๐EARTH PRESSURE AND RETAINING STRUCTURE
๐ทA retaining structure is a wall used to maintain the ground surface at different elevation on either side of it.
๐ซThe following terms are used:
1. Back fill: The material retained by the wall is called back fill.
2. Surcharge: The weight of back fill above the elevation of top of the wall and any other load (may be due to building, etc.) is called surcharge.
3. Back face and face: The side of wall in contact with back fill is back face and other side face.
4. The slope of back fill above the horizontal is known as surcharge angle.
5. Angle of inclination of the back is the angle made by back face with vertical.
โ๏ธEarth Pressure as per Rankineโs Theory: The lateral pressure exerted by the soil when the retaining wall has no movement relative to the back fill is called lateral earth pressure at rest.
โบThe lateral earth pressure when the retaining wall tends to move away from the back fill is called active earth pressure.
โบThis is the minimum earth pressure exerted by the soil when the retaining wall moves towards the back fill due to any natural cause is known as passive earth pressure.
๐ฒCoefficient of earth pressure at rest: It is the ratio of lateral pressure to vertical pressure.
@etconp
๐ทA retaining structure is a wall used to maintain the ground surface at different elevation on either side of it.
๐ซThe following terms are used:
1. Back fill: The material retained by the wall is called back fill.
2. Surcharge: The weight of back fill above the elevation of top of the wall and any other load (may be due to building, etc.) is called surcharge.
3. Back face and face: The side of wall in contact with back fill is back face and other side face.
4. The slope of back fill above the horizontal is known as surcharge angle.
5. Angle of inclination of the back is the angle made by back face with vertical.
โ๏ธEarth Pressure as per Rankineโs Theory: The lateral pressure exerted by the soil when the retaining wall has no movement relative to the back fill is called lateral earth pressure at rest.
โบThe lateral earth pressure when the retaining wall tends to move away from the back fill is called active earth pressure.
โบThis is the minimum earth pressure exerted by the soil when the retaining wall moves towards the back fill due to any natural cause is known as passive earth pressure.
๐ฒCoefficient of earth pressure at rest: It is the ratio of lateral pressure to vertical pressure.
@etconp
โค9
๐Construction SAFETY
โก๏ธConstruction safety encompasses the measures taken to protect construction workers and others from injuries, illnesses, and fatalities on construction sites.
โบIt involves a combination of practices, including proper training, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), hazard identification and control, and emergency preparedness.
๐ซHere's a breakdown of key aspects of construction safety:
1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
PPE is essential for minimizing risks from hazards like falling objects, noise, and hazardous materials. Common PPE includes hard hats, safety glasses, earplugs, gloves, and safety boots. Regular inspection and maintenance of PPE are crucial to ensure its effectiveness.
2. Hazard Identification and Control:
Identifying potential hazards like working at heights, electrical hazards, and hazardous material handling is crucial. Controlling hazards involves implementing measures like fall protection systems, proper electrical wiring, and safe material handling procedures. Training workers to recognize and mitigate hazards is a vital part of the process.
3. Training and Education:
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires specific safety training, such as the 10-hour and 30-hour construction courses. Training should cover topics like electrical safety, fall protection, and hazard communication. Regular safety meetings and toolbox talks can reinforce safe work practices.
4. Equipment and Machinery Safety:
All equipment should be inspected regularly for defects and proper functioning. Workers operating equipment must be properly trained and authorized. Emergency shutdown mechanisms should be in place and tested.
5. Site Safety Management:
๏ปฟ
6. Emergency Preparedness:
Developing emergency plans for foreseeable scenarios is crucial.
These plans should outline procedures for situations like fires, injuries, or hazardous material spills. Workers should be familiar with emergency procedures and have access to necessary resources.
7. Communication:
Clear and timely communication is essential for preventing accidents.
Workers should be able to communicate with each other effectively, using signals, radios, or other means. Miscommunication can lead to accidents and confusion.
๏ปฟ
@etconp
โก๏ธConstruction safety encompasses the measures taken to protect construction workers and others from injuries, illnesses, and fatalities on construction sites.
โบIt involves a combination of practices, including proper training, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), hazard identification and control, and emergency preparedness.
Effective safety management in construction is crucial due to the inherent risks associated with heavy machinery, working at heights, and handling hazardous materials.
๐ซHere's a breakdown of key aspects of construction safety:
1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
PPE is essential for minimizing risks from hazards like falling objects, noise, and hazardous materials. Common PPE includes hard hats, safety glasses, earplugs, gloves, and safety boots. Regular inspection and maintenance of PPE are crucial to ensure its effectiveness.
2. Hazard Identification and Control:
Identifying potential hazards like working at heights, electrical hazards, and hazardous material handling is crucial. Controlling hazards involves implementing measures like fall protection systems, proper electrical wiring, and safe material handling procedures. Training workers to recognize and mitigate hazards is a vital part of the process.
3. Training and Education:
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires specific safety training, such as the 10-hour and 30-hour construction courses. Training should cover topics like electrical safety, fall protection, and hazard communication. Regular safety meetings and toolbox talks can reinforce safe work practices.
4. Equipment and Machinery Safety:
All equipment should be inspected regularly for defects and proper functioning. Workers operating equipment must be properly trained and authorized. Emergency shutdown mechanisms should be in place and tested.
5. Site Safety Management:
Construction safety management involves a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and controlling hazards. This includes developing safety policies, conducting risk assessments, and implementing safety assurance programs. A positive safety culture, where workers prioritize safety, is essential for a safe work environment.
๏ปฟ
6. Emergency Preparedness:
Developing emergency plans for foreseeable scenarios is crucial.
