👉the main types of flat slabs used in construction:

⭐️Typical Flat Slab: This type of slab is supported directly by columns without the use of beams. It’s often used in warehouses, offices, and public halls where beam projections are not desired.

⭐️Flat Slab with Drop Panel: In this type, the slab is thickened near the columns by providing drop panels. This helps to reduce the shear stress around the columns.

⭐️Flat Slab with Column Head: The column head is widened to reduce the perforation shear in the slab.

⏺This type is used to increase the capacity of the slab to resist two-way shear.

⭐️Flat Slab with Drop Panel and Column Head: This combines both drop panels and column heads to provide additional strength and reduce shear stresses around the columns.

💫Flat slabs are popular in modern construction due to their simplicity and ease of construction, as well as their ability to provide flexible layouts without the need for beams.

@etconp

👉UNDERSTANDING COST TYPES

⭐️1.Direct Cost vs. Indirect Cost
Direct Cost

⏺These costs are directly linked to a specific project, task, or activity.

⏺They vary depending on the project’s scope and progress.

⚡️Examples: Raw materials used in construction (cement, steel, bricks) Wages of laborers and site engineers assigned to a project Subcontractor costs for specific project tasks Equipment or machinery rented for a particular project

⭐️Indirect Cost

⏺These are overhead costs that support multiple projects but are not tied to a specific activity.

⏺They remain relatively constant regardless of individual project progress.

⚡️Examples: Office rent, utilities, and administrative salaries IT infrastructure and software licenses Safety training, legal compliance, and insurance Company-wide marketing and management expenses

📜2.Fixed Cost Vs Variable Cost

🔰Fixed Cost

⏺Costs that remain constant regardless of project activity or production levels.

⏺They do not fluctuate with the volume of work performed.

⚡️Examples: Office rent and administrative salaries,Equipment depreciation ,Long-term leasing of machinery or site offices Insurance and permit fees.

🔰Variable Cost

⏺Costs that change depending on the level of production or work performed.

⏺These expenses fluctuate as project activity increases or decreases.

⚡️Examples: Wages of temporary laborers hired per project phase,Fuel costs for site equipment and vehicles,Cost of materials (cement, steel, sand) based on demand ,Utility bills (electricity, water) that vary with usage

🔰3.Operational Cost

⏺These are ongoing expenses required to maintain daily business or project operations.
Unlike capital costs (one-time investments in assets), operational costs are recurring.

⚡️Examples: Salaries of permanent employees
,Maintenance and repair of machinery and equipment
Fuel, utilities, and transportation expenses,Office supplies, communication, and IT support

@etconp

👉What are the environmental KPIs in a construction project?

🏷Environmental Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in a construction project help measure the project's sustainability and environmental impact.

⭐️Here are the key environmental KPIs commonly used:

🚧1. Energy Efficiency & Carbon Footprint

⏺Energy consumption (kWh per m² or per unit of work) – Measures energy use on-site.
Carbon emissions (CO₂ emissions per ton of material or per project) – Assesses the carbon footprint of operations.
Renewable energy usage (%) – Tracks the proportion of energy sourced from renewables.

🚧2. Waste Management

⏺Waste generated (tons per m² or per project phase) – Measures the total waste produced.

⏺Waste diversion rate (%) – Percentage of waste diverted from landfills (recycled/reused).
Hazardous waste generation (kg per project) – Tracks hazardous materials disposal.

🚧3. Water Management

⏺Water consumption (liters per m² or per project) – Measures water use efficiency.

⏺Water recycling/reuse rate (%) – Tracks efforts to conserve and reuse water.

⏺Pollution incidents (number per project) – Monitors spills, leaks, or contamination events.

🚧4. Material Usage & Sustainability

⏺Sustainable materials usage (%) – Measures the percentage of eco-friendly materials.
Recycled content in materials (%) – Tracks the proportion of recycled materials used.
Embodied carbon of materials (kg CO₂ per ton) – Assesses emissions from material sourcing and production.

