👉Which foundation design was used in Burj Khalifa?

🚧The Burj Dubai project in Dubai comprises the construction of an approximately 160 storey high rise tower, with a podium development around the base of the tower, including a 4-6 storey garage.

🚧The client for the project is Emaar, a leading developer based in Dubai. It is founded on 3.7m thick raft supported on bored piles, 1.5m in diameter, extending approximately 50m below the base of the raft.

🚧An assessment of the foundation for the structure was carried out and it was clear that piled foundations would be appropriate for both the Tower and Podium construction.

🚧The assessed pile capacities were provided to SOM and they then supplied details on the layout, number and diameter of the piles. Tower piles were 1.5m diameter and 47.45m long with the tower raft founded at 7.55m DMD.

🚧The podium piles were 0.9m diameter and 30m long with the podium raft being founded at 4.85m DMD.

🚧The thickness of the raft was 3.7m.

🚧Loading was provided by SOM and comprised 8 load cases including four comprisedload cases for wind and three for seismic conditions.

#Foundation

@etconp

👉መሰረት /Foundation/

➡️Foundation

▶️1) ቁፋሮ እና አፈር ሙሌት

⏺መሰረት ሁልጊዜ የተረጋጋ መሬት ላይ ሊቀመጥ ይገባል።
ጥሩ አፈር ካልሆነ በተመረጠ እና ከሌላ ቦታ በመጣ አፈር በሚገባ
ተጠቅጥቆ እና ተደልድሎ ሊቀመጥ ይገባል።

⏺የተመረጠው አፈር ንብርብር/layer/ በየ 25 ሴ᎐ሜ በሚገባ
ሊጠቀጠቅ ወይም ሊደለደል/compact/ ሊደረግ ይገባል።

⏺በሚደለደልበት ወቅት በተወሰነ ረገድ እያንዳንዱን ንብርብር ለተሻለ ጥቅጠቃ እንዲያመች እርጥበት እነዲያገኝ ውሀ ማርከፍከፍ ያስፈልጋል

▶️2) አርማታ ሙሌት እና የብረት ስራ

⏺ቀጭን አርማታ/lean Concrete/ ከተመረጠው አፈር ሙሌት በላይ ሊደረግ ይገባል እንደ አስፈላጊነቱም እርጥበተ መከላከያ/water proof/ ሊደረግ ይችላል።

⏺አርማታ ሙሌት ለመሰረት፣ ቢም፣ ኮለን እና ወለል ስራ የአርማታ ጥንካሬ በትንሹ C25 ሊኖረው ይገባል በተጨማሪ እንደ ስትራክቸራል ዲዛይኑ ሊለያይ ይችላል።

⏺የቢም ብረት የላይኛው ብረት መሀል ላይ የታችኛው ደግሞ ኮለን ድጋፍ/support/ ላይ ሊሆን ይገባል እንዲሁም ማት ፋውንዴሽን ላይ የዚህ ተቃራኒ ይሆናል።

⏺ብረት 4D የብረቱን ውፍረት በአራት በማባዛት የሚሰጠንን ርዝመት በመደረብ መተላለፍ ይተበቅበታል።

⏺ዲዛይን ላይ በተቆራረጠ መስመር /hidden line የሚቀመጡ ብረቶች ሁልጊዜ የታች ብረት ሆነው ይቀመጣሉ።

⏺የአርማታ ሽፋን/concrete cover/አብዛኛውን ግዜ 5ሴ᎐ሜ ይሆናል ከመሬት በላይ ግን በ 2᎐5ሴ.ሜ ይሰራል።

⏺በአርማታ ወይም በብረት የሚሰራ ክፍተት መስጫ spacer/ ልንጠቀም ይገባል።

⚡️ይቀጥላል ...

#Foundation

@etconp

👉ከትላንት የቀጠለ

🏷ስለ የ Foundation (መሠረት) ኣይነቶች ትንሽ እንበል...

