👉The difference between Footing & Foundation

💫Footing and foundation are two distinct but related components of building construction:

🏷Footing:

- The bottom-most part of the foundation that directly contacts the ground
- Wider than the foundation wall to distribute the building's weight over a larger area
- Usually made of reinforced concrete
- Prevents the building from sinking into the soil
- Acts like shoes for the building, spreading the load
- Typically ranges from 1-2 feet wide and 8-12 inches deep

🏷Foundation:

- The entire structural system that supports the building
- Includes both the footings and foundation walls
- Transfers the entire building load to the ground
- Provides a level base for construction
- Can be different types: slab, crawl space, basement
- Protects against moisture, frost, and soil movement
- Typically extends from the footing to the ground level

🌟In simple terms, the footing is just the bottom portion that spreads out the load, while the foundation is the complete structural system that includes both the footing and walls that support the entire building above ground.

@etconp

👉The main difference between a Site Engineer and a Construction Engineer lies in their roles and responsibilities within the construction industry.

🚧1. Site Engineer:

- Site Engineers are primarily responsible for the on-site execution and management of construction projects.
- They oversee the day-to-day operations and ensure that the construction work is carried out according to the project plans, specifications, and safety standards.
- Site Engineers coordinate with various subcontractors, suppliers, and laborers to ensure the smooth progress of the project.
- They are responsible for monitoring the quality of materials and workmanship, conducting site inspections, and addressing any issues that arise during the construction process.
- Site Engineers are the primary point of contact for the client or project owner on-site and are responsible for reporting progress and resolving any on-site concerns.

🚧2. Construction Engineer:

- Construction Engineers are responsible for the overall planning, design, and management of construction projects.
- They are involved in the initial stages of the project, such as feasibility studies, project planning, and design development.
- Construction Engineers are responsible for developing the construction plans, specifications, and budgets, as well as coordinating with architects, structural engineers, and other design professionals.
- They are responsible for ensuring that the construction project meets all relevant building codes, regulations, and safety standards.
- Construction Engineers also oversee the bidding and procurement processes, selecting contractors and subcontractors, and managing the overall project schedule and budget.
- They may also be involved in the commissioning and handover of the completed project to the client or project owner.

📜In summary, the Site Engineer is focused on the day-to-day management and execution of the construction work on-site, while the Construction Engineer is responsible for the overall planning, design, and management of the construction project.

@etconp

👉የአንድ ኩንታል ሲሚንቶ ዋጋ ከ2 ሺሕ 200 ብር ወደ 1 ሺሕ 250 ብር መውረዱ ተገለጸ

ከዚህ ቀደም በ2 ሺሕ 200 ብር ይሸጥ የነበረው የአንድ ኩንታል ሲሚንቶ ዋጋ በአሁኑ ሰዓት ከ1 ሺሕ 250 እስከ 1 ሺሕ 300 ብር ድረስ እየተሸጠ እንደሚገኝ የንግድና ቀጠናዊ ትስስር ሚኒስቴር አስታውቋል።

በሥራ ላይ የነበረውን የሲሚንቶ መመሪያ ቁጥር 960/2015 ከጥቅምት 29/2017 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ የአሰራር ማሻሻያ መደረጉን ያነሱት በሚኒስቴር መስሪያ ቤቱ የሀገር ውስጥ ንግድና የሸማቾች ጥበቃ መሪ ሥራ አስፈፃሚ ሊቁ በነበሩ፤ በዚሁ አግባብም ተግባራዊ እንዲሆን የሚመለከተው አካል እንዲያውቀው ስለመደረጉ ለአሐዱ ገልጸዋል።

በዚህም መሠረት ማሻሻያው ከመደረጉ በፊት ይሸጥ ከነበረበት 2 ሺሕ 200 ብር የአንድ ኩንታል ዋጋ ወደ 1 ሺሕ 250 እስከ 1 ሺሕ 300 ብር እንዲወርድ በማድረግ ገበያው መረጋጋቱን አስታውቀዋል።