🚧5. Biodiversity & Land Use

⏺Land disturbance (hectares affected) – Measures impact on natural land.

⏺Biodiversity protection measures (# of initiatives) – Tracks efforts to protect local ecosystems.

⏺Tree planting/green area development (m² added) – Evaluates efforts in ecological restoration.

🚧6. Air & Noise Pollution
Dust emissions (PM10 or PM2.5 levels) – Measures particulate matter released into the air.

⏺Noise pollution levels (dB at project boundary) – Monitors construction noise impact.

⏺Air pollution incidents (number of exceedances of legal limits) – Tracks violations of air quality standards.

🚧7. Compliance & Certification

⏺Environmental non-compliance incidents (# per project) – Measures regulatory violations.

⏺Green building certifications (LEED, BREEAM, etc.) – Assesses adherence to sustainable building standards.

⏺Stakeholder engagement in sustainability (%) – Evaluates awareness and training participation.

Via Yonatan Tadesse (PMP)®

@etconp

ዓድዋ፣ ጀግና አርበኞች የጥቁር ሰው ሉዓላዊነትን ያወጁበት ታሪካዊ ድል፣ እንኳን ለ 129ኛው መታሰቢያ በዓል በሰላም አደረሳችሁ።

Adwa, the day that solidified the victory of Africans over imperialists. Happy 129th Adwa Victory Day!

ምንግዜም ለሃገር ልጅ በሃገር ልጅ!!

@etconp

👉What is the basic and important checklist for Beams in construction ?

🏷1. Design and Dimensions
Ensure the beam's size (length, width, and depth) are as per the structural drawings.

⏺Verify reinforcement details (number, size, and spacing of bars).

🏷2. Shuttering (Formwork)

⏺Check for proper alignment and tight joints to avoid concrete leakage.

⏺Apply shuttering oil for easy removal.

⏺Ensure supports and bracings are stable.

🏷3. Reinforcement

⏺Ensure correct placement of top, bottom, and extra bars.

⏺Verify stirrups spacing and diameter.

⏺Maintain proper lap length for overlapping bars.

🏷4. Clear Cover

⏺Use cover blocks to maintain required gaps:

⏺Bottom: 25-50 mm

Sides: 25 mm

⏺Top: 25 mm.

🏷5. Concreting

⏺Use the correct concrete miX.

⏺Pour concrete evenly and compact using a vibrator.

⏺Ensure smooth finishing on the top.

🏷6. Curing

⏺Start curing immediately after concreting.

⏺Continue curing for at least 7-14 days.

🏷7. Formwork Removal

⏺Remove the formwork only after the concrete has gained enough strength:

⏺Sides: 1-2 Days bottom: 7-14 days.

🏷8. Inspection

⏺Check for honeycombing or cracks and repair if necessary.

⏺Ensure no deflection or sagging after removing supports.

@etconp

👉What is Heat of Hydration?

⭐️Heat of hydration is the heat generated by the chemical reaction between cement and water during the hydration process.

⏺This heat can cause a significant increase in temperature within the concrete, potentially leading to thermal cracking.

🏷Factors Affecting Heat of Hydration

🚧1. Cement Type: Different types of cement have varying heat of hydration values.

⏺For example, Type III cement has a higher heat of hydration than Type I cement.

🚧2. Cement Content: Increasing the cement content can increase the heat of hydration.

🚧3. Water-Cement Ratio: A lower water-cement ratio can increase the heat of hydration.

🚧4. Aggregate Type: The type of aggregate used can affect the heat of hydration.

⏺For example, aggregates with high thermal conductivity can increase the heat of hydration.

🚧5. Temperature: Higher temperatures can increase the rate of hydration and heat generation.

Yonatan Tadesse (PMP)®

@etconp

👉𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

🏷Term describe a method of dealing with inflation in construction contracts.