🚧1)Shallow Foundation

➡️እነዚህን ፋውንዴሽኖች የምንጠቀመው አፈሩ ብዙም ሳይቆፈር በቅርብ ጥልቀት ጠንካራ የአፈር ሁኔታ ካለ ነው፡፡

➡️ለመገንባት ትልልቅ ማሺኖች አያስፈልጉም ብዙ ችሎታም አይጠይቁም::

▶️1.1) Spread/ Pad/Isolated Footing

➡️አንድ ኮለን ብቻ ነው support የሚያደርጉትእንዲሁም የሚመጣውን ፎርስ eccentricity መሰረት በማድረግ circular/ rectangular or square የሆነ ቅርፅ ሊኖራቸው ይችላል፡፡

▶️1.2)Combined Footing

➡️ሁለትና ከዛ በላይ ኮለኖችን በአንድ ፓድ support ለማድረግ ነው የምንጠቀምባቸው፡፡

➡️እነዚህን የምንጠቀመው ሁለት ተቀራራቢ Isolated Footing ካሉ ሁለቱን አንድ ላይ combine በማድረግ ኮንክሪትም ፌሮም ሴቭ ማድረግ እንችላለን፡፡

➡️በተጨማሪም isolated ለመጠቀም property limit ካለ እነዚህን መጠቀም እንችላለን::

➡️2 አይነት Combined Footing አሉፐእነርሱም

▶️1.2.1) Rectangular Combined Footing

➡️ይህንን የምንጠቀመው ሁለቱም ኮለኖች የሚሸከሙት ሎድ ተቀራራቢ ወይም እኩል ከሆከሆነይም ትራፖዞይዳል ለመጠቀም የስፋት ገደብ ካለ ነው።

▶️1.2.2. Trapezoidal Combined Footing

➡️ሁለቱ ኮለኖች የሚሸከሙት ሎድ ልዩነት የተጋነነ ከሆነ ነው።

▶️1.3) Strap/ Cantilever Footing

➡️ሁለት ፓዶችን በቢም በማያያዝ ሎድ ከአንዱ ፓድ ወደሌላው እንዲተላለፍ ማድረግ እንችላለን፡፡

➡️ቢሙ በራሱ ሎድ አይሸከምም ሎድ ያስተላልፋል እንጂ እነዚህን የምንጠቀመው ኮለኖቹ ከ7 ሜትር በላይ ከተራራቁ combined footing ብንጠቀም ኢኮኖሚካል ስለማንሆን ፓዶቹን በቢም በማያያዝ እንደ combined footing ልንጠቀምባቸው እንችላለን፡፡

▶️1.4) Mat/ Raft foundation

➡️እነዚህን የምንጠቀመው መሬቱ የመሸከም አቅሙ ትንሽ ከሆነና spread footing ስንጠቀም የህንጸውን ስፋት ከ50 ፐርሰንት በላይ ከሸፈኑት ነው።

➡️አንዳንዴ ግን spread footing ከ 50 ፐርሰንት በላይ ቢሸፍኑትም ለ spread footing negative reinforcement ስለማንጠቀም ከ Mat ይልቅ ኢኮኖሚካል ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ ምክንያቱም Mat negative & positive reinforcement ይጠቀማሉ፡፡

➡️ማን ኢኮኖሚካል እንደሆነ ቼክ ማድረግ የኢንጅነሩ ድርሻ ነው፡፡

⚡ቀጣይ ደሞ ስለ Deep Foundation እንማማራለን

#Foundation

@etconp

👉Deep Foundation

➡️Most common types are

1. Piles
2. Cofferdams
3. Caisson

1.Pile Foundation

⏺Depending upon their function or use

1. Bearing piles
2. Friction piles
3. Sheet piles
4. Anchor piles
5. Batter piles
6. Fender piles
7. Compaction piles

⏺Depending upon the material used

1. Timber piles
2. Concrete piles
3. Composite piles
4. Steel piles

🏷Concrete piles

▶️Concrete piles may be classified as

1. Pre - cast piles
2. Cast - in - situ piles or Cast in place piles
3. Prestressed concrete piles

*⃣Various types of cast-in situ concrete piles are

1. Simplex pile
2. Franki pile
3. Vibro pile
4. Vibro - expanded pile
5. Raymond pile
6. Mac Arthur pile

🏷Steel piles

*⃣Types of steel piles commonly used are

1. H - piles
2. Pipe - piles
3. Screw piles
4. Disc piles
Sheet piles

*⃣These piles are driven side by side into the ground to form a continuous vertical wall.