These plans should outline procedures for situations like fires, injuries, or hazardous material spills. Workers should be familiar with emergency procedures and have access to necessary resources.
7. Communication:
Clear and timely communication is essential for preventing accidents.
Workers should be able to communicate with each other effectively, using signals, radios, or other means. Miscommunication can lead to accidents and confusion.
By implementing these measures, construction companies can create safer work environments for their employees and minimize the risk of accidents and injuries on construction sites.
๏ปฟ
@etconp
๐7โค1
๐แจแแฐแซแแ แจแญแแ แจแแฅ แ
แแฝ แจแฐแแแแแต แแฐแ (Scope of Application)
โบแ แฒแฑ แจแแฐแซแ แแฅ แ แแ แฅแ แแแชแซ แฐแแแ แจแแแแ แ แแฐแซแ แแแแตแต แฐแแแต แแแจแแแ แแฅแแฝ แฅแป แแแข
โบแญแแแฝแ แจแฐแ แ แตแฐแณแฐแฎแฝ แแญ แฐแแแแแต แจแแแแข
โบแ แแฃแญ แ แฒแต แ แ แฃแ แจแแฎ แแแ แญแแแฝ แจแซแณแธแแ แจแฐแปแปแ แจแแฅ แ แแ แ แแแชแซ แฅแแฐแแซแแก แญแ แ แแ (แ แฒแต แ แ แฃ แ แจแแ แฐแจแ แญแแแ)แข
โบแแแ แญแแแฝแ แจแฐแ แ แตแฐแณแฐแฎแฝ แ แฒแต แ แ แฅแตแจแแซแแก แตแจแต แ แแฃแฉ แจแแแฅแ แญแแแแข
@etconp
โบแ แฒแฑ แจแแฐแซแ แแฅ แ แแ แฅแ แแแชแซ แฐแแแ แจแแแแ แ แแฐแซแ แแแแตแต แฐแแแต แแแจแแแ แแฅแแฝ แฅแป แแแข
โบแญแแแฝแ แจแฐแ แ แตแฐแณแฐแฎแฝ แแญ แฐแแแแแต แจแแแแข
โบแ แแฃแญ แ แฒแต แ แ แฃแ แจแแฎ แแแ แญแแแฝ แจแซแณแธแแ แจแฐแปแปแ แจแแฅ แ แแ แ แแแชแซ แฅแแฐแแซแแก แญแ แ แแ (แ แฒแต แ แ แฃ แ แจแแ แฐแจแ แญแแแ)แข
โบแแแ แญแแแฝแ แจแฐแ แ แตแฐแณแฐแฎแฝ แ แฒแต แ แ แฅแตแจแแซแแก แตแจแต แ แแฃแฉ แจแแแฅแ แญแแแแข
@etconp
๐4โค1
#ADVERTISEMENT
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โค1
๐Road Pavement are of two types
1) Rigid pavement
2) Flexible pavement
A)Rigid pavement have high flexural stiffness and consist of 3 layers
--Subgrade
--Base course
--Concrete slab
B) Flexible pavement have low flexible stiffness and consist of four layers
--Subgrade
--Sub-base
--Base course
--Asphalt
In addition flexible pavement also have Prime coat and Tackcoat applied within the structure of pavement.
Prime coat:The layer between Asphalt course and crushed aggregate.
This help to bind the loose aggregates so that it can be prepared for subsequent construction activity. It also serves the purpose of blocking upward movement of water that is capillary action thereby protecting the asphalt layer.
Tack coat: The layer between Asphalt base course and Asphalt wearing course. The purpose is to form a bound between Asphalt base course and Asphalt wearing course. If Tack coat is not applied, AWC will tend to slid under traffic load and pavement will fail.
Note: AWC should be laid over the ABC after Tack coat has dried and become "Tacky".
@etconp
1) Rigid pavement
2) Flexible pavement
A)Rigid pavement have high flexural stiffness and consist of 3 layers
--Subgrade
--Base course
--Concrete slab
B) Flexible pavement have low flexible stiffness and consist of four layers
--Subgrade
--Sub-base
--Base course
--Asphalt
In addition flexible pavement also have Prime coat and Tackcoat applied within the structure of pavement.
Prime coat:The layer between Asphalt course and crushed aggregate.
This help to bind the loose aggregates so that it can be prepared for subsequent construction activity. It also serves the purpose of blocking upward movement of water that is capillary action thereby protecting the asphalt layer.
Tack coat: The layer between Asphalt base course and Asphalt wearing course. The purpose is to form a bound between Asphalt base course and Asphalt wearing course. If Tack coat is not applied, AWC will tend to slid under traffic load and pavement will fail.
Note: AWC should be laid over the ABC after Tack coat has dried and become "Tacky".
@etconp
โค12๐10
๐แดแญแแซแ แจแแซ แแแต แ แ แแญแ แฒแปแ
Spatial แจแแแ แจแชแ แ แแป แแ "แตแแปแ" แณแญแแ "แตแแปแ" แฐแฅแ แจแแแ แฅ แฒแแ แฅแ แ แแญแ แฐแแแช แฃแแแซแแฝ แ แแ แแแฉ แแตแฐแซแจแ แญแแญแฃแธแแแข
@etconp
Spatial แจแแแ แจแชแ แ แแป แแ "แตแแปแ" แณแญแแ "แตแแปแ" แฐแฅแ แจแแแ แฅ แฒแแ แฅแ แ แแญแ แฐแแแช แฃแแแซแแฝ แ แแ แแแฉ แแตแฐแซแจแ