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๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
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๐Ÿ“จ @Philemona7 Or @ETCONpBOT

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๐Ÿ‘‰แŠจแŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŒคแŠ“ - แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แŽ แŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ แˆแ‰ฆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ˜แŒ‹แŒ แˆšแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‹ แŒŽแ‹ณแŠ“ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แŒˆแА แАแ‹

๐Ÿšงแ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠจแŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŒคแŠ“ - แŠชแ‹ณแАแˆแˆ…แˆจแ‰ต - แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แŽ แŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ แ‰ฃแ‹ญ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ แˆแ‰ฆ แˆ˜แŒ‹แŒ แˆšแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แŒŽแ‹ณแŠ“ แŠฅแ‹จแŒ แŒˆแА แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแกแก

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแАแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ 2 แŠชแˆŽ แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แˆญแ‰€แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆธแแŠ• แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แค แŠจแŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŒคแŠ“ - แŠชแ‹ณแАแˆแˆ…แˆจแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฐ แŠญแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒแ‹ซแŠ• แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ฑ แŠญแแˆ แ‹จแŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แˆตแˆซแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰† แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹แกแก

๐ŸทแŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ - แŠ แŠ•แŽ - แŠ แˆแ‰ฆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ˜แŒ‹แŒ แˆšแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‹ แ‰€แˆชแ‹ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŠญแแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แŒˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแกแก

โบแ‹ญแˆ… แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆญ แ‰ แˆแ‹•แˆซแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹‹ แ‹ˆแŒช แŒˆแ‰ข แŠฎแˆชแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ฑ แˆ˜แŒ แŒˆแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠแŠญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆด แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแˆˆแŒฅ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แŒ‰แˆแˆ… แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ…แŠฆ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆฅแˆแŒฃแŠ•

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘14โค2
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๐Ÿ‘5โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰๐—จ๐—ป๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐˜€๐˜๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฑ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฑ ๐— ๐—ถ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ด๐—ฎ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด ๐—–๐—ผ๐—ป๐˜€๐˜๐—ฟ๐˜‚๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป ๐——๐—ฒ๐—น๐—ฎ๐˜†๐˜€

๐Ÿ’ซ๐–ข๐—ˆ๐—‡๐—Œ๐—๐—‹๐—Ž๐–ผ๐—๐—‚๐—ˆ๐—‡ ๐–ฝ๐–พ๐—…๐–บ๐—’๐—Œ ๐–บ๐—‹๐–พ ๐—ˆ๐—‡๐–พ ๐—ˆ๐–ฟ ๐—๐—๐–พ ๐—†๐—ˆ๐—Œ๐— ๐—Œ๐—‚๐—€๐—‡๐—‚๐–ฟ๐—‚๐–ผ๐–บ๐—‡๐— ๐–ผ๐—๐–บ๐—…๐—…๐–พ๐—‡๐—€๐–พ๐—Œ ๐—‚๐—‡ ๐—๐—๐–พ ๐—‚๐—‡๐–ฝ๐—Ž๐—Œ๐—๐—‹๐—’, ๐—‚๐—†๐—‰๐–บ๐–ผ๐—๐—‚๐—‡๐—€ ๐—๐—‚๐—†๐–พ๐—…๐—‚๐—‡๐–พ๐—Œ, ๐–ป๐—Ž๐–ฝ๐—€๐–พ๐—๐—Œ, ๐–บ๐—‡๐–ฝ ๐—‰๐—‹๐—ˆ๐—ƒ๐–พ๐–ผ๐— ๐—ˆ๐—Ž๐—๐–ผ๐—ˆ๐—†๐–พ๐—Œ. ๐–ง๐–พ๐—‹๐–พโ€™๐—Œ ๐–บ ๐—…๐—ˆ๐—ˆ๐—„ ๐–บ๐— ๐—Œ๐—ˆ๐—†๐–พ ๐–ผ๐—ˆ๐—†๐—†๐—ˆ๐—‡ ๐–ผ๐–บ๐—Ž๐—Œ๐–พ๐—Œ ๐–บ๐—‡๐–ฝ ๐—Œ๐—๐—‹๐–บ๐—๐–พ๐—€๐—‚๐–พ๐—Œ ๐—๐—ˆ ๐—†๐—‚๐—๐—‚๐—€๐–บ๐—๐–พ ๐–ฝ๐–พ๐—…๐–บ๐—’๐—Œ:

๐Ÿšง๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐จ๐ง ๐‚๐š๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ƒ๐ž๐ฅ๐š๐ฒ๐ฌ:

1). ๐‘ท๐’๐’๐’“ ๐‘ท๐’๐’‚๐’๐’๐’Š๐’๐’ˆ ๐’‚๐’๐’… ๐‘บ๐’„๐’‰๐’†๐’…๐’–๐’๐’Š๐’๐’ˆ: Inaccurate timelines and resource allocation can lead to unforeseen delays.

2). ๐‘ซ๐’†๐’”๐’Š๐’ˆ๐’ ๐‘ช๐’‰๐’‚๐’๐’ˆ๐’†๐’”: Late-stage design alterations or scope changes can disrupt the project flow.

3). ๐‘ผ๐’๐’‡๐’๐’“๐’†๐’”๐’†๐’†๐’ ๐‘บ๐’Š๐’•๐’† ๐‘ช๐’๐’๐’…๐’Š๐’•๐’Š๐’๐’๐’”: Unexpected ground conditions or weather events can cause significant setbacks.

4). ๐‘ด๐’‚๐’•๐’†๐’“๐’Š๐’‚๐’ ๐‘บ๐’‰๐’๐’“๐’•๐’‚๐’ˆ๐’†๐’”: Delays in material delivery or shortages can halt construction progress.

5). ๐‘ณ๐’‚๐’ƒ๐’๐’“ ๐‘ช๐’‰๐’‚๐’๐’๐’†๐’๐’ˆ๐’†๐’”: Shortages of skilled labor or labor disputes can lead to project delays.

๐Ÿšง๐’๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ ๐Œ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐ƒ๐ž๐ฅ๐š๐ฒ๐ฌ:

1). ๐‘ซ๐’†๐’•๐’‚๐’Š๐’๐’†๐’… ๐‘ท๐’๐’‚๐’๐’๐’Š๐’๐’ˆ ๐’‚๐’๐’… ๐‘บ๐’„๐’‰๐’†๐’…๐’–๐’๐’Š๐’๐’ˆ: Use tools like Primavera P6 or MS Project for precise scheduling and resource management.

2). ๐‘น๐’Š๐’”๐’Œ ๐‘ด๐’‚๐’๐’‚๐’ˆ๐’†๐’Ž๐’†๐’๐’•: Proactively identify and assess risks, and have contingency plans in place.

3). ๐‘ฌ๐’‡๐’‡๐’†๐’„๐’•๐’Š๐’—๐’† ๐‘ช๐’๐’Ž๐’Ž๐’–๐’๐’Š๐’„๐’‚๐’•๐’Š๐’๐’: Maintain clear and consistent communication among all stakeholders to address issues promptly.

4). ๐‘น๐’†๐’ˆ๐’–๐’๐’‚๐’“ ๐‘ด๐’๐’๐’Š๐’•๐’๐’“๐’Š๐’๐’ˆ ๐’‚๐’๐’… ๐‘น๐’†๐’‘๐’๐’“๐’•๐’Š๐’๐’ˆ: Conduct regular progress reviews to identify potential delays early and take corrective actions.

5). ๐‘ช๐’๐’๐’๐’‚๐’ƒ๐’๐’“๐’‚๐’•๐’Š๐’๐’ ๐’‚๐’๐’… ๐‘ญ๐’๐’†๐’™๐’Š๐’ƒ๐’Š๐’๐’Š๐’•๐’š: Encourage collaboration among teams and be flexible to adapt to changes as they arise.