🏷Sheet piles can be divided into three categories

1. Straight-web type
2. Shallow or deep arched- web type
3. Z web type


*⃣Depending upon the material used, sheet piles can be divided into

1. Wooden sheet piles
2. Precast concrete sheet piles
3. Prestressed concrete sheet piles
4. Steel sheet piles


🏷Pile driving Piles are driven in the ground by the following method

1. By drop hammer
2. By steam hammer ( single acting or double acting type )
3. By water jets
4. By boring


⏺2.Coffer dams

▶️These are temporary structure constructed in a river or a lake for excluding water from a given site to enable the building operation to be performed on dry surface.


▶️Cofferdams may be divided into

1. Earthen cofferdams
2. Rock - fill cofferdams
3. Single- walled cofferdams
4. Double-walled cofferdams
5. Crib cofferdams
6. Cellular cofferdams ( Circular or diaphragm type)

⏺3.Caissons

▶️A watertight structure made up of wood, steel or RCC constructed for the excavation for foundation in rivers or lakes.

▶️They remain in position and become integral part of the permanent structure.

▶️Caisson may be classified as

1. Open caisson ( open at top and bottom )
2. Box caisson ( closed at bottom and open at top)
3. Pneumatic caisson ( closed at top and open at bottom)

#Foundation

@etconp

👉Bearing Capacity

▶ለ አሁን Part One እናቀርብላችኋለን

♧ Bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground.

♧ The bearing capacity of soil is the maximum average contact pressure between the foundation and the soil which should not produce shear failure in the soil.

♧ Ultimate bearing capacity is the theoretical maximum pressure which can be supported without failure;

♧Allowable bearing capacity is the ultimate bearing capacity divided by a factor of safety

♧There are three modes of failure that limit bearing capacity:

□ General shear failure,
□ Local shear failure
□ Punching shear failure.

#Foundation

@etconp

👉ስለ Bearing Capacity ከቅድም የቀጠለ

➡️Modes of failure

🚧1. GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE

▶️General shear failure involves total rupture of the underlying soil.

▶️There is a continuous shear failure of the soil from below the footing to the ground surface.

▶️The value of Quilt divided by the width B and length L of the footing is considered to be the ultimate bearing capacity (qult) of the footing.

▶️A general shear failure occurs for soils that are in a dense or hard state.

🚧2. LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE

▶️Local shear failure involves rupture of the soil only immediately below the footing.

▶️There is soil bulging on both sides of the footing, but the bulging is not as significant as in general shear.

▶️Local shear failure can be considered as a transitional phase between general shear and punching shear.

▶️A local shear failure occurs for soils that are in a medium dense or firm state.

🚧3. PUNCHING SHEAR FAILURE

▶️Punching shear, the soil outside the loaded area remains relatively uninvolved and there is minimal movement of soil on both sides of the footing.

▶️The process of deformation of the footing involves compression of soil directly below the footing as well as the vertical shearing of soil around the footing perimeter.

▶️A punching shear failure occurs for soils that are in a loose or soft state.

#Foundation

@etconp

Quiz

1️⃣. A
2️⃣. B
3️⃣. C
4️⃣. D

#foundation

@etconp

Facebook:- https://www.facebook.com/etconp/

Design of Strap footing

#foundation #strap #footing
#design

ይህን ፋይል ለጓደኞቻችው በማጋራት አጋርነታችሁን አሳዩን እናመሰግናለን 🙏

@etconp

Answer for the question which is posted on the 20th of April 2022GC

#foundation #footing

@etconp

Facebook:- https://www.facebook.com/etconp/

👉ስለ አፈር ጥቅጠቃ ስራ/Soil Compaction/ በጥቂቱ ...

➡️Soil Compaction: - በሜካኒካል መንገድ የአፈርን የመሸከም አቅምን የምንጨምርበት መንገድ ነው።

➡️እንዴት?

