👉Foundation Types

⭐️Shallow Foundations

🚧Shallow foundations transfer building loads to the soil at relatively small depths (usually less than 3 meters). They are economical and suitable when strong soil is available near the surface.

🔰Types:

- Isolated Footing
- Supports a single column.
- Used when loads are light and soil is strong.
- Simple and cost-effective.

- Combined Footing
- Supports two or more columns.
- Used when columns are close together or when soil bearing capacity is low.
- Ensures even load distribution.

- Strip Footing
- Continuous footing under a wall.
- Common in load-bearing wall construction.
- Transfers loads along the length of the wall.

- Raft (Mat) Foundation
- Large slab covering the entire building footprint.
- Used when soil has low bearing capacity or when loads are heavy.
- Distributes loads uniformly, reducing differential settlement.

⭐️Deep Foundations

🏷Deep foundations transfer loads to deeper, stronger soil or rock layers.
⏺They are used when surface soils are weak or compressible.

⚡️Types:

🎲Pile Foundation
⏺Long, slender columns driven or cast into the ground.
Load transfer mechanisms:
Skin Friction: resistance along the pile shaft.
- End Bearing: resistance at the pile tip resting on firm strata.
- Suitable for bridges, high-rise buildings, and coastal structures.

- Pier Foundation (Caisson)
- Large diameter shafts drilled into the ground and filled with concrete.
- Used for heavy structures like dams, towers, and piers.
- Provides stability by reaching competent bearing strata.
- Constructed by drilling/casting methods.

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