๐Ÿ“œ๐‘๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ฆ๐›๐ž๐ซ:

๐ท๐‘’๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘  ๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘“๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘› ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘’๐‘ฃ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘™๐‘’, ๐‘๐‘ข๐‘ก ๐‘ค๐‘–๐‘กโ„Ž ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘’๐‘Ÿ ๐‘๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘›๐‘–๐‘›๐‘” ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘’ ๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’๐‘š๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก, ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’๐‘–๐‘Ÿ ๐‘–๐‘š๐‘๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘ก ๐‘๐‘Ž๐‘› ๐‘๐‘’ ๐‘š๐‘–๐‘›๐‘–๐‘š๐‘–๐‘ง๐‘’๐‘‘. ๐ฟ๐‘’๐‘กโ€™๐‘  ๐‘ค๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘˜ ๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘”๐‘’๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ก๐‘œ ๐‘๐‘ข๐‘–๐‘™๐‘‘ ๐‘š๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘’ ๐‘’๐‘“๐‘“๐‘–๐‘๐‘–๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก, ๐‘œ๐‘›-๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘š๐‘’, ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘๐‘๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘“๐‘ข๐‘™ ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘—๐‘’๐‘๐‘ก๐‘ !

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘12๐Ÿ‘4โค2๐Ÿ”ฅ2
๐Ÿ‘‰๐‘ท๐’“๐’๐’‹๐’†๐’„๐’• ๐‘ด๐’‚๐’๐’‚๐’ˆ๐’†๐’Ž๐’†๐’๐’• ๐‘ญ๐’‚๐’Š๐’๐’–๐’“๐’†

๐ŸšงA project is considered a failure when it has not delivered what was required, in line with expectations.

โบTherefore, in order to succeed, a ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐ƒ๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ ๐“๐จ ๐‚๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ, ๐“๐จ ๐๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ & ๐Ž๐ง ๐“๐ข๐ฆ๐ž & ๐๐ž๐ง๐ž๐Ÿ๐ข๐ญ๐ฌ ๐๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ˆ๐ง ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐‚๐š๐ฌ๐ž.

โบThe requirements for success are clear & absolute โ€“ right? Unfortunately, it's not that simple. Because the second part of our definition of success is that the project must be delivered "๐ˆ๐ง ๐‹๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐–๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐„๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ."

โ–ถ๏ธIf key stakeholders agreed that a project had to exceed its initial budget, the project may still be considered a success. Likewise, if a project delivered everything that was in the detailed project designs, it may still be considered a failure if it didn't include vital elements that the key stakeholders needed.
This doesn't seem fair, but project success & failure isn't just about the facts, nor is it simply about what was delivered. It's also, crucially, about ๐‡๐จ๐ฐ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ ๐ˆ๐ฌ ๐๐ž๐ซ๐œ๐ž๐ข๐ฏ๐ž๐.

๐Ÿ’ซ๐–๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐ข๐ง ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐š๐ ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ?

โบWhile project failure risk is present in every stage, the likelihood of project failure derives mostly from the Initiating & Planning stages. Issues in these first two stages impact the entire life of a project & can lead to failure down the road.

๐Ÿ’ซ๐„๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐š๐ซ๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ฌ๐ข๐ ๐ง๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ž๐ฅ๐ฉ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ ๐ž๐ญ ๐š๐ก๐ž๐š๐ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐›๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ.

โ€ขUnclear Project Definition
โ€ขPoor Communication Across the Team
โ€ขConstant Change of Project Scope
โ€ขPoor Task Prioritization
โ€ขLack of Project Overview, Control & Monitoring.

๐Ÿ’ซ๐‡๐จ๐ฐ ๐œ๐š๐ง ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฎ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž?

Some ways to overcome project failure are:
โ€ขAdopt a Proactive Approach
โ€ขPlan Project Strategy & Implementation
โ€ขManage Goals
โ€ขAvoid Unrealistic Expectations
โ€ขAlways Track Progress
โ€ขIdentify all Risks
โ€ขGet Solutions from Team Members
โ€ขContinuous Improvement

๐Ÿท๐…๐š๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐š๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ: ๐“๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ & ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ

โบThe purpose of failure analysis is to determine the most fundamental reason which caused the failure (i.e., root cause), ideally with the intention of eliminating it & identifying means to prevent its recurrences.

๐Ÿ“œThe ๐๐š๐ฌ๐ข๐œ ๐’๐ญ๐ž๐ฉ๐ฌ ๐Ž๐Ÿ ๐…๐š๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐€๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐œ๐ž๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž include:

1.Definition of the problem & data collection.
2.Identification of damage modes & mechanisms.
3.Testing for the actual mechanisms taking place, leading to thefailure.
4.Identification of the possible root causes.
5.Confirmation of cause-effect relationships.
6.Tests of the actual root cause.
7.The implementation of corrective actions.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘19โค2๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰The Future of Civil Engineering: Why New Methods & Technologies Are Essential ๐Ÿš€

๐Ÿ’ซThe construction industry is evolving rapidly, and traditional methods alone can no longer meet the increasing demands for efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness.