🌟አፈሩን ስንጠቀጥቅ የአፈር ፓርቲክሎች  ጥግግቶሽ ወይም ትፍፍግ density/ እንዲጨምር እናደርጋለን።
*⃣ይህም በአየርና ውሃ የተያዙ ቦታዎች /water and air voids/በአፈር እንዲተኩና እየዲቀንሱ ማድረግ ማለት ነው።

➡️ይህም በመሆኑ:

*⃣የአፈሩን የመሸከም አቅም/Load bearing capacity of soil/ ከፍ እናደርጋለን።

*⃣በውስጡ የውሃ ማንሸራሸር አቅሙን/permeability/ እንቀንሳለን።

*⃣ስምጠት እንዳይኖር ያደርጋል/reduce future settlement/

➡️የደረቅ አፈር ከፍተኛ እፍግታ መጠን/Maximum dry density of soil/

*⃣የደረቀ አፈር /ከድንግል መሬት/ ከፍተኛ እፍግታ መጠን/density/=1900kg/m3 ነው።

➡️በሰው ሰራሽ ጥቅጠቃ/Artificial Compaction/ በላቦራቶሪ ሙከራ  የምናገኘው እፍግታ /Proctor density/ ደግሞ ቢያንስ 95% እንዲመጣ ይጠበቃል።ከ95% በታች ከመጣ ወዳቂ ሆኖ የጥቅጠቃ ስራው እንደገና መሰራት ይኖርበታል።

🌟ማስታወሻ:- ደረቅ አፈር ስንል በማድረቂያ ማሽን/Oven/ ውስጥ የደረቀ ማለታችን ነው።

➡️የአፈር እፍግታ ማወቂያ መንገዶች/methods of testing soil density/

*⃣በዋናነት በሁለት ይመደባሉ።

▶️በሳይት ላይ የሚተገበሩ /Field test/: Sand cone test, Rubber balloon method, Nuclear density, Time domain reflectometry, Shelby tube/ባብዛኛው ጥቅም ላይ የማይውል/ናቸው።

▶️በቤተ ሙከራ የሚተገበሩ/Laboratory tests/: Proctor test, Modified proctor test... 

↪️አሁን ደሞ በሳይት ላይ የአፈርን እፍግታ ስለምንፈትሽበት መንገድ እናያለን።

➡️Field density of soil/Cone test/Sand replacement test/

⏯ተጠቅጥቆ የተጠናቀቀውን አፈር በሳይት ላይ እፍግታውን የምንፈትሽበት መንግድ ነው።

⏺የሚያስፈልጉ እቃዎች/Apparatuses/

⏭የአሸዋ እቃ/ክብ ጀሪካን መሳይ/Sand pouring cylinder equipment/: ዲያሜትሩ 15cm ቀመቱና 45cm የሆነ ጃር

⏭መቆፈሪያ፣ማፅጃና ማስተካከያ እቃ/Tools for levelling and excavation/

⏭ማንኛውም ማጠራቀሚያ ሰሃን ወይም ሳጥን/Container/:

⏩ንፁህ አሸዋ

⏩ወንፊት

⏩ሚዛን/Balance/

⏩ዳታ መመዝገቢያ ቅጽ

⏹የስራ ቅደም ተከተል/Procedure/

▶️1ኛ.የአሸዋ ጃሩንና አፈር ለማውጫ የተዘጋጀውን ሰሃን ባዶውን መመዘንና መመዝገብ።

▶️2ኛ. ጃሩን አሸዋ መሙላትና ከነአሸዋው መመዘንና በመመዝገቢያ ቅጹ ላይ መሙላት።

▶️3ኛ. በ15cm ዲያሜትርና በ20cm ጥልቀት የተጠቀጠቀውን ሙሊት አፈር በጥንቃቄ መቆፈርና ሳይባክን እያወጡ በተዘጋጀው ሰሃን ላይ በማድረግ መመዘንና መመዝገብ።

🌟ማስታወሻ:- የጉድጓዱን ልክ ለመወሰን በልክ የተዘጋጀ ፕሮፋይል ልንጠቀም እንችላለን።ምስል 5 ን ይመልከቱ

▶️4ኛ. የአሸዋ ጃሩን ከታች በምስል 1 ላይ በተቀመጠው መሰረት በማድረግ ወደተቆፈረው ጉድጓድ ላይ በማድረግና መዝገያውን በመክፈት አሸዋው ጉድጓዱን እስኪሞላ ጠብቆ መዝጊያውን በመቆለፍ ጃሩን ማንሳትና ቀሪውን መመዘንና መመዝገብ።