"ይህ እርምጃ በሲሚንቶ ግብይት ትልቅ ለውጥ ያመጣ እና ውጤታማ የአሰራር ስርዓት ነው" በማለት፤ የሀገር ውስጥ ንግድና የሸማቾች ጥበቃ መሪ ሥራ አስፈፃሚው ተናግረዋል።

አሐዱም በተለይም በአዲስ አበባ ከተማ የሚገኙ የሲሚንቶ መሸጫ ሱቆችን ተዘዋውሮ በማየት የሲሚንቶ ዋጋ አሁን ላይ በተጠቀሰው መጠን እየተሸጠ እንደሚገኝ ለማረጋገጥ ችሏል።

በሌላ በኩል ሚኒስቴር መስሪያ ቤቱ ከሕግ ውጪ በሚንቀሳቀሱ የንግድ ተቋማት ላይ ቁጥጥርን አጠናክሮ እንደሚቀጥል በመግለጽ፤ በ2017 በጀት ዓመት 6 ወር ውስጥ በሕገ-ወጥ ንግድ ላይ በተደረገው የክትትልና ቁጥጥር ሥራ ከ108 ሺሕ በላይ በሚሆኑ የንግድ ተቋማት ላይ እርምጃ መውሰዱን መግለጹ ይታወሳል።

በተጨማሪም የኑሮ ውድነትን ለመቀነስና ገበያውን ለማረጋጋት አማራጭ ገበያዎችን ከማስፋፋት አንፃር፤ በስድስት ወራት ውስጥ 57 አዳዲስ የሰንበት ገበያዎች የተመቻቹ ስለመሆኑና በአጠቃላይ 1 ሺሕ 213 የሰንበት ገበያዎች አገልግሎት እየሰጡ እንደሚገኝ ተገልጿል።

Via አሐዱ ሬዲዮ

@etconp

👉ህንጻ ነዳፊ (አርክቴክት) መሆን ለሚፈልጉ ወጣቶች

⭐️እውቁ ህንጻ ነዳፊ ፋሲል ጊዮርጊስ ኪነህንጻን ተምረው ህንጻ ነዳፊ መሆን ለሚፈልጉ ወጣቶች የሚናገረው አለው ከላይ ያለው ቪድዮ አውርደው ያድምጡት።

💫በ Youtube ይከታተሉን 👇

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction?si=i3B2u9LyWBNjqAAO

@etconp

👉10 key things you should know about structural engineering:

⏺Safety is paramount:  Structural engineers prioritize safety above all else.
Their designs must ensure the stability and integrity of structures under all foreseeable loads and conditions.

⏺It's a blend of science and art: Structural engineering requires a strong understanding of physics, mathematics, and material science.
But it also involves creativity and problem-solving skills to design efficient and aesthetically pleasing structures.

⏺Loads are everything:  Understanding the types of loads (dead, live, environmental) and how they act on a structure is fundamental.
Accurate load estimation is crucial for safe design.

⏺Material properties matter:  Different materials (steel, concrete, wood, composites) have unique strengths and weaknesses.
Structural engineers must select appropriate materials based on the specific application and loading conditions.

⏺Structural analysis is key:  Engineers use various methods (manual calculations, computer software) to analyze how structures behave under load. This helps determine stresses, deflections, and stability.

⏺Design codes and standards are essential:  Building codes and standards provide guidelines and regulations to ensure safety and quality in structural design and construction.

⏺Collaboration is crucial:  Structural engineers work closely with architects, other engineers, and contractors to ensure the structural design integrates seamlessly with the overall project.

⏺Sustainability is increasingly important:  Modern structural engineering considers sustainability by using eco-friendly materials, optimizing designs for efficiency, and minimizing environmental impact.

⏺It's a diverse field:  Structural engineers can specialize in various areas, such as buildings, bridges, dams, towers, or even aerospace structures.

