some damages. It is, however, important to note that it takes about 32-fold of the energy of the latest event for such a magnitude of shaking to happen at the source. This seems to give us some solace considering the current frequency of occurrence, with comparable magnitudes in the range of 4 to 5, which contributes towards release of strain energy stored in the crustal rocks.
However, the seismic history of the country tells us that magnitudes up to around 6.8 had been experienced in the near past. Some experts go to the extent that we could face magnitudes up to around 7.2. The Serdo and Karakore events of the 1960s and the Dobi earthquake of 1989 are cases in point, all with magnitudes between 6 and 7. Following the fact stated above, such an earthquake with, say M=6.6, would release 1024-fold of the event of this evening. I leave it to your imagination how much would such an energy release could do to us and to our meager resources. God forbid!
Having said that, I attached the USGS plot of all 64 epicenters of the events in the past three months. Worth noting is that the mini-clusters of five events at the northern end and five events at the southern end of the entire cluster took place in the past three days alone. There is a distance of around 175 km between the extreme epicenters. Some intriguing trend; right?
Let us hope that whatever is moving the ground over the past three months will soon run out of steam, and calm will prevail soon. Continued vigilance is inevitable, though. Organized preparedness is, unfortunately, almost non existent. More worrisome is the absence of awareness creation to the wider public.
Credit:- Asrat Worku ( Professor of Geotechnical Engineering at the school of civil and environmental engineering, AAiT-AAU)
@etconp
đ11đ2
đWhat is a cadastre?
=====================
đ§A cadastre is a land information system based on land tenure and the information it organizes is mainly of two types.
âşNamely, spatial data shows the location of the tenure, its boundaries, size and shape, neighboring tenures and bordering roads, and the other descriptive data (non-spatial data) is known as the identity of the tenure holder (name, address, gender, marital status, etc.), the rights, restrictions and responsibilities on the tenure, the services and status of the place, etc.
âşIt includes information that is listed according to the type of cadastre
âď¸These two types of information are also linked by a unique tenure identification code.
đCadastre is divided into three types: -
đŤThe first is the legal cadastre, which is a current land tenure information system that combines information on the ownership, rights, restrictions and responsibilities of each legal boundary with a map of the land, and is necessary to verify who owns which land and in what manner, in order to ensure the security of the landowner.
đŤThe second type is the fiscal cadastre, which is a system that contains detailed information on the fixed assets on the land and the current valuation of the land along with the map of the land, and is used for the payment of land and property taxes.
đŤThe third type of cadastre is the comprehensive/comprehensive cadastre, which contains the information described in the two types of cadastres, and also includes infrastructure, environmental protection and other information and maps.
âşIt is known that there are many countries that have had a lot of experience and have come a long way in the process of building a cadastral system. In this construction process, each country has a different starting point and approach, depending on its own specific circumstances.
âşSome countries have moved from fiscal cadastre to multi-purpose, for example, France; others have moved from legal cadastre to multi-purpose cadastre, for example, the Netherlands.
đ°In our country, many efforts have been made to establish the system at the city level. The attempts were made to establish a multi-purpose cadastre, but they could not bring the desired results and ensure the sustainability of the system.
âď¸Therefore, it was chosen to establish a legal cadastre that would benefit the landowners and city administrations, and then establish a fiscal cadastre and a multi-purpose cadastre, as it would make the system sustainable.
âşIn this process, the map information is prepared once and needs to be updated following changes, and all types of cadastres are based on the cadastral map prepared by the legal cadastre.
âď¸Other information will be added and will grow into a multi-purpose cadastre system.
@etconp
=====================
đ§A cadastre is a land information system based on land tenure and the information it organizes is mainly of two types.
âşNamely, spatial data shows the location of the tenure, its boundaries, size and shape, neighboring tenures and bordering roads, and the other descriptive data (non-spatial data) is known as the identity of the tenure holder (name, address, gender, marital status, etc.), the rights, restrictions and responsibilities on the tenure, the services and status of the place, etc.