▶️5ኛ. አሸዋውን ደግሞ ለመጠቀም ካስፈለገ ከጉድጓዱ ጠርጎ ማውጣትና በወንፊት እየነፉ በስቀመጫው እቃ ማከማቸት።

▶️6ኛ. የተሰበሰበው ዳታ በመጠቀም. የሳይት ላይ እፍግታውን/Bulk density/ ማወቅ እንችላለን።

▶️7ኛ. ከፍተኛው የደረቅ እፍግታ ልኩን/MDD/ በቤተ ሙከራ ለመስራት ከሰሃኑ ላይ ለናሙና 1/3ኛ ያህሉን በንፁህና ደረቅ ላስቲክ በማድረግ ማዘጋጀት።

🌟ማስታወሻ:-የተወሰደው ናሙና ባእድ ነገር እንዳገባበትና ከሌላ ናሙና ጋር ለመለየት እንዲያስችለረ በጥንቃቄ መታሸግና እላዩ ላይ መለያ ኮድ መጻፍ ይገባል።

⏩እንደስራው ደረጃና የሳይቱ ስፋት መጠን ከላይ የተጠቀሰውን አካሄድ ቢያን ሶስትና ከዚያ በላይ በመሃንዲሱ በተመረጡ ቦታዎች ላይ መስራት ይገባል።

➡️የአፈር ጥቅጠቃ ስራ ላይ ተፅዕኖ ሊያሳድሩ የሚችሉ ሁኔታዎች ምን ምን ናቸው?

▶️የአፈሩ ዓይነት/soil type/

🌟ለምሳሌ: ኮረታማ/ጠጠርማ/Gravel/Granular/ አፈር ለመጠቅጠቅ ምቹና በጣም ጥሩ ውጤት የሚያስገኝ ሲሆን፣በተቃራኒ ጥቁርና ብስባሽ ያለው አፈር ደግሞ ለመጠቅጠቅ የማይሆንና የማይች በመሆኑ ለማንኛውም ስትራክቸራል ሙሊት ስራ የማይመረጥ ነው ይሆናል ማለት ነው።ከታች በምስል 4 ላይ የተቀመጠውን ይመልከቱ።

▶️የአፈሩ ውሃ ይዘት/soil water content/:

🌟አፈሩ በጣም ውሃ ያዠ ወይም ከልክ በላይ የደረቀ መሆን የምንፈልገውን እፍግታ ማግኘት እንዳንችል ያደርጋል ማለት ነው።

▶️የጥቅጠቃ ሃይል/Compaction Effort/

#Foundation

@etconp

🏷How to select suitable type of foundations?

🚧1. ADEQUATE DEPTH

*⃣The foundation must have an adequate depth to prevent frost damage. For such foundations as bridge piers, the depth of the foundation must be sufficient to prevent undermining by scour.

🚧2. BEARING CAPACITY FAILURE

*⃣The foundation must be safe against a bearing capacity failure.

🚧3. SETTLEMENT

*⃣The foundation must not settle to such an extent that it damages the structure.

🚧4. QUALITY

*⃣The foundation must be of adequate quality so that it is not subjected to deterioration, such as fromsulfate attack.

🚧5. ADEQUATE STRENGTH

*⃣The foundation must be designed with sufficient strength that it does not fracture or break apart under the applied superstructure loads.

🌟The foundation must also be properly constructed in conformance with the design specifications.

🚧6. ADVERSE SOIL CHANGES

*⃣The foundation must be able to resist long-term adverse soil changes.

🌟An example is expansive soil, which could expand or shrink causing movement of the foundation and damage to the structure.

🚧7. SEISMIC FORCES

*⃣The foundation must be able to support the structure during an earthquake without excessive settlement or lateral movement.