⏺It's a rewarding career: Structural engineers play a vital role in shaping the built environment and ensuring the safety and well-being of communities.
It's a profession that offers intellectual challenges and the satisfaction of seeing your designs come to life.

@etconp

👉በሪልስቴት ዘርፍ ሰፊ ችግሮች እንዳሉ ዘገባዎችን ተመለከትን ችግሩ የተወሳሰበ  እንደሆነ ይነገራል።

📜በዘርፉ ያለውን የህግ ማእቀፍ በተመለከተ ከወራት በፊት በረቂቅ ህጉ መነሻነት የተዘጋጀ ጽሁፍ ልናጋራችሁ ወደድን።

⏺የሪልስቴት ህግ እና ረቂቅ አዋጁ(ቀደም ብሎ የተዘጋጀ)  ጉባኤ አሰፋ

🚧ሪልስቴት ምን አይነት ትርጓሜ ይሰጠዋል?

ሪል ስቴት ማለት ለሽያጭ፣ለኪራይ ወይም ለሊዝ አገልግሎት እንዲውል የተገነባ ህንፃ ማለት ነው በሚል በህንጻ መመሪያ ቁጥር 5/2003 አንቀጽ 2.34 ላይ ትርጉም ተሰጥቶታል::

ከህንጻ መመሪያው ትርጓሜ መረዳት እንደሚቻለው ሪልስቴት የሚባለው የተገነባ ህንጻ ብቻ ነው፡፡

ስለዚህ ያልተገነባን ህንጻ ሪልስቴት ማለት ከዚህ የህግ ድንጋጌ አንጻር ተገቢነት አይኖረውም ማለት ነው፡፡ 

በተመሳሳይ የኢትዮጵያ ብሔራዊ ባንክ በመመሪያ ቁጥር SSB/65/2017 አንቀጽ 2.10 ላይ ስለሪልስቴት የሰጠው ትርጓሜ ከህንጻ መመሪያው ጋር አብሮ የሚሄድ ነው::

⏺ያልተገነባን ህንጻ ለመሸጥ የሚደረግ ውል የሪልስቴት ሽያጭ ውል ሊባል ይችላልን?

በፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 1678(ለ) ላይ እንደተቀመጠው አንድ ውል የሚጸና ውል ነው ለማለት ሶስት ሁኔታዎች ያስፈልጉታል፡፡

ከነዚህ የውል አቋሞች ውስጥ ውል የተደረገበት ጉዳይ(object of the contract) ህጋዊ መሆን አለበት በሚል ተቀምጧል፡፡

በፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 2876 ላይ አንድ ወገን ተዋዋይ ለሌላኛው ወገን ተዋዋይ ገና የሌለ ህንጻ ለመስጠት ግዴታ የሚገባበት ውል የህንጻ ስራ ውል ይባላል እንጅ የሽያጭ ውል ሊባል አይችልም በሚል ይደነግጋል፡፡

ይህ ድንጋጌ እና ለሪልስቴት የተሰጠው ትርጓሜ ተገናዝቦ ሲታይ ገና ያልተገነባን ህንጻ በሚመለከት የሚደረግ የሽያጭ ውል የሪልስቴት ሽያጭ ውል ሊባል የሚችል አይሆንም፡፡

በነባሩ ህግ ላይ ችግሩ የሚፈጠረው እዚህ ነጥብ ላይ ነው፡፡

ምክንያቱም የማይንቀሳቀስ ንብረት ሽያጭ ውል ራሱን የቻለ ልዩ ባህሪ ያለው ነው፡፡ሻጭ እና ገዥ ተዋዋይ የሚሆኑበት ነው፡፡ዝርዝሩ በውሉ እና በማይንቀሳቀስ ንብረት ሽያጭ ህግ የሚገዛ ይሆናል፡፡

ገና ያልተገነባ ህንጻ ደግሞ በሽያጭ ህግ የሚታቀፍ እንዳልሆነ በፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 2876 ላይ ተደንግጓል፡፡