๐ŸšงAs civil engineers, adopting innovative technologies is not an optionโ€”itโ€™s a necessity.

๐Ÿ”น Key Technologies Transforming Construction

1๏ธโƒฃ Building Information Modeling (BIM) ๐Ÿข

โ€ข Enhances project visualization and planning
โ€ข Reduces errors and rework by detecting clashes before construction
โ€ข Improves collaboration between stakeholders

2๏ธโƒฃ AI & Machine Learning in Project Management ๐Ÿค–

โ€ข Predicts project delays and optimizes scheduling
โ€ข Improves resource allocation for cost savings
โ€ข Enhances safety by identifying potential risks

3๏ธโƒฃ Prefabrication & Modular Construction

โ€ข Reduces construction time by up to 50%
โ€ข Minimizes material waste, making projects more sustainable
โ€ข Enhances quality control in a controlled factory environment

4๏ธโƒฃ Drones & 3D Scanning for Site Monitoring ๐Ÿš

โ€ข Provides real-time progress tracking and inspections
โ€ข Enhances accuracy in surveying and mapping
โ€ข Reduces the need for manual site visits, improving safety

5๏ธโƒฃ Smart Materials & 3D Printing ๐Ÿ 

โ€ข Self-healing concrete extends infrastructure lifespan
โ€ข 3D-printed structures reduce material usage and labor costs
โ€ข Improves construction speed and flexibility in design

๐ŸŒ Why These Innovations Matter

โœ… Increased Efficiency: Automation and digital tools reduce project delays and budget overruns.
โœ… Sustainability: Modern methods help cut carbon footprints by reducing waste and energy consumption.
โœ… Improved Safety: AI, robotics, and real-time monitoring significantly reduce workplace hazards.

Yonatan Tadesse (PMP)ยฎ๏ธ

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘29โค4๐Ÿ”ฅ2
Join Us for an exciting discussion on Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Enhanced Construction Project Management in Ethiopia. Discover how AI is revolutionizing the construction industry! Join us this coming Saturday
๐Ÿ”— Register Now! https://lnkd.in/ekQZ_zSX
Yonatan Tadesse, PMPยฎ MSc. PPECTM.Amanuel Mekonnen Hailemariam, PMPTessema Manyahele, PMPElizabeth Tena
#Projectmanagement #AIinprojectmanagement #AIinConstruction #SmartConstruction #AIDrivenProjects #ConstructionManagement #EthiopiaConstruction #FutureOfConstruction
๐Ÿ‘11โค6๐Ÿ”ฅ2๐Ÿ‘1
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ‘‰แˆแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ

๐Ÿ”ฐแˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ‰?

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ›แˆตแ‰†แˆซแˆจแŒฅ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ แˆณแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แ แŠจแˆแˆˆแŒ‰  แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ก แˆแˆ‰แŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แˆ›แˆตแ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แ แŠซแˆฐแ‰ก แˆˆแˆฑแˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ‘ แ‰ แŒƒแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹‰

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แ‰ฅแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

โ˜Ž๏ธแ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹‰แˆ‰แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ›แŠญแˆฉแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ แ‰.1 แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ถแ‰ฅแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ(แˆ˜แˆณแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซ)
                    แ‰.2 แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                    แ‰.3 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต

0904040477
0911016833
๐Ÿ‘4โค1๐ŸŽ‰1
๐Ÿ‘‰BOQ Preparation Checklist๐Ÿ“‹

๐Ÿ“‘Before starting your quantity takeoff, ensure you have everything prepared for accuracy and efficiency.

๐Ÿ’ซBelow are key steps to consider:


1. ๐Ÿ“Obtain Latest Drawings
Ensure you have the most recent set of drawings, including architectural, structural, mechanical, electrical, and other relevant plans.

2. ๐Ÿ“Review Project Requirements Clearly understand the project's scope of work, and thoroughly review the contract documents and specifications.