#Foundation

@etconp

Mat foundation/raft foundation - ribbed raft foundation

- 1.6 meters deep ribbed mat foundation
- assumed to be carrying G+7 building and one basement floor (9 story building)

📍 olompiya next to Greek community college in front of Greek club

#mat #foundation #raft #AddisAbaba #Ethiopia

Telegram:- https://t.me/ETCONp

YouTube:- https://youtube.com/@Etconp432

Facebook:- https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid0evc1ErpsYJWhyAAP3YC8nH3TtFwFfqHGuU23gw8opGoNDGMf4tsdmECxz3ZkuS4Pl&id=100064135238834&mibextid=qC1gEa

Design of Strap footing

#foundation #strap #footing
#design

ይህን ፋይል ለጓደኞቻችው በማጋራት አጋርነታችሁን አሳዩን እናመሰግናለን 🙏

@etconp

👉መሰረት /Foundation/

➡️Foundation

▶️1) ቁፋሮ እና አፈር ሙሌት

⏺መሰረት ሁልጊዜ የተረጋጋ መሬት ላይ ሊቀመጥ ይገባል።
ጥሩ አፈር ካልሆነ በተመረጠ እና ከሌላ ቦታ በመጣ አፈር በሚገባ
ተጠቅጥቆ እና ተደልድሎ ሊቀመጥ ይገባል።

⏺የተመረጠው አፈር ንብርብር/layer/ በየ 25 ሴ᎐ሜ በሚገባ
ሊጠቀጠቅ ወይም ሊደለደል/compact/ ሊደረግ ይገባል።

⏺በሚደለደልበት ወቅት በተወሰነ ረገድ እያንዳንዱን ንብርብር ለተሻለ ጥቅጠቃ እንዲያመች እርጥበት እነዲያገኝ ውሀ ማርከፍከፍ ያስፈልጋል

▶️2) አርማታ ሙሌት እና የብረት ስራ

⏺ቀጭን አርማታ/lean Concrete/ ከተመረጠው አፈር ሙሌት በላይ ሊደረግ ይገባል እንደ አስፈላጊነቱም እርጥበተ መከላከያ/water proof/ ሊደረግ ይችላል።

⏺አርማታ ሙሌት ለመሰረት፣ ቢም፣ ኮለን እና ወለል ስራ የአርማታ ጥንካሬ በትንሹ C25 ሊኖረው ይገባል በተጨማሪ እንደ ስትራክቸራል ዲዛይኑ ሊለያይ ይችላል።

⏺የቢም ብረት የላይኛው ብረት መሀል ላይ የታችኛው ደግሞ ኮለን ድጋፍ/support/ ላይ ሊሆን ይገባል እንዲሁም ማት ፋውንዴሽን ላይ የዚህ ተቃራኒ ይሆናል።

⏺ብረት 4D የብረቱን ውፍረት በአራት በማባዛት የሚሰጠንን ርዝመት በመደረብ መተላለፍ ይተበቅበታል።

⏺ዲዛይን ላይ በተቆራረጠ መስመር /hidden line የሚቀመጡ ብረቶች ሁልጊዜ የታች ብረት ሆነው ይቀመጣሉ።

⏺የአርማታ ሽፋን/concrete cover/አብዛኛውን ግዜ 5ሴ᎐ሜ ይሆናል ከመሬት በላይ ግን በ 2᎐5ሴ.ሜ ይሰራል።

⏺በአርማታ ወይም በብረት የሚሰራ ክፍተት መስጫ spacer/ ልንጠቀም ይገባል።

#Foundation

@etconp

👉Deep Foundation

➡️Most common types are

1. Piles
2. Cofferdams
3. Caisson

1.Pile Foundation

⏺Depending upon their function or use

1. Bearing piles
2. Friction piles
3. Sheet piles
4. Anchor piles
5. Batter piles
6. Fender piles
7. Compaction piles

⏺Depending upon the material used

1. Timber piles
2. Concrete piles
3. Composite piles
4. Steel piles

🏷Concrete piles

▶️Concrete piles may be classified as

1. Pre - cast piles
2. Cast - in - situ piles or Cast in place piles
3. Prestressed concrete piles

*⃣Various types of cast-in situ concrete piles are

1. Simplex pile
2. Franki pile
3. Vibro pile
4. Vibro - expanded pile
5. Raymond pile
6. Mac Arthur pile

🏷Steel piles

*⃣Types of steel piles commonly used are

1. H - piles
2. Pipe - piles
3. Screw piles
4. Disc piles
Sheet piles

*⃣These piles are driven side by side into the ground to form a continuous vertical wall.