🚧𝐈𝐧𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 is recognised as representing an increase in prices, converse can also apply (Deflation)

⏺Contracts use various descriptions for fluctuations clauses:

-Fluctuation
-Price Variation
-Price adjustment for inflation

▶️Traditional approach to project procurement is employer produce a set of specified requirements, following a formal tendering process to accept an offer from a contractor to carry out construction work to realise those requirements within an agreed contract period & contract sum

⭐️𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐒𝐮𝐦 may be adjusted as necessary & within contract T&Cs to take account of variations but is normally regarded as a fixed (firm) price.

⏺Employers seek to add certainty to their financial commitment to demand fixed price contracts where contractor invariably assumes risk of increases (or decreases) in these items cost as a result of inflation.

⏺General rate at which prices of materials & goods varies, usually upwards & consequent purchasing power of money decreases.

⏺Alterations to items price can be caused by variations in taxation, ‘excise’ duties for domestic goods, ‘customs’ duties on imported goods

▶️Contracts of short duration, risk may not be great, for longer contract durations or where contract sum is of a size that makes impact of inflation more significant, consequences may be more difficult to anticipate.

📜Purpose of contract’s fluctuations provision to enable adjustment to take place by introducing a mechanism to be followed when circumstances are appropriate.

》Fluctuations in different types of contracts

⏺Common situation is where contract sum is described as ‘fixed’ or ‘firm’ price & it appear on first inspection that it isn't subject to adjustment for these items.

⏺However these contracts may include adjustment provision for changes in contractor’s input cost for reasons beyond their control.

》Fluctuating price contracts are used in a variety of circumstances:

•Lump sum contracts
•Term works contracts
•Term service contracts
•Supply contracts
•Reimbursement contracts
•Application to DBFO/ PFI contracts
•Calculation of increased costs due to delay & allocation of responsibility
•Changes in costs due to currency exchange rates

●Calculation methodologies on standard forms

》JCT lump sum contract
-Option A:Clause A.5 of Schedule 7
-Option B: labour & materials cost & tax fluctuations
States that contract sum is based on rules & decisions of the Construction Industry Joint Council or other wage fixing body
-Option C: JCT Formula rules, relies on a series of indices that were published by the National Economic Development Office (NEDO).

》NEC lump sum contracts
Doesn't use term fluctuations
ECC’s approach isxto use Secondary Option X1 – price adjustment for inflation.

》FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction (Red Book) contain a formula agreed by parties

@etconp

👉ከአያት ሪል ስቴት ሱቅ የገዙ ሰዎች በድርጅቱ ላይ አቤቱታ አሰሙ፡፡ በአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ለሚ ኩራ ክፍለ ከተማ ወረዳ 10 አያት ሾፒንግ ሞል በሚል በተገነባው ህንፃ ውስጥ ሱቅ የገዙት የዛሬ 16 አመት እንደነበር አቤቱታ አቅራቢዎቹ ገልፀዋል፡፡ በወቅቱ ድርጅቱ በሁለት አመት ውስጥ ግንባታውን አጠናቆ እንደሚያስረክባቸው ቃል እንደገባላቸውም አስረድተዋል፡፡

የአያት ሞል ሱቅ ባለቤቶች ማህበር ፀሀፊ ሩት ግርማይ ስትናገር ‹‹እኛ የማህበሩ አባላት በህጋዊ መንገድ ሱቅ የገዛንና ውል የፈፀምን ነን፡፡ ነገር ግን ድርጅቱ ተገቢውን መሰረተ ልማት አሟልቶ ባለማጠናቀቁ ሱቃችንን ለመረከብ ፈቃደኛ ባለመሆናችን ተዘግቶ ይገኛል›› ብላለች፡፡ እንደገለፀችውም በህንፃው ውስጥ ካልተጠናቀቁት መሰረተ ልማቶች መካከል መብራት፣ ውሀ፣ መፀዳጃ ቤት፣ መኪና ማቆሚያና ሊፍት ይገኙበታል፡፡ የህንፃው ግንባታ ረጅም ጊዜ በመቆየቱ አንዳንድ የማህበሩ አባላት በራሳቸው ወጪ አጠናቀው ስራ መጀመራቸውን ሩት ገልፃለች፡፡