ስለዚህ ያልተገነባን ህንጻ በሚመለከት የሚደረገው ውል በፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 2610 እና ተከታዮቹ እንዲሁም 3019 ጀምሮ በተመለከተው አግባብ የግንባታ ውል ተደርጐ የሚቆጠር ከሆነ ሪልስቴት አልሚው እንደ ተቋራጭ እና ደንበኛው እንደ አሰሪ ሊቆጠሩ ነው ማለት ነው፡፡

በመሆኑም ይህ ሁኔታ ራሱን የቻለ የሪልስቴት ህግ በሌለበት ወቅት ውዝግብ ሲፈጥር የነበረ የህግ ነጥብ ነው፡፡ሆኖም አሁን ላይ ረቂቅ የሪልስቴት ህግ ተዘጋጅቷል፡፡

▶️በረቂቅ አዋጁ ላይ ገና ያልተገነባን ህንጻ መሸጥ ተፈቅዷል ወይ?
በረቂቅ አዋጁ አንቀጽ 2(1) ላይ ለሪልስቴት የተሰጠው ትርጓሜ የተገነባን ህንጻ የሚመለከት እንደሆነ የሚጠቅስ ነው፡፡

ሆኖም በረቂቁ አንቀጽ 6 ላይ የሀገር ውስጥ አልሚ ቤቱን ሳይገነባ ለቤት ፈላጊዎች በቅድሚያ በሚሸጥበት ወቅት በዝርዝር የተቀመጡ ቅድመ ሁኔታዎችን ማሟላት እንደሚጠበቅበት የሚደነግገው ሲታይ ያልተገነባ ህንጻ መሸጥ በረቂቅ ህጉ የተፈቀደ መሆኑን ያስገነዝባል፡፡

ይሄውም አከራካሪውን ጉዳይ እልባት የሚሰጥ ይሆናል፡፡

⏺በረቂቅ አዋጁ የተካተቱ አንዳንድ ነጥቦች ረቂቅ አዋጁ ገና በህዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት የጸደቀ ባለመሆኑ የተወሰኑ ለውጦች ሊኖሩት እንደሚችሉ ይገመታል፡፡

ሆኖም ስለሪልስቴት የተካተቱ መሰረታዊ የሚባሉ ነጥቦች እንደሚከተለው ተዳሰዋል፡፡

አዋጁ ከመውጣቱ በፊት የተጀመሩ የሪልስቴት ልማት ስራዎች በአዋጁ መሰረት ተፈጻሚ እንደሚደረጉ በረቂቅ አዋጁ አንቀጽ 33 ላይ ተቀምጧል።

ማንኛውም ሪልስቴት ልማት ለመስራት የሚፈልግ የሀገር ውስጥ እና የውጭ ሀገር ባለሀብት በአዋጁ መሰረት አግባብ ካለው አካል የሪልስቴት አልሚ የብቃት ማረጋገጫ ማውጣት እንዳለበት በረቂቅ አዋጁ አንቀጽ 5 ላይ ተቀምጧል፡፡

ለየቤቱ የተናጠል የይዞታ ባለቤትነት ማረጋገጫ ለመውሰድ ቤቱ 80 በመቶ መጠናቀቅ የሚኖርበት ሲሆን ያለደንበኛው ፍላጐትና ፈቃድ አጠቃላይ ግንባታው ቢያንስ 80 በመቶ ያልተጠናቀቀ ቤት ለደንበኛው ማስተላለፍ እንደማይቻልም በረቂቅ አዋጁ አንቀጽ 6 እና 7 ላይ ተቀምጧል፡፡

ሌላው ሪልስቴት አልሚው የይዞታ ማረጋገጫ፣የቤት ግንባታ እቃዎች አይነት፣ዲዛይኑን፣የግንባታ ፈቃድ እና የሪልስቴት ልማት ፈቃዱን ቅጅ ከሽያጭ ውል ሰነዱ ጋር አያይዞ ለደንበኛው መስጠት ግዴታ ተጥሎበታል፡፡

እንዲሁም የመሬት ይዞታ ማረጋገጫና የግንባታ ፈቃድ የሌለው የሪልስቴት አልሚ ደንበኞችን መመዝገብ ሆነ ቅድሚያ ክፍያ መሰብሰብ አይችልም፡፡

⏺የቅሬታ አፈታትን በተመለከተ ረቂቅ አዋጁ ምን ይላል?