3. ๐Ÿ“Verify Scale and Units
Check the scale and units of measurement (imperial or metric) used in the drawings and set up your tools accordingly.

4. ๐Ÿ“Confirm Measurement Standards Identify the measurement standard to be used (based on project location or contract documents), such as SMM7, NRM, CESMM, etc.

5. ๐Ÿ“Set Up Quantity Takeoff Software If using software like PlanSwift, Bluebeam, or Cost X, ensure the software is correctly configured with all the necessary project files uploaded.

6. ๐Ÿ“Prepare Quantity Takeoff Templates Use pre-designed templates to record your measurements and calculations systematically to maintain consistency.

7. ๐Ÿ“Organize Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Structure your takeoff by trade or by elements, to effectively manage and categorize measurements into relevant sections.

8. ๐Ÿ“Document Assumptions and Clarifications Record any assumptions or clarifications made during the takeoff to prevent ambiguity and align with the project's intent.

9. ๐Ÿ“Gather Cost Information
Prepare the required cost information from your database or reliable cost books like RSMEANS.

10. ๐Ÿ“Perform and Review Takeoff Carefully carry out the quantity takeoff, input your rates, and double-check all measurements and calculations for accuracy

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘21โค8๐Ÿ”ฅ1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแˆ‹แˆŠแ‰ แˆ‹-แŠฉแˆแˆ˜แˆตแŠญ-แˆ™แŒƒ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‰ 1.8 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแАแ‰ฃ แАแ‹

48.78 แŠชแˆŽแˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆจแ‹แˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆ‹แˆŠแ‰ แˆ‹ - แŠฉแˆแˆ˜แˆตแŠญ - แˆ™แŒƒ แ‹จแŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆชแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแกแก

แ‰ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ฑ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแŠ แˆแˆญ แŒ แˆจแŒ‹แฃ แ‹จแ‰†แˆจแŒฃแฃ แ‹จแˆ™แˆŒแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แˆ›แ‹แˆฐแˆป แ‰ฑแ‰ฆ แ‰€แ‰ แˆซแฃ แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰คแ‹ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ญ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒจแˆแˆฎ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแА แАแ‹แกแก

แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแА แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ‰ แ‰ปแ‹ญแŠ“ แˆฒแ‰ชแˆ แŠขแŠ•แŒ‚แАแˆชแАแŒ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŠฎแˆญแ–แˆฌแˆฝแŠ• แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆฉแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹จแ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆฉแŠ• แˆฅแˆซ แ‰คแ‹› แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆชแŠ•แŒ แŠฌแŠ’แ‹ซ แˆŠแˆšแ‰ตแ‹ต แŠฅแ‹จแˆ แˆซแ‹ แАแ‹แกแก

แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ฑ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแŒŽแŠ• แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แ‰ แŒˆแŒ แˆญ แŠจ8-10 แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แฃ แ‰ แ‰€แ‰ แˆŒ 16 แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ณ 20.5แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แАแ‹แกแก

แˆˆแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹แˆˆแ‹ แŠจ1.8 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŒช แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆ แАแ‹แกแก

แ‰ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‰ แˆšแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆˆแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ณแ‹Šแ‹ แ‹จแ€แŒฅแ‰ณ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ›แˆฝแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ แ‰‚ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แˆˆแˆ›แˆ›แŒ“แŒ“แ‹ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฉ แˆ˜แ‰ธแŒˆแˆฉแฃ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆแŠ•แŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ‚ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ…แˆ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ฑ แŠญแˆแˆ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠซแ‰ฐแ‰ฑ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แАแˆณแ‰ต แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แŠ แˆณแ‹ตแˆจแ‹ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ฑ แˆฒแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แ‰ แ‹‹แŠ“แАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ‹แˆŠแ‰ แˆ‹แฃ แ‹จแŠฉแˆแˆ˜แˆตแŠญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ™แŒƒ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆžแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆตแˆญ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ‹แˆŠแ‰ แˆ‹ แแˆแแˆ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹ซแ‰ฐ-แŠญแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒแ‹ซแŠ“แ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ณแˆจแˆป แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แˆˆแ‰ฑแˆชแˆตแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆแ‰น แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแกแก

แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆชแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แˆจแ‰ฑแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแ‹˜แŠ•แŒ‹แ‹ณแฃ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ฅแˆตแŠ“ แ‰ฃแ‰„แˆ‹ แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ‹แ‹Š แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แˆแ‰น แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แŠ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แˆตแ‰ƒแˆด แ‹ซแ‹แŒฅแŠ“แˆแกแก

Via ERA

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘19โค4๐Ÿ™1
๐Ÿ‘‰ INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

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๐Ÿ‘4โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰A precast box girder segment bridge is a bridge constructed from pre-fabricated concrete segments assembled on-site.

๐Ÿ’ซKey features include:

โบConstruction: Segments are precast and then transported to the site for assembly.

๐ŸšงDesign: Box-shaped segments interlock to form a continuous structure.

โบAdvantages:

Suitable for projects requiring minimized on-site construction time.

Effective in situations with site restrictions and labor shortages.

Offers reduced slab thickness and self-weight.

Provides quality assurance due to factory-controlled production.

Enables longer spans with fewer columns.

Demonstrates high torsional strength.

Usage: Commonly used for highway and railway construction, especially for long elevated structures.

Construction methods: Balanced Cantilever Construction, Incremental Launching, and Span-by-Span Construction.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘10๐Ÿ‘3โค1
FIDIC_standard_letters__1741929397.pdf
142.7 KB
๐Ÿ‘‰๐—™๐—œ๐——๐—œ๐—– ๐—ฆ๐˜๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฑ๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐—ฑ ๐—Ÿ๐—ฒ๐˜๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐˜€ ๐—ถ๐—ป ๐—–๐—ผ๐—ป๐˜€๐˜๐—ฟ๐˜‚๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป ๐—ฃ๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—ท๐—ฒ๐—ฐ๐˜๐˜€

๐Ÿ’ซThese letters cover various aspects such as notifications, requests for information, change orders, progress reports, and dispute resolution.

๐Ÿญ. ๐—ž๐—ฒ๐˜† ๐—จ๐˜€๐—ฒ๐˜€:

๐Ÿ”นContractual Notifications: Inform parties about important events like delays and claims.
๐Ÿ”นRequests for Information (RFI): Standardize information requests.
๐Ÿ”นChange Orders: Manage project scope, schedule, or cost changes.
๐Ÿ”นProgress Reports: Update stakeholders on project progress.
๐Ÿ”นDispute Resolution: Facilitate clear communication to resolve disputes.

๐Ÿฎ. ๐—›๐—ผ๐˜„ ๐˜๐—ผ ๐—จ๐˜€๐—ฒ:

๐Ÿ”ธ๏ธIdentify the Appropriate Letter: Choose the right template for your need.
๐Ÿ”ธ๏ธFollow Procedures: Issue letters according to FIDIC contract procedures.
๐Ÿ”ธ๏ธMaintain Records: Keep detailed records of all correspondence.

๐Ÿฏ. ๐—•๐—ฒ๐—ป๐—ฒ๐—ณ๐—ถ๐˜๐˜€:
๐Ÿ”นConsistency: Ensures professional and consistent communication.
๐Ÿ”นClarity: Prevents misunderstandings and disputes.
๐Ÿ”นEfficiency: Saves time and reduces administrative burdens.

Yonatan Tadesse (PMP)ยฎ๏ธ

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘19โค8๐ŸŽ‰2๐Ÿ™1
๐Ÿ‘‰แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แˆตแˆˆ แˆตแˆชแ‹ฒ (3D) แ•แˆชแŠ•แ‰ฒแŠ•แŒ

แˆตแˆชแ‹ฒ แ•แˆชแŠ•แ‰ฒแŠ•แŒ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แฃ แˆˆแˆ•แŠ•แƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹แˆ‰ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆชแ‰ต แˆแŠ•แŒฃแŽแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แ‰ฅแˆŽแŠฌแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹ แ‰…แˆญแ…แฃ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แ‰ แˆฆแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แ‹แ‰ณแˆญ (3 dimension) แŠฅแ‹ซแ‰ฐแˆ˜ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒฃ แ‰ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แ‹จแ‰ แˆˆแŒธแŒˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ• แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แฃ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹ แ‰ตแˆ‹แˆแ‰… แˆ•แŠ•แƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แ‰ขแˆฎแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹˜แ‰ฐ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แแŒฅแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ• แŠ แˆ˜แŒฃแˆฝ แˆ˜แˆณแˆชแ‹ซ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ• แАแ‹แกแก

แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ แŠ แˆˆแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แŠจแˆ˜แ‰…แˆจแ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆชแ‹ฒ แ•แˆชแŠ•แ‰ฒแŠ•แŒ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แŠจแˆแŒ แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แŒ แ‰€แˆœแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‰€แ‹ณแˆšแАแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฃแˆ‰แกแก

แฉ
แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แŠญแˆ‰ แ•แˆ‹แˆตแ‰ฒแŠฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹จแ‰†แˆปแˆป แŒˆแŠ•แ‹ณ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹แ‹ตแ‰…แ‹ณแ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ณแ‹ณแˆฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแˆ†แА แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆชแ‰ต แˆแŠ•แŒฃแ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ˆแŒฅ แˆˆแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŒ แ‰€แˆœแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹จแŒŽแˆ‹ แАแ‹แกแก

แช
แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŒแ‹™แ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแˆตแˆชแ‹ฒ แ•แˆชแŠ•แ‰ฒแŠ•แŒ แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ตแˆชแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แˆญแŠซแˆฝ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ฐแŒ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฃแˆ‰ แŠ แŒˆแˆซแ‰ต แˆฅแˆญ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ฐแ‹ฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแˆญแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰…แˆจแ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ˜แแ‰ตแˆ” แАแ‹แกแก

แซ
แ‰ แˆตแˆชแ‹ฒ แ•แˆชแŠ•แ‰ฒแŠ•แŒ แ‰ แˆšแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰แˆณแ‰แˆถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ก แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‰€แŠ“แ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰ แŠจแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญแฃ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฎ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰€แŒฅแ‰€แŒฅแฃ แ‰ แŠƒแ‹ญแˆˆแŠ› แŠ แ‹แˆŽ แŠ•แ‹แˆต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแ‹ตแˆ™ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แแŒฅแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰…แˆจแ แŒ แ‰€แˆœแ‰ณแ‹ แˆˆแˆ›แˆ˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ณแŒแ‰ต แАแ‹แกแก

แฌ
แ‹จแˆตแˆชแ‹ฒ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แฃ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹˜แ‹ด แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ธแŒ‹แˆช แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹แˆตแ‰ฅแˆตแ‰ฅ แ‰…แˆญแŒฝ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ–แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แˆˆแˆ›แˆแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ‹แ‰ แˆฐ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แฃ แ‹จแŠ แˆตแŒˆแŠ•แ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แˆ†แА แ‹จแŒˆแŠ•แ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰… แ‹ตแˆญแˆปแ‹ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แญ
แ‰ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แˆจแ‰ฑ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŒฅแŠ•แŠซแˆฌ แ‰ฐแˆ‹แ‰ฅแˆฐแ‹ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ แŠญแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‰ แŒจแˆจแ‰ƒ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แˆ›แˆญแˆต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แˆŠแˆแŒฅแˆฉ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŠ“แˆณ แ‰ฃแˆ‰ แ‹จแŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซ แˆแˆญแˆแˆญ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰€แˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŒฅแˆˆแ‹แ‰ แ‰ณแˆแกแก

แˆˆแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‹‹แŠ“แ‹ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑแฃ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆแˆแ‹ต แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŒฃแŒ แˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‹จแˆ›แŠซแˆ„แ‹ต แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แˆŠแˆแŒฅแˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ณแˆ˜แŠ‘ แАแ‹แกแก

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘16โค7
The foundation in which a cantilever beam is provided to join two footings, is known as
Anonymous Quiz
17%
Strip footing
50%
Strap footing
29%
Combined footing
4%
Raft footing
๐Ÿ‘16๐Ÿ‘3
In scaffolding, the vertical members of the framework, supported on the ground is called as -
Anonymous Quiz
21%
transoms
33%
standards
38%
putlogs
8%
None of these
โค14๐Ÿ‘5๐Ÿ‘2