âşIt includes information that is listed according to the type of cadastre
âď¸These two types of information are also linked by a unique tenure identification code.
đCadastre is divided into three types: -
đŤThe first is the legal cadastre, which is a current land tenure information system that combines information on the ownership, rights, restrictions and responsibilities of each legal boundary with a map of the land, and is necessary to verify who owns which land and in what manner, in order to ensure the security of the landowner.
đŤThe second type is the fiscal cadastre, which is a system that contains detailed information on the fixed assets on the land and the current valuation of the land along with the map of the land, and is used for the payment of land and property taxes.
đŤThe third type of cadastre is the comprehensive/comprehensive cadastre, which contains the information described in the two types of cadastres, and also includes infrastructure, environmental protection and other information and maps.
âşIt is known that there are many countries that have had a lot of experience and have come a long way in the process of building a cadastral system. In this construction process, each country has a different starting point and approach, depending on its own specific circumstances.
âşSome countries have moved from fiscal cadastre to multi-purpose, for example, France; others have moved from legal cadastre to multi-purpose cadastre, for example, the Netherlands.
đ°In our country, many efforts have been made to establish the system at the city level. The attempts were made to establish a multi-purpose cadastre, but they could not bring the desired results and ensure the sustainability of the system.
âď¸Therefore, it was chosen to establish a legal cadastre that would benefit the landowners and city administrations, and then establish a fiscal cadastre and a multi-purpose cadastre, as it would make the system sustainable.
âşIn this process, the map information is prepared once and needs to be updated following changes, and all types of cadastres are based on the cadastral map prepared by the legal cadastre.
âď¸Other information will be added and will grow into a multi-purpose cadastre system.
@etconp
đ15â¤1
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Our Services Include:
đť Civil 3D Full Tutorials (4K Video)
Tutorials with project files used throughout the video for hands-on learning.
đ All Supporting Materials
Access materials, including PKT Files, Superelevation Excels, & ERA Manual XML, to streamline your design work.
đ Girder Bridge Working Drawing Preparation
Complete working drawings for Girder Bridges, including all materials used in the tutorial, & the 3D model created in SketchUp.
đ Highway Design Expertise
Professional highway design services
đ Template Production & PKT Development Template creation & PKT development as per your project standards.
đ Earthwork & Pavement Quantity Preparation
Earthwork & pavement quantity preparation to ensure precise cost estimation.
đ Structural Working Drawing Preparation
Detailed structural working drawings Preparation
Connect with Us:
YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/@musfide
Telegram: https://t.me/musafide
WhatsApp: https://bit.ly/musfide
Call Us: +251 905 666 664
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đ Authorized agent of MC, SIMENTEK, Sika, Weber
â Concrete Admixtures
â Bonding Agents
â Waterproofings
â Concrete Repair, Grouting
â Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
â Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
â Quartz, Contextra
â Floor hardener, Epoxy
â Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
đ3
đá áááŁáł áἠááá áľáŤ áááľ áááá áááłá á°áá áŚá¨á á áááá áĽáá á¨á¨á¨áł á°áłáľá ááááŁáľ á¨ááá°á á ááľ áá
áá áááĽáĄ?