🏷Sheet piles can be divided into three categories

1. Straight-web type
2. Shallow or deep arched- web type
3. Z web type


*⃣Depending upon the material used, sheet piles can be divided into

1. Wooden sheet piles
2. Precast concrete sheet piles
3. Prestressed concrete sheet piles
4. Steel sheet piles


🏷Pile driving Piles are driven in the ground by the following method

1. By drop hammer
2. By steam hammer ( single acting or double acting type )
3. By water jets
4. By boring


⏺2.Coffer dams

▶️These are temporary structure constructed in a river or a lake for excluding water from a given site to enable the building operation to be performed on dry surface.


▶️Cofferdams may be divided into

1. Earthen cofferdams
2. Rock - fill cofferdams
3. Single- walled cofferdams
4. Double-walled cofferdams
5. Crib cofferdams
6. Cellular cofferdams ( Circular or diaphragm type)

⏺3.Caissons

▶️A watertight structure made up of wood, steel or RCC constructed for the excavation for foundation in rivers or lakes.

▶️They remain in position and become integral part of the permanent structure.

▶️Caisson may be classified as

1. Open caisson ( open at top and bottom )
2. Box caisson ( closed at bottom and open at top)
3. Pneumatic caisson ( closed at top and open at bottom)

#Foundation

@etconp

👉የ Foundation አይነቶች እና ምንነታቸው

🚧1. ስትሪፕ ፋውንዴሽን፡- ስትሪፕ ፋውንዴሽን የግድግዳ ወይም ተከታታይ ግድግዳዎችን ጭነት የሚደግፍ ቀጣይነት ያለው የኮንክሪት ንጣፍ ይይዛል።

⏺በተለምዶ በጡብ ወይም በግድግዳ ግድግዳዎች ውስጥ ባሉ ሕንፃዎች ውስጥ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ እና ለተረጋጋ የአፈር ሁኔታ ተስማሚ ናቸው::

🚧2. ፓድ ፋውንዴሽን(isolated)፡- የፓድ ፋውንዴሽን ነጠላ አምዶችን፣ የነጥብ ጭነቶችን ወይም የተነጠሉ መዋቅሮችን የሚደግፉ ክብ ወይም ካሬ የኮንክሪት ንጣፍ ናቸው።

⏺በተለምዶ ለብርሃን አወቃቀሮች እንደ የጓሮ አትክልት ወይም ትንሽ ማራዘሚያዎች ያገለግላሉ::

🚧3. የራፍት ፋውንዴሽን፡- Raft ፋውንዴሽን፣ እንዲሁም የማት ፋውንዴሽን በመባል የሚታወቁት፣ ሸክሙን ከህንጻው ወደ ሰፊው ቦታ የሚያሰራጩ ትላልቅ ጠፍጣፋ መሠረቶች ናቸው።

⏺ቀላል ክብደት ባላቸው ሕንፃዎች ውስጥ ወይም ለስላሳ ወይም የተጨመቀ አፈር ውስጥ ባሉ ሕንፃዎች ውስጥ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ.

🚧4. ክምር ፋውንዴሽን (Pile Foundation)፡ ክምር መሠረቶች የአንድን መዋቅር ክብደት ለመደገፍ ወደ መሬት ውስጥ የሚገቡ ረዣዥም ቀጭን ዓምዶችን ያቀፈ ነው።

⏺በህንፃዎች ውስጥ ከባድ ሸክሞች ወይም ደካማ የአፈር ሁኔታ ባለባቸው አካባቢዎች ለምሳሌ ሸክላ ወይም አተር ይጠቀማሉ::

🚧5. ጥልቅ መሠረት (Deep Foundation)፡- ጥልቀት የሌላቸው መሠረተ ልማቶች ደካማ በሆነ የአፈር ሁኔታ ወይም ከፍተኛ ጭነት ምክንያት ሊሠሩ በማይችሉበት ጊዜ ጥልቅ መሠረቶች ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ::

⏺እነዚህ ክምር መሠረቶች፣ የተቦረቦሩ ምሰሶዎች፣ ካይሰንስ እና ሌሎች ጥልቅ መሠረቶች ሸክሞችን ወደ ጥልቅ እና የተረጋጋ የአፈር ንብርብሮች የሚያስተላልፉ ናቸው።

#Foundation

@etconp

🏗️ How to Construct a Building from Building Plans – Step-by-Step Guide

Constructing a building requires careful planning, precise execution, and strict quality control at every stage. Begin by studying all architectural, structural, MEP, and foundation drawings to understand the project thoroughly. Verify dimensions, levels, and specifications before starting work to avoid costly mistakes. Prepare the site by clearing obstacles, setting benchmarks, and arranging temporary utilities.

Next, perform accurate setting out using survey instruments to establish building grid lines and column locations. Execute foundation work with proper excavation, PCC, reinforcement, formwork, concreting, and curing. Continue with the superstructure by constructing columns, beams, slabs, walls, staircases, and the roof. Install MEP services, including electrical conduits, plumbing, drainage, HVAC, and fire protection systems before finishing works. Complete plastering, flooring, waterproofing, painting, doors, windows, and sanitary fixtures. Finally, carry out external development, landscaping, testing, quality inspections, documentation, and client handover.

Key Tips:

Always follow approved drawings.

Check line, level, and plumb before concreting.

Ensure reinforcement matches structural drawings.

Perform quality tests on construction materials.

Cure concrete adequately for maximum strength.

Maintain site safety and daily quality records.

Resolve drawing conflicts before execution.

#CivilEngineering #BuildingConstruction #ConstructionGuide #ConstructionProcess #StructuralEngineering #SiteEngineering #Foundation #Superstructure #MEP #Architecture #ConstructionManagement #Engineering #BuildingPlans #Concrete #Reinforcement #Surveying #SitePreparation #QualityControl #BuildSmarterBuildStronger

@etconp

👉Types of Foundations Used in Buildings

💫Foundations are the structural elements that transfer building loads safely to the supporting soil.

🌟The selection of foundation depends mainly on soil bearing capacity, structural loads, groundwater conditions, column spacing, settlement requirements, and site constraints.

☄A. Shallow Foundations

Generally used when suitable bearing soil is available at a relatively shallow depth.

1. Isolated (Pad) Footing

Supports a single column.

Suitable where soil has adequate bearing capacity.

Common for individual RCC columns.

☄2. Strip (Wall) Footing

A continuous footing provided below a load-bearing wall.

Suitable for uniform soil and moderate wall loads.

Distributes the wall load over a wider soil area.

☄3. Combined Footing

Supports two or more columns on one footing.

Useful when columns are close together or a column is near a property boundary.

Can help reduce eccentric loading.

☄4. Raft (Mat) Foundation

A large reinforced-concrete slab supporting several or all columns/walls.

Useful where soil has low bearing capacity or columns are closely spaced.

Can reduce differential settlement when properly designed.

B. Deep Foundations

Used when adequate bearing strata are not available near the ground surface or when loads/ground conditions require deeper support.

🚧1. Pile Foundation

Consists of piles extending into deeper soil or rock.

Transfers structural loads through end bearing, skin friction, or both.

Suitable for weak surface soils and heavy loads.

🚧2. Well/Caisson Foundation

A large hollow foundation sunk into the ground.

Commonly used for heavy structures and foundations subjected to scour or water-related conditions, particularly bridge works.

🚥Important Note

The foundation type should not be selected from soil type alone.

A geotechnical investigation and structural design are normally required to determine the appropriate foundation size, depth, reinforcement, allowable bearing pressure, and settlement criteria.

Local building codes and site conditions must also be considered.

#CivilEngineering #Foundation #TypesOfFoundation #ShallowFoundation #DeepFoundation #IsolatedFooting #StripFooting #CombinedFooting #RaftFoundation #PileFoundation #WellFoundation #RCC #StructuralEngineering #Construction #BuildingConstruction #GeotechnicalEngineering #SoilMechanics #CivilTechTime #ConstructionKnowledge #EngineeringEducation

@etconp