ረቂቅ አዋጁ የቅሬታ መፍቻ ስርአት በአንቀጽ 23 እና ተከታዮቹ ላይ አስቀምጧል፡፡

ለቅሬታ ምክንያት ከሚሆኑ ጉዳዮች ውስጥ ቤት ከሪልስቴት አልሚ ወደ ደንበኛው በሚተላለፍበት ወቅት በስምምነታቸው መሰረት ሳይፈጸም ሲቀር እና የግንባታ ጥራት ጉዳይ እንደሚካተቱ በአዋጁ አንቀጽ 24 ላይ ተቀምጧል፡፡

በሪልስቴት አልሚ በተላለፈለት ቤት በተለይ የግንባታ ጥራት ላይ ቅሬታ ያለው ደንበኛ ቅሬታውን ቤቱን በተረከበ በአንድ አመት ውስጥ ማቅረብ እንደሚችል ተመልክቷል፡፡

ከዚህ ድንጋጌ መገንዘብ የሚቻለው የማይታዩ ጉድለቶች የሚባሉትንና ለ10 አመት ተቋራጮች ሀላፊ ሆነው የሚቆዩበትን በፍትሀብሄር ህጉ አንቀጽ 3039 የተደነገገውን የጉድለት አይነት ቢከሰት እንኳ ደንበኛው ከመጠየቅ በይርጋ እንደሚታገድ ነው፡፡

ሆኖም ይህ ሁኔታ ከግምት ውስጥ ቢገባ የተሻለ ይሆናል የሚል ሀሳብ አለኝ፡፡

የፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 3039 ላይ ስራ ተቋራጩ ስራውን ካስረከበበት ቀን ጀምሮ ስለመልካም አሰራሩ እና ስለስራው ስለጠንካራነቱ ለአስር አመት ጊዜ መድን ነው በሚል ተደንግጓል፡፡

በዚህ ግዜ ውስጥ በስራ ጉድለት ወይም በተሰራበት መሬት አይነት ምክንያት በተሰራው ስራ ላይ ለሚደርሰው ጉዳት ተቋራጩ ሀላፊነት እንደሚኖርበት ተደንግጓል፡፡

ስለዚህ የግንባታ ጥራት ጉዳይ በአጭር ጊዜ ተለይቶ ሊታወቅ የማይችል በመሆኑ በአንድ አመት ግዜ ውስጥ ቅሬታ ካልቀረበበት ሪልስቴት አልሚውን መጠየቅ እንደማይቻል በረቂቅ አዋጁ ላይ የተቀመጠው ድንጋጌ ማሻሻያ ቢደረግበት የተሻለ ይሆናል የሚል ሀሳብ አለኝ፡፡

በሪልስቴት አልሚ እና በደንበኛ መካከል አለመግባባት በተመለከተ የቅሬታ አቤቱታ የሚቀርበው በአዋጁ አግባብ ላለው አካል፣ከዚያም በይግባኝ በ30 ቀናት ውስጥ በጽሁፍ ለአቤቱታ ሰሚ ኮሚቴ፣በኮሚቴ ውሳኔ ቅር የተሰኘ ወገን ደግሞ ውሳኔው በደረሰው በ30 ቀን ውስጥ በህግና በፍሬ ነገር ጉዳይ ላይ ስልጣን ላለው መደበኛ ፍርድ ቤት ይግባኝ ማቅረብ እንደሚችል ተመልክቷል፡፡

