👉DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR A BUILDING FOUNDATION (STEP BY STEP)

1. DECIDE THE LOCATION OF COLUMNS & FOUNDATION AND TYPE OF LOADS ACTING ON THEM.(E.X DEAL LOAD,  LIVE LOAD OR WIND LOAD)

🚧On the building plan, the position of columns and load bearing walls should be marked, and any other induced loadings and bending moments.

🚧The loads should be classified into dead, imposed and wind loadings, giving the appropriate partial safety factors for these loads.

2. ESTIMATE ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE OF SOIL USING GROUND INVESTIGATION REPORT.

🚧From a study of the site ground investigation (if available), the strength of the soil at various depths or strata below foundation level should be studied, to determine the safe bearing capacity at various levels.

🚧These values or presumed bearing values (from any standards or codes) in the absence of a site investigation are used to estimate the allowable bearing pressure.

3. DECIDE DEPTH OF FOUNDATION

🚧The invert level (underside) of the foundation is determined by either the minimum depth below ground level unaffected by temperature, moisture content variation or erosion this can be as low as 450 mm in granular soils but, depending on the site and ground conditions, can exceed 1 m or by the depth of basement, boiler house, service ducts or similar.

4. CALCULATE FOUNDATION AREA

🚧The foundation area required is determined from the characteristic (working) loads and estimated allowable pressure.

🚧This determines the preliminary design of the types or combination of types of foundation.

🚧The selection is usually based on economics, speed and buildability of construction.

5. DETERMINE VARIATION IN VERTICAL STRESSES

🚧The variation of vertical stress w.r.t depth is determined, to check for possible over-stressing of any underlying weak strata.

6. CALCULATE SETTLEMENT

🚧Settlement calculations should be carried out to check that the total and differential settlements are acceptable.

🚧If these are unacceptable then a revised allowable bearing pressure should be determined, and the foundation design amended to increase its area, or the foundations should be taken down to a deeper and stronger stratum.

7. COST CONTROL

🚧Before finalizing the choice of foundation type, the preliminary costing of alternative superstructure designs should be made, to determine the economics of increasing superstructure costs in order to reduce foundation costs.

8. CONSIDER TIME

🚧Alternative safe designs should be checked for economy, speed and simplicity of construction.

🚧Speed and economy can conflict in foundation construction an initial low cost solution may increase the construction period.

🚧Time is often of the essence for a client needing early return on capital investment.

🚧A fast-track programme for superstructure construction can be negated by slow foundation construction.

9. VARIATION IN GROUND CONDITION

🚧The design office should be prepared to amend the design, if excavation shows variation in ground conditions from those predicted from the site soil survey and investigation.

@etconp

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

👉ከ አባይ ግድብ እስከ ኮሪደር ልማት

ከግለሰብ ቤቶች እስከ ተቋማት እና

መጋዘኖች በሁሉም የኢትዮጽያ ክፍል

አሻራችንን አሳርፈናል

🔰ምን ይፈልጋሉ?

✂️ላሜራ መቁረጫ ÷ ማጠፊያ እና መብሻ ማሽኖች አሉን

🔗ፌሮ (ቶንዲኖ) ጥርስ ማስበጀት ወይንም ማሳጠፍ ካሰቡ ለሱም ማሽኑ በጃችን ነዉ

📐ማንኛዉንም የሞደፊክ ስራዎችን የሚሰሩ ብቁ ባለሙያዎችም አሉን

☎️ይደዉሉልን ያማክሩን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን

አድራሻችን፦
                    ቁ.1 መርካቶ
                    ቁ.2 ተክለሀይማኖት
                     ቁ.3 አየር ጤና

0904040477
0994941708

👉መሰቦ ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ ማምረት ማቆሙ ተሰማ

💫በትግራይ ክልል ከሚገኙ ፋብሪካዎች ቀድሞ ወደ ሥራ ገብቶ የነበረው መሰቦ ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ፣ ከቦርድ አባላት አሰያየም ጋር በተፈጠረ አለመግባባትና በጥሬ ዕቃ አቅርቦት መቋረጥ ምክንያት ማምረት ማቆሙ ተሰማ፡፡  

በኤፈርት ሥር ከሚገኙ ትልልቅ ኩባንያዎች መካከል አንዱ የሆነው መሶቦ ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካ፣ ማምረት ካቆመ ከሦስት ሳምንታት በላይ እንደሆነው የሪፖርተር ምንጮች ገልጸዋል፡፡

ፋብሪካው ሲሚንቶ ማምረት ያቆመበት ዋነኛ ምክንያት የተሰየሙ አዳዲስ የቦርድ አባላት ላይ ቅሬታ በመቅረቡና የደቡባዊ ዞን አስተዳደር ጥሬ ዕቃ እንዳይቀርብ በመከልከሉ እንደሆነ ከሪፖርተር ምንጮች ለመረዳት ተችሏል፡፡