ጉዳዩን ወደፍርድ ቤት ለመውሰድ ቢፈልጉም የገንዘብ እጥረት እንዳለባቸው ጠቅሳም በአሁኑ ወቅት ለሚመለከታቸው የመንግስት መስሪያ ቤቶች አቤቱታ በማቅረብ ላይ ቢሆኑም ምንም መፍትሄ አለማግኘታቸውን አስርታለች፡፡

የአያት ሪል ስቴት ቦርድ ምክትል ሊቀመንበር አቶ አብይ ማሞ ስለጉዳዩ ከዘሪፖርተር ተጠይቀው ሲመልሱ ‹‹እኛ ሱቅ ገዢዎቹን በመነጋገርና በውይይት ችግሩን እንድንፈታ ጠይቀናቸው ነበር፡፡

እነሱ ግን ጉዳዩን ወደተለያዩ የመንግስት መስሪያ ቤቶች መውሰድን መርጠዋል›› ካሉ በኋላ ጉዳዩን ለመፍታት በሂደት ላይ መሆናቸውን አስታውቀዋል፡፡

Via ዘ-ሐበሻ

@etconp

👉BS 8110 is a British Standard that provides guidelines for the structural use of concrete. Here's a simplified breakdown:

⭐️Purpose:

⏹It sets out rules and recommendations for designing and constructing reinforced concrete structures.

⏹Its goal is to ensure that concrete structures are safe, durable, and perform as intended.

💫Key Concepts:

▶️Limit State Design: BS 8110 uses the limit state design approach, which considers various potential failure modes (limit states) and ensures that the structure can withstand them.

📜This includes:

⏺Ultimate Limit State: Preventing collapse.

⏺Serviceability Limit State: Controlling things like deflection and cracking.

⏺Minimum and maximum reinforcement requirements.
     
⏺Rules for bar spacing and concrete cover.

⏺Design of reinforcement for different structural elements (beams, columns, slabs, etc.).


https://t.me/ETCONpWORK/3293

@etconp

👉የዲጂታል ካርታ ጥያቄ ያቀረቡ ተገልጋዮች ይዞታቸውን መነጠቃቸውን ተናገሩ

በለሚ ኩራ ክፍለ ከተማ የዲጂታል ካርታ ጥያቄ ያቀረቡ ተገልጋዮች ይዞታቸው ለካራ ቆሬ አፓርታማ እንደተሰጠባቸው ተናገሩ።

ለመሠረት ሚዲያ አስተያየታቸውን የሰጡ ባለጉዳዮች እንዳሉት ለመኖሪያ ቤት የዲጂታል ካርታ ጥያቄ በኦላይን ካቀረቡና የአገልግሎት ክፍያ በቴሌ ብር በኩሉ እንዲከፍሉ ከተደረገ በኋላ የኦላይን አገልግሎቱ መቋረጡን እና ሰነዳችሁ አልተሟላም ተብለው በኦላይን መልስ እንደተሰጣቸው ተናግረዋል። 

አገልግሎቱ ለምን እንደተቋረጠባቸው ለመጠየቅ ወደ ክፍለ ከተማው ባቀኑበት ጊዜ ደግሞ ይዞታቸው ለካራ ቆሬ አፓርታማ እንደተሰጠባቸው በመሃንዲሶች በኩል መገለጹን እንደሰሙ አስረድተዋል።

"መፍትሄ የሚሰጠን አካል የለም" የሚሉት የክፍለ ከተማው የዲጂታል ካርታ ተገልጋዮች "ለበርካታ አመታት ለፍተን የሰራነውን ቤትና ይዞታ በቀላሉ ለካራ ቆሬ አፓርታማ ተሰጥቷል መባሉን አንቀበልም" ብለዋል።

Via Meseret Media

@etconp