እዚህ ላይ ስልጣን ላለው መደበኛ ፍርድ ቤት የሚለው አገላለጽ አሻሚ ስለሚሆን የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ የዳኝነት ስልጣን ላለው ወይም ለይግባኝ ሰሚ ፍርድ ቤት ስለመሆኑ በግልጽና በማያሻማ ሁኔታ ቢቀመጥ ጥሩ ነው የሚል ሀሳብ አለኝ፡፡

⭐️በአጠቃላይ ረቂቅ ህጉ መሰረታዊ የሚባሉ ነጥቦችን ያካተተ በመሆኑ በሪልስቴት ዘርፍ ላይ የሚስተዋሉ ክፍተቶችን ሊቀርፍ የሚችል ነው፡፡በመሆኑም ረቂቅ አዋጁ በተቻለ ፍጥነት እንዲጸድቅ በማድረግ ወደ ስራ ማስገባት የተሻለ ነው፡፡

Via Gubaie Assefa

@etconp

👉Why we have to construct expansion joints for rigid pavement?

🏷Expansion joints are essential for rigid pavement because they allow for the natural expansion and contraction of concrete due to temperature changes and moisture variations.

⏺Without expansion joints, the concrete would crack or buckle under stress. Here’s why they are necessary:

1. Thermal Expansion & Contraction – Concrete expands in hot weather and contracts in cold weather. Expansion joints provide space to accommodate these movements, preventing cracks and structural damage.

2. Preventing Cracking – Without joints, internal stresses from temperature changes and traffic loads would cause random, uncontrolled cracks in the pavement.

3. Reducing Stress on Adjacent Structures – Expansion joints help isolate the pavement from bridges, buildings, and other structures, preventing damage due to movement.

4. Improving Pavement Durability – By controlling where cracks form and allowing movement, expansion joints extend the lifespan of rigid pavements.

▶️Proper placement and spacing of expansion joints are crucial for effective performance, usually based on the local climate, concrete properties, and pavement design.

@etconp

👉Foundation Reinforcement Detail

💫This diagram provides a detailed view of the reinforcement layout for a concrete foundation.

⏺It shows the placement and spacing of rebar (reinforced steel bars) within the foundation slab and walls.

⏺This reinforcement is crucial for providing structural integrity and strength to the foundation.

⭐️Key Elements of the Diagram:

1. Rebar Placement: The diagram illustrates the placement of rebar within the foundation slab and walls. Rebar is typically arranged in a grid pattern to provide reinforcement in both directions.

2. Rebar Size and Spacing: The diagram indicates the diameter (e.g., Φ14) and spacing (e.g., 20 cm) of the rebar. These dimensions are critical for ensuring adequate reinforcement.

3. Distribution Reinforcement: The table at the bottom summarizes the distribution reinforcement for different parts of the foundation, including exterior walls, interior walls, top slab, and bottom slab.

📜Benefits of Foundation Reinforcement:

1. Increased Strength: 💪 The rebar significantly increases the tensile strength of the concrete, making it more resistant to cracking and deformation.

2. Load Distribution: ⚖️ The rebar helps to distribute loads evenly across the foundation, reducing the risk of localized stress and failure.

3. Durability: 🧱 The reinforced concrete foundation is more durable and resistant to damage from earthquakes, shifting soil, and other environmental factors.

4. Reduced Maintenance: 🛠️ A strong foundation requires less maintenance and repair over the long term.

5. Longevity: ⏳ A well-reinforced foundation contributes to the overall longevity and stability of the building.

@etconp

👉ነጻ የትምህርት ዕድል ጥቆማ (Scholarship)

📍ህንድ አገር

📜መረጃውን ከተያያዘው ምስል መመልከት ይቻላል።

💫መልካም ዕድል❤️

Via Embassy of India, Addis Ababa

@etconp

Intercon Construction Chemicals 
    
👉 Authorized agent of MC, SIMENTEK, Sika, Weber

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Concrete Repair, Grouting   
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
● Quartz, Contextra
● Floor hardener, Epoxy              
● Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555 or 0944774267
Address: Signal, around signal mall

👉Administration, Monitoring, and Payment of Subcontract Works*

📜Once an agreement is made and a subcontract has been placed, the administration, monitoring, assessment, valuation, and payment of the works are parts of an ongoing cycle of activities.