‹‹ጥሬ ዕቃው ከእኛ እየተወሰደ ተጠቃሚ እየሆንን አይደለም፣ እንዲሁም እኛን የሚወክል ቦርድ ውስጥ አልተካተተም›› በሚል ምክንያት የተፈጠረው አለመግባባት፣ ፋብሪካውን ሥራ እስከ ማቆም አድርሶታል ተብሏል፡፡

📜ተጨማሪ ያንብቡ: https://ethiopianreporter.com/143157/

@etconp

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💫አዲስ ስለ ቴክኖሎጂ የከፈትነው ቻናል ነው Subscribe በማረግ አግዙን🙏👇

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👉In construction, the structure of a building refers to the load-bearing framework that supports the entire building and resists external forces like wind and seismic activity.

🏷It's essentially the skeleton that gives the building its shape, stability, and strength.

📜Here are the primary structures and components of a building in construction:

📌1. Foundation:

    *   Purpose: The lowest part of a building, which transfers the loads from the superstructure to the ground. It's crucial for preventing settlement and ensuring stability.
    *   Types:
        *   Shallow Foundations: Footings (isolated, combined, strip), rafts/mats.
        *   Deep Foundations: Piles (bored, driven), piers, caissons.

📌2. Super structure: This is the part of the building above the ground level, comprising several key elements:

    *   Columns:
        *   Purpose: Vertical structural members that transmit compressive loads from beams, slabs, and walls above down to the foundation.
        *   Materials: Typically reinforced concrete, steel, or timber.

    *   Beams:
        *   Purpose: Horizontal structural members that support vertical loads (from slabs, walls) and transfer them horizontally to columns or other supports. They resist bending moments and shear forces.
        *   Types: Reinforced concrete beams, steel beams, composite beams, timber beams.

    *   Slabs:
        *   Purpose: Flat, horizontal structural elements that form floors and roofs. They directly support distributed loads (people, furniture, equipment) and transfer them to beams or columns.
        *   Types: One-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat plates, flat slabs, ribbed/waffle slabs.

    *   Walls:
        *   Purpose: Can be load-bearing (supporting roofs, floors, and other walls) or non-load-bearing (partitioning space, enclosing the building).
        *   Types: Masonry walls (brick, block), reinforced concrete walls, shear walls (designed to resist lateral forces like wind and earthquakes).

    *   Roof:
        *   Purpose: The uppermost covering of a building, providing protection from weather elements and contributing to the overall structural integrity.
        *   Types: Flat roofs, pitched roofs (gable, hip, shed), shell roofs, dome roofs. The structural elements of a roof can include rafters, trusses, purlins, and decking.

📌3. Lateral Load Resisting Systems:

    *   Purpose: These systems are specifically designed to resist horizontal forces like wind pressure and seismic (earthquake) loads, which can cause swaying or collapse.
    *   Components: Shear walls, braced frames (X-bracing, K-bracing, V-bracing), moment-resisting frames (rigid connections between beams and columns), and sometimes core walls around elevators or stairwells.

📌4. Framing Systems:

    *   Buildings are often constructed using different framing systems that define how loads are distributed. Common types include:
        *   Skeletal/Frame Structure: Consists of a framework of columns and beams, with walls acting as infill. Most common for multi-story buildings.
        *   Load-Bearing Wall Structure: Walls directly support the floors and roof. More common for simpler, lower-rise buildings.
        *   Shell Structures: Thin, curved structures (domes, vaults) that gain strength from their geometry.

📐These structural components, when designed and constructed correctly, ensure the safety, stability, and durability of a building.

@etconp

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👉In building construction, the terms Substructure and Superstructure refer to the two primary divisions of a building, separated by the ground level or plinth level.

❇️Understanding these two components is crucial for comprehending how a building stands, functions, and withstands various forces.

📚 Substructure (Foundation System)

⏺The substructure, often referred to as the foundation, is the part of the building that is constructed below the ground level.

⏺It acts as the backbone of the entire structure, responsible for safely transferring the loads from the superstructure to the underlying soil or rock strata.

🎲Key Characteristics and Functions:

⏺1. Load Transfer: Its primary function is to transfer the entire load of the building (dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, etc.) safely and uniformly to the supporting soil without causing excessive settlement or failure.
⏺2. Stability: It provides stability against overturning, sliding, and differential settlement, ensuring the building remains upright and intact.
⏺3. Protection: It protects the building from ground-related issues like moisture penetration, ground movements (e.g., due to expansive soils or seismic activity), and frost heave.
⏺4. Base for Superstructure: It forms a solid and level base upon which the superstructure is built.