á áá°áŤá ááááľáľ áĽá á¨á á˛áľ á á ᣠá¨á°á á áľá°áłá°á á¨ááááľáľ áἠáááŞáŤáá˝ áá á¨á°ááᥠáá°á¨áłá ááłáŽá˝ ááŤá¨á á áááŁáł áἠá¨á¨áł ááľáľá áá á¨áľáŤ áááą áĽá áááłá á°áá áŚá¨á áá á áśáá áááᏠááἠáá°á¨áľ á¨áá°á¨á ááľá°áŤá¨áŤ ááአá˛áá áá á áĽáá°áá¨á°áá áá°ááá˘
1) áá¨á¨áł áááá ááá á¨áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŠ á áľáŤ áááľááľ áĽáá˛áŤáááľ á ááŤááá á á¨áááŁáł áááł áá áá ááľá°áŤá¨áŤ á¨áá°á¨áááľ á˛áá áá á á¨áá°áá á¨á¨áł á¨ááááĽá áľ á¨áá¨á¨áť áá 28 áááľ á ááľ á¨áá á¨á á¨ááá᪠ááŁáá áá á á°áá¨áá áľ áá á áá á¨á á¨ááá᪠ááŁá á ááŤáá á¨á°á°á á áá á áááá áá¤áľ á ááŁááľ ááá˘
2)á á°ááłáłáá á á¨á¨áł áááá áá ááá°á¨á ááľá°áŤá¨áŤ á áá áá°áá áŚá¨á áľááľ á¨áááľá°á áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŠ áŤáá¨á á á ááłá á¨áááŁáł áĽáŤ á°áá áŚá¨á áá á' á¨á¨áł á¨ááááĽá áľ á¨áá¨á¨áť áá 28 áá á ááľ á¨áá á¨áá á¨ááá᪠áá á á áĽáŤááłááą á ááľ á ááľ á¨áá¨á¨áť áá áá áŁáá á¨ááá᪠áá á á ááŤáá ááá˘
3) áááąá ááľá°áŤá¨áŤáá˝ á¨áá°ááľ á¨á˘áľáŽá˝áŤ áĽááŤá áŁáá á¨áá°á áá á¨áá á áá áááἠáá¸áŤ áá áá¨á áá á¨áľ á ááľá¨á áááá
âď¸Youtube ááá˝á ááá á¤á°á°áĽ áááđ
https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction?si=i3B2u9LyWBNjqAAO
@etconp
á áá°áŤá ááááľáľ áĽá á¨á á˛áľ á á ᣠá¨á°á á áľá°áłá°á á¨ááááľáľ áἠáááŞáŤáá˝ áá á¨á°ááᥠáá°á¨áłá ááłáŽá˝ ááŤá¨á á áááŁáł áἠá¨á¨áł ááľáľá áá á¨áľáŤ áááą áĽá áááłá á°áá áŚá¨á áá á áśáá áááᏠááἠáá°á¨áľ á¨áá°á¨á ááľá°áŤá¨áŤ ááአá˛áá áá á áĽáá°áá¨á°áá áá°ááá˘
1) áá¨á¨áł áááá ááá á¨áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŠ á áľáŤ áááľááľ áĽáá˛áŤáááľ á ááŤááá á á¨áááŁáł áááł áá áá ááľá°áŤá¨áŤ á¨áá°á¨áááľ á˛áá áá á á¨áá°áá á¨á¨áł á¨ááááĽá áľ á¨áá¨á¨áť áá 28 áááľ á ááľ á¨áá á¨á á¨ááá᪠ááŁáá áá á á°áá¨áá áľ áá á áá á¨á á¨ááá᪠ááŁá á ááŤáá á¨á°á°á á áá á áááá áá¤áľ á ááŁááľ ááá˘
2)á á°ááłáłáá á á¨á¨áł áááá áá ááá°á¨á ááľá°áŤá¨áŤ á áá áá°áá áŚá¨á áľááľ á¨áááľá°á áĽáŤ á°ááŤáŠ áŤáá¨á á á ááłá á¨áááŁáł áĽáŤ á°áá áŚá¨á áá á' á¨á¨áł á¨ááááĽá áľ á¨áá¨á¨áť áá 28 áá á ááľ á¨áá á¨áá á¨ááá᪠áá á á áĽáŤááłááą á ááľ á ááľ á¨áá¨á¨áť áá áá áŁáá á¨ááá᪠áá á á ááŤáá ááá˘
3) áááąá ááľá°áŤá¨áŤáá˝ á¨áá°ááľ á¨á˘áľáŽá˝áŤ áĽááŤá áŁáá á¨áá°á áá á¨áá á áá áááἠáá¸áŤ áá áá¨á áá á¨áľ á ááľá¨á áááá
âď¸Youtube ááá˝á ááá á¤á°á°áĽ áááđ
https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction?si=i3B2u9LyWBNjqAAO
@etconp
đ7
đá¨á¨áł ááľá
ááááŁá¸á á¨áá˝á ááááŤáśá˝
đáłááá 4 áá 2016 á/á á¨ááŁá á¨áá°áŤá áááŞáľ ááᣠááĽá 66 "á¨áá°áŤá ááááĽáľ áá˘á ááĽá¨áľ á áľá°áłá°á á áá (PPPAA - Federal Public Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation) ááĽá 1333/2016 áľááᢠá¨á°á°ááá áá ááá˘
âşá áá á á á ááá˝ 26 áá "á¨á¨áłá áá ááá ááá á á¨áá ááľá áľáááľá¨á" á¨ááá° á˛áá áá áá áááľá¨á áŤáľáááŁá¸á ááááŤáśá˝áŚ
~ á áᢠá ááťá¸á áá¤áľ á¨ááŤáᣠáľá á°áľ áŤáá
~ á¨á°áťá á¨áĽáŤ ááá á˘áŽáááŤá ááá áá á áŤá áĽá á áŤáá
~ á¨áá¨áĄáľ á°áŤáŤážá˝ á¨á¨á¨áłáá áá á°á ááľáááľ á¨ááŤáá á¨áá
~ á¨áá¨á á áá áľáłá˛áľá˛ááľ á áááááľ áŤá áá á¨áá ፠áá á¨áá°á ááŠááľ áŤáá
~ á á¨á¨áłá áŤá¸ááá á áŤá áŤáľááŁá áá áá¨á¨áłá á¨á°áŤáááľ á ááľ á áá á¨áá
~ á°áŤáŤážá˝ á¨á¨á¨áł áá°áąá ááááŁáľ áĽáá°á°ááłá አá¨ááŤáłá áá¨á áŤá
đˇá áĽááá ááááŤáľ á¨á¨áł áŤááŁá á áŤá á¨á¨áłáá áá ááá ááá á á¨áá áá°áá áá˝áá ááá áá á áá á á áá°á¨áľ á¨á¨áłá á¨á°á°á¨á ááááŤáąá á¨áááá˝ ááľáłáá፠áá°ááłáłáŞáá˝ ááłáá ááááŁá¸áá á á°áá á¨ááááĽáľ ááĽáŞáŤ á¤áśá˝ á áá áá°á¨áľ á¨á¨áłá ááľá á˘áŤá°áá á°á áŤá á ááááá˘
âď¸Youtube ááá˝á ááá á¤á°á°áĽ áááđ
https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction?si=i3B2u9LyWBNjqAAO
@etconp
đáłááá 4 áá 2016 á/á á¨ááŁá á¨áá°áŤá áááŞáľ ááᣠááĽá 66 "á¨áá°áŤá ááááĽáľ áá˘á ááĽá¨áľ á áľá°áłá°á á áá (PPPAA - Federal Public Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation) ááĽá 1333/2016 áľááᢠá¨á°á°ááá áá ááá˘
âşá áá á á á ááá˝ 26 áá "á¨á¨áłá áá ááá ááá á á¨áá ááľá áľáááľá¨á" á¨ááá° á˛áá áá áá áááľá¨á áŤáľáááŁá¸á ááááŤáśá˝áŚ
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~ á¨áá¨á á áá áľáłá˛áľá˛ááľ á áááááľ áŤá áá á¨áá ፠áá á¨áá°á ááŠááľ áŤáá
~ á á¨á¨áłá áŤá¸ááá á áŤá áŤáľááŁá áá áá¨á¨áłá á¨á°áŤáááľ á ááľ á áá á¨áá
~ á°áŤáŤážá˝ á¨á¨á¨áł áá°áąá ááááŁáľ áĽáá°á°ááłá አá¨ááŤáłá áá¨á áŤá
đˇá áĽááá ááááŤáľ á¨á¨áł áŤááŁá á áŤá á¨á¨áłáá áá ááá ááá á á¨áá áá°áá áá˝áá ááá áá á áá á á áá°á¨áľ á¨á¨áłá á¨á°á°á¨á ááááŤáąá á¨áááá˝ ááľáłáá፠áá°ááłáłáŞáá˝ ááłáá ááááŁá¸áá á á°áá á¨ááááĽáľ ááĽáŞáŤ á¤áśá˝ á áá áá°á¨áľ á¨á¨áłá ááľá á˘áŤá°áá á°á áŤá á ááááá˘
âď¸Youtube ááá˝á ááá á¤á°á°áĽ áááđ
https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction?si=i3B2u9LyWBNjqAAO
@etconp
đ12
đCBR (California Bearing Ratio) Test
đˇA Detailed Laboratory Procedure
âşThe CBR test is a widely used geotechnical engineering test to evaluate the strength of soil subgrades and base courses.
âşIt determines the bearing capacity of a soil by measuring the resistance to penetration of a standard plunger.
đ§Steps Involved
* Sample Preparation:
* Obtain a Representative Sample: Collect a representative soil sample from the field.
* Prepare the Sample:
* Air-dried method: If the soil is cohesive, air-dry it to a suitable moisture content.
* Oven-dried method: For non-cohesive soils, oven-dry at 110 ¹ 5°C.
* Sieve the Sample: Pass the soil through a 19 mm sieve to remove coarse particles.
* Determine Optimum Moisture Content (OMC): Conduct a compaction test (e.g., Standard Proctor or Modified Proctor) to determine the OMC of the soil.
* Prepare the Specimen:
* Molding: Fill a cylindrical mold (usually 150 mm diameter) in three layers, compacting each layer with a specified number of blows from a standard hammer.
* Soaking: Soak the compacted specimen in distilled water for 4 days (for cohesive soils) or 24 hours (for non-cohesive soils).
* Trimming: Trim the specimen to a level surface using a trimming tool.
* Penetration Test:
* Set Up the Apparatus: Place the prepared specimen in the CBR mold and position it under the penetration plunger.
* Apply Load: Gradually apply a load to the plunger at a constant rate of 1.25 mm/min.
* Record Load Readings: Record the load required to achieve penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mm.
* Calculate CBR Value:
* Determine Standard Load: Refer to a standard table to find the load required to achieve a 2.5 mm penetration in a standard crushed stone sample.
* Calculate CBR:
CBR = (Penetration Load of Soil / Standard Load) x 100
Factors Affecting CBR Value:
* Moisture Content: CBR value is highly sensitive to moisture content.
* Compaction Effort: The degree of compaction significantly influences CBR.
* Soil Type: Different soil types exhibit varying CBR values.
* Soaking Time: Soaking time can affect the strength of cohesive soils.
Applications of CBR Test:
* Pavement Design: Determine the thickness of pavement layers.
* Subgrade Evaluation: Assess the suitability of soil as a subgrade material.
* Base Course Design: Evaluate the strength of base course materials.
đŤLimitations of CBR Test:
* Empirical Test: The test is based on empirical relationships and may not always accurately predict field performance.
* Sensitivity to Moisture: CBR values can be significantly affected by changes in moisture content.
* Limited Applicability: The test may not be suitable for all soil types, particularly those with high plasticity.
đBy carefully following the standardized procedure, the CBR test provides valuable information for the design and construction of pavements and other civil engineering structures.
@etconp
đˇA Detailed Laboratory Procedure
âşThe CBR test is a widely used geotechnical engineering test to evaluate the strength of soil subgrades and base courses.
âşIt determines the bearing capacity of a soil by measuring the resistance to penetration of a standard plunger.
đ§Steps Involved
* Sample Preparation:
* Obtain a Representative Sample: Collect a representative soil sample from the field.
* Prepare the Sample:
* Air-dried method: If the soil is cohesive, air-dry it to a suitable moisture content.
* Oven-dried method: For non-cohesive soils, oven-dry at 110 ¹ 5°C.
* Sieve the Sample: Pass the soil through a 19 mm sieve to remove coarse particles.
* Determine Optimum Moisture Content (OMC): Conduct a compaction test (e.g., Standard Proctor or Modified Proctor) to determine the OMC of the soil.
* Prepare the Specimen:
* Molding: Fill a cylindrical mold (usually 150 mm diameter) in three layers, compacting each layer with a specified number of blows from a standard hammer.
* Soaking: Soak the compacted specimen in distilled water for 4 days (for cohesive soils) or 24 hours (for non-cohesive soils).
* Trimming: Trim the specimen to a level surface using a trimming tool.
* Penetration Test:
* Set Up the Apparatus: Place the prepared specimen in the CBR mold and position it under the penetration plunger.
* Apply Load: Gradually apply a load to the plunger at a constant rate of 1.25 mm/min.
* Record Load Readings: Record the load required to achieve penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mm.
* Calculate CBR Value:
* Determine Standard Load: Refer to a standard table to find the load required to achieve a 2.5 mm penetration in a standard crushed stone sample.
* Calculate CBR:
CBR = (Penetration Load of Soil / Standard Load) x 100
Factors Affecting CBR Value:
* Moisture Content: CBR value is highly sensitive to moisture content.
* Compaction Effort: The degree of compaction significantly influences CBR.
* Soil Type: Different soil types exhibit varying CBR values.
* Soaking Time: Soaking time can affect the strength of cohesive soils.
Applications of CBR Test:
* Pavement Design: Determine the thickness of pavement layers.
* Subgrade Evaluation: Assess the suitability of soil as a subgrade material.
* Base Course Design: Evaluate the strength of base course materials.
đŤLimitations of CBR Test:
* Empirical Test: The test is based on empirical relationships and may not always accurately predict field performance.
* Sensitivity to Moisture: CBR values can be significantly affected by changes in moisture content.
* Limited Applicability: The test may not be suitable for all soil types, particularly those with high plasticity.
đBy carefully following the standardized procedure, the CBR test provides valuable information for the design and construction of pavements and other civil engineering structures.
@etconp
đ19â¤6
á¨áŽááľáľáŤáá˝á áŚá˛áľ á¨áá
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@etconp
á¨ááááľáľ á áá áááŁáł á á°ááŁá áá áá á¨áľ á á°ááá ááľ áĽáŤáľ ááá áá áá¨áááá ááá¨ááἠá¨ááŤáľá˝á á¨ááĽáĽá áľáááľ áááááľ áĽá áá ááá á á ááááľ áááŁá á á ááą áááááą á¨ááá á¨á á˛áľ á á ᣠá˛áááá áááŁáł áľáŤáá˝ á˘áŽ áá á á ááľá°áá á áá°áľ ááľáĽ áĽáľá¨ áááá¨á°á áŁáá ááá á áá ááĽááľ áŤáá á á°áŤá áááľáá á¨ááŤáľá˝áá á¨áá áááŞáŤ áááááąá á°á¨áľá á ááŹá áááľ á á¨áá áá ááŤá áááá á°á°ááá áłááĄáĄ
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á¨á á˛áľ á á ᣠá˛áááá áááŁáł áľáŤáá˝ á˘áŽ áŽáááŹá˝á ááłáŽá˝ áłááŹááśáŹáľ
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đ10â¤1