⏺Monitoring and Assessment of Subcontract Works

The monitoring and assessment of the package is undertaken as an ongoing review of the work carried out by the subcontractor, including:

* A review of progress on site against the original tender
* Variations
* The formulation of an add and omit schedule

The exact nature of this will depend on how the subcontract package was procured and placed: for example, as a lump sum item, an estimate (with or without remeasurement), a target sum, or under an open book 'cost plus' arrangement.

*Importance of Record-Keeping and Correspondence Management*

Good record-keeping and correspondence management are essential for effective subcontract management. Without good records, it is difficult to make or challenge any claim, whether for time or money, received from a subcontractor.

*Best Practice for Record-Keeping and Correspondence Management*

▶️Best practice includes:

* Creating a standard structure for filing
* Circulating contact names for stakeholders
* Using standard templates for notifications
* Clearly issuing notices of delays, additional works, defects, or incomplete works
* Issuing timely sectional and final completion certificates
* Compliance with contractual reply durations
* Considering where issues included in correspondence to a subcontractor should also be included in separate correspondence to the client

*Valuation and Payment of Subcontract Works*

The valuation will calculate the contracting organisation's liability to the subcontractor at the end of the month. (It should be noted that it is advisable and good practice to include a monthly payment calendar to clarify this in the subcontract agreement.) This will affect the cost taken into the month-end accounts and is linked closely to the payment.

The payment will usually take place at some stage in the following month, depending on the contractual arrangements made in the subcontract and in Security of Payment legislation.

If possible, the valuation of work will take place as a back-to-back exercise, ensuring that the value taken by the contracting organisation is aligned with the liability, using the same underlying measures, or other assessment format, for work within the original package, as well as any variations.

*Accruals and Liabilities*

The total liability can be defined as the total cumulative amount that would be due to that subcontractor for that package of work up to the period end-date, if no further work was to take place either on- or off-site.

It can include amounts that have not been proven as contractually due, but for which a prudent allowance (subject to the contracting organisation's policies) should be made in the liability.

An accrual is the difference between the total liability and the amount already paid to the subcontractor.

@etconp

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

♧ ሁሉን በአንድ ቦታ ለሁሉም ቅርብ

♧ ምስክራችን ስራችን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን

♧ ይደውሉልን ያማክሩን

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👉𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒐 𝑬𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 & 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑩𝒖𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒕

🚧𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Quantitative assessment of amount likely to be spent to complete project

⏺𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐁𝐮𝐝𝐠𝐞𝐭

Total cost required to complete project tasks & contingency reserve for known risks

Budgeting is process, not project event Budget is developed at project start & later refined as more info becomes available about project & detailed WBS prepared

At project start, Rough Order of Magnitude (ROM) estimate created, with accuracy range -25% to +75%, result in outcomes to get initial budgetary approvals & get project off ground

ROM estimate further refined into preliminary estimates when more information becomes available

After creating detailed WBS, definitive estimates developed with accuracy range -5% to +10%.

⏺𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐁𝐮𝐝𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

》Essential to secure funding
》Essential to make good project plan
》Essential to manage project, as budgetary estimates address cost constraints
》Compare actual costs against approved budget to determine variance
》Help improve project profitability

⏺𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬

𝟏》𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐣𝐮𝐝𝐠𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
Get estimates from expert (consultant/ In-house) with specialized experience understanding project’s domain area

𝟐》𝐓𝐨𝐩-𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Estimates overall project cost, then decompose whole project into smaller components & allocates part of total budget to these components

𝟑》𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Look at historical data from previous similar projects to drive estimate for current project

𝟒》𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Use historical data from previous projects to calculate cost estimate for current project, using mathematical formula & statistical relationship between different variables to estimate complete project cost

𝟓》𝐁𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦-𝐮𝐩 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Estimate WBS smaller components, aggregate them to calculate project budget

𝟔》𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞-𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Done by taking average of 3 different estimates to calculate expected cost

•Optimistic(O): Best-case scenario
•Pessimistic(P): Worst-case scenario
•Most likely(M): Realistic scenario

⏺Expected cost (E) driven using:

》Triangular Distribution Formula
E= (O+P+M)/3

》Beta Distribution Formula
E= (O+P+4*M)/6

▶️𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐁𝐮𝐝𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐩𝐬

》Prepare ROM budget at project start utilising top-down or analogous estimation techniques
》Get initial budget approval
》Create WBS & define work packages
》Decompose work packages into activities
》Estimate each work package cost
》Add contingency reserve
》Create sum total of work package cost estimates
》Add project-level contingency reserves as required
》Refine budget further to reconcile with initial budgetary estimates & constraints
》Get approval on final budget
》Refine budget in case any changes impact project.

@etconp

👉Claim Analysis Related to Quantities, Man-Hours, and Costs: A Step-by-Step Guide*

📜Introduction

⏺Claims analysis related to quantities, man-hours, and costs is a critical aspect of construction projects.

⏺This article provides a detailed guide to performing a claims analysis, whether preparing a claim or defending against one.

🏷Obtaining and Reviewing Contractor's Bid and Budget*

1. *Obtain and Review Bid Estimate Calculations and Assumptions*: Obtain and review the contractor's bid and bid estimate calculations and assumptions, including productivity, material quantities, labor rates, contingency, field and home office overhead amounts, and profit.
2. *Determine Reasonableness of Bid*: Determine if the bid was reasonable, or if there could have been an underbid or bid error.
3. *Obtain and Review Budget and Revised Budget Information*: Obtain and review the contractor's budget and revised budget information, including quantity, man-hour, and cost data and underlying assumptions, noting any differences from the bid estimate.

🔰Analyzing Quantities, Man-Hours, and Costs

1. *Obtain and Review Actual Quantity, Man-Hour, and Costs Data*: Obtain and review the contractor's actual quantity, man-hour, and costs data.
2. *Determine Extent of Additional Work*: Determine the extent to which the contractor coded its additional man-hours and costs to discrete change-related cost codes.
3. *Evaluate Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Coding*: Evaluate the contractor's WBS coding and/or cost account structure to determine if claims can be assessed by discipline, work area, timeframe, etc.

⭐️Preparing Variance Analyses*

1. *Prepare Quantity Variance Analysis*: Prepare a quantity variance analysis by material type or detailed WBS/cost account to determine which types of materials had significant variances when planned and actual quantities are compared.
2. *Prepare Man-Hour Variance Analysis*: Prepare a man-hour variance analysis, comparing budgeted and actual man-hours at the most detailed level of the information available.
3. *Prepare Cost Variance Analysis*: Prepare a cost variance analysis, comparing budgeted and actual costs at the most detailed level of the information available.

🚧Preparing Disruption or Loss of Productivity Claim*

1. *Confirm Contemporaneous Estimates*: Confirm contemporaneous estimates included in the change order documentation.
2. *Evaluate Additional Costs*: Evaluate and confirm additional costs using invoices and/or labor man-hours and costs from discrete change-related accounts.
3. *Estimate Extent of Additional Work*: Estimate the extent of the additional work.

🚧Preparing Prolongation or Delay Claim*

1. *Quantify Time-Related Field Overhead Costs*: Quantify the contractor's average time-related field overhead costs by day, week, or month.
2. *Calculate Delay Damages*: Calculate the contractor's delay damages using the results of the schedule analysis for compensable delay.

🚧Preparing Narratives and Supporting Documentation*

1. *Prepare Narratives*: Prepare narratives with supporting documentation that describe the information utilized, the problems encountered, the analyses performed, and the results of the damages calculations.

@etconp