📜Main Components of Substructure:

⭐️Foundation Footings: These are the lowest part of the substructure, typically wider than the walls or columns they support, designed to distribute the load over a larger area of soil, reducing the stress on the ground.

🏷Common types include:

    *   Isolated Footings: For individual columns.

    *   Combined Footings: For two or more columns close together.

    *   Wall Footings (Strip Footings): For continuous load-bearing walls.

    *   Raft/Mat Foundations: A large concrete slab covering the entire footprint of the building, used when soil bearing capacity is low or column loads are very high.

*   Piles: Used when suitable bearing strata are very deep. Piles are long, slender elements driven or cast into the ground to transfer loads to stronger soil layers or to resist uplift forces.

*   Plinth Beam / Grade Beam:

⏺This is a reinforced concrete beam constructed at or slightly above the ground level (often at the DPC level).
⏺It connects the column foundations, helping to distribute the load evenly and acting as a tie beam.
⏺It also provides a base for the walls of the superstructure and prevents dampness from rising from the ground into the walls above.

*   Basement Walls: If the building has a basement, the retaining walls that enclose the basement space below ground level are considered part of the substructure.

*   Damp Proof Course (DPC):

⏺A layer of waterproof material (like a rich cement concrete mix, bitumen, or plastic sheets) laid horizontally at the plinth level to prevent moisture from rising from the ground into the walls of the superstructure due to capillary action.

🚧Importance of Substructure:

⏺A well-designed and constructed substructure is paramount.

⏺Any failure or inadequacy in the foundation can lead to severe structural damage, including cracks in walls, differential settlement, or even collapse of the entire building.

⏺The design of the substructure heavily depends on soil conditions (geotechnical investigation), the type of building, and the loads it will bear.

@etconp

👉 በኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለስልጣን ቀደም ሲል ይሰጡ የነበሩ የምዝገባና ሰርተፍኬሽን አገልግሎቶች መካከል አስር ያህሉ  ወደ መሶብ የአንድ ማዕከል አገልግሎት ተዘዋውረዋል፡፡

❇️መንግስት ለዜጎች የሚሰጣቸው አገልግሎቶችን ለማሳለጥ የሪፎርም ስራዎችን አያካሄደ ይገኛል፡፡

🎲የበለጸገች ኢትዮጵያን ለመገንባት ጥራት ያለውና የዜጎችን ርካታ ከፍ የሚያደርግ የሲቪል ሰርቪስ አገልግሎትን በክህሎት፣ በቴክኖሎጂ  እና በመልካም አስተዳደር  የማዘመን ተግባር እየተከናወነ ነው፡፡

⏺ይህንን እውን በማድረግ ፈር ቀዳጅ የሆነውን  የመሶብ አገልግሎት ማዕከል በቅርቡ ስራ ማስጀመሩም ይታወቃል፡፡

⏺በ 23 ተቋማትና 124 የአገልግሎት አይነቶች በአንድ ማዕከል መሰጠት የጀመረው የመሶብ  አንድ ማዕከል አገልግሎት በቴክኖሎጂ በመታገዝ የተገልጋዮችን ጊዜ፣ ገንዘብ እና ጉልበትን በሚቆጥብ መልኩ ፈጣንና እርካታን ያላበሰ አገልግሎት እየተሰጠ ይገኛል።

⏺በዚሁ መሰረትም የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለስልጣን ከ23ቱ ተቋማት አንዱ በመሆን ከሚሰጣቸው አገልግሎቶች ውስጥ አስር የአገልግሎት አይነቶችን በመሶብ አንድ ማዕከል እየሰጠ ይገኛል፡፡

🎲በዚሁ መሰረት ቀደም ሲል በኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለስልጣን ይሰጡ የነበሩና ወደ መሶብ አንድ ማዕከል የተዛወሩ የምዝገባና ሰርተፍኬሽን አገልግሎቶች ከዚህ በታች የተዘረዘሩት ናቸው፡፡

⭐️አዲስ የባለሙያ ምዝገባና አገልግሎት

1.  የባለሙያ ምዝገባ የእድሳት አገልግሎት
2.  የባለሙያ የጠፋ የሙያ ፈቃድ መተካት 
3.  አዲስ የዉሃ ነክ ባለሙያ  ፈቃድ ምዝገባ
4.  እድሳት የውሀ የዉሃ ነክ ባለሙያ  ፈቃድ ምዝገባ
5.  የጠፋ የውሃ ባለሙያ ፈቃድ መተካት
6.  የውሃ ባለሙያ ፈቃድ ደረጃ ዕድገት
7.  አዲስ የውሃ ስራዎች ካምፓኒ የምዝገባና ብቃት ሰርተፍኬት
8.  የውሃ ስራዎች ካምፓኒ ብቃት ሰርተፍኬት ዕድሳት
9.  የውሃ ስራዎች ካምፓኒ ሰርተፍኬት የደረጃ ለውጥ ናቸው፡፡

🚧ክቡራን ተገልጋዮችም እነዚህ አገልግሎቶች ከተቋማችን ወደ መሶብ አንድ ማዕከል መዛወራቸውን በማወቅ የአገልግሎቱ ተጠቃሚ እንዲሆኑና ወደ ተቋማችን በመምጣት እንደይጉላሉ ከወዲሁ እናሳውቃለን፡፡

💫የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለስልጣን

@etconp

📚 Superstructure

⏺The superstructure is the part of the building that is constructed above the ground level or above the plinth level.
⏺It is the visible, usable portion of the building that provides functional space and defines the building's aesthetic.

💫Key Characteristics and Functions:

1. Enclosure and Space Creation: It encloses the functional spaces (rooms, offices, halls, etc.) for various activities, providing shelter and privacy.

2. Load Bearing: It consists of elements that transmit loads (from occupants, furniture, wind, snow, etc.) down to the substructure.

3. Architectural Expression: It determines the building's appearance, layout, and overall design, fulfilling the aesthetic and functional requirements of the occupants.

4. Accessibility and Services: It houses various services like plumbing, electrical, HVAC, and provides access through stairs, ramps, and elevators.

🏷Main Components of Superstructure:

*   Columns: Vertical load-bearing members that transfer loads from beams and slabs to the foundations. They are crucial for framing the structure.
*   Beams: Horizontal load-bearing members that support slabs and walls, transferring their loads to columns or other supporting elements.
*   Slabs: Flat, horizontal structural elements that form floors and roofs, supporting live loads, furniture, and distributing loads to beams and walls.
*   Walls:
    *   Load-bearing Walls: Walls that support loads from floors and roofs above, transmitting them to the foundations. Common in traditional or low-rise masonry construction.

    *   Non-load-bearing Walls (Partitions): Walls that primarily divide internal spaces and do not carry significant structural loads. They can be made of lighter materials like drywall, brick, or concrete blocks.
*   Roof: The uppermost covering of the building, protecting it from weather elements (rain, sun, wind, snow). It can be flat, pitched, or domed, and its design depends on climate, aesthetics, and functional requirements.
*   Parapet Walls: Low walls constructed at the edge of a roof, balcony, or terrace for safety, aesthetic, or to conceal roof mechanicals.
*   Stairs, Ramps, and Elevators: Provide vertical circulation within the building.
*   Doors and Windows: Provide access, ventilation, and natural light, while also contributing to the building's facade.
*   Finishing Materials: Internal and external finishes like plaster, paint, flooring, cladding, etc., that enhance functionality and aesthetics.

🚧Importance of Superstructure:

⏺The superstructure is where the building's purpose is fulfilled. Its design dictates the usability, comfort, safety, and visual appeal of the structure. Proper design and construction ensure that it can safely support its intended loads, provide a durable and functional environment, and withstand environmental forces.

📚 Interrelation and Conclusion

⏺The substructure and superstructure are intricately linked and interdependent. The design of one significantly impacts the other:

*   The loads generated by the superstructure directly determine the design requirements of the substructure.
*   The substructure's ability to support and transfer these loads dictates the feasible size, height, and type of superstructure that can be built upon it.

🎲In essence, the substructure is the hidden but critical anchor, ensuring the building's stability and longevity by dealing with the earth.

⏺The superstructure is the visible, functional part that brings the building to life, serving its occupants and standing tall against the elements.

⏺Both must be meticulously designed and constructed as a single, cohesive unit to ensure the safety, durability, and performance of the entire building.

@etconp

👉Honeycombing in concrete

Honeycombing in concrete means there are small holes or gaps in the surface where stones (aggregates) are visible.

This happens when the concrete doesn’t fill the space properly. It weakens the structure, makes it less durable, and also looks bad.

Causes of Honeycombing:

Improper Vibration:
Uneven vibration during concrete placement leads to poor consolidation, trapping air pockets within the mix.

Poor Workmanship:
Incorrect handling of concrete, including failure to ensure proper placement in corners and tight areas, contributes to honeycombing.

Concrete Mix Design:
A poorly proportioned mix with insufficient fines or improper water-cement ratio results in segregation and voids.

Congested Reinforcement:
Closely spaced reinforcement bars obstruct the flow of concrete, leading to insufficient compaction and the formation of voids around the reinforcements.

Formwork Issues:
Gaps or misalignments in the formwork allow the concrete to leak, leaving voids.

✍Yonatan

@etconp

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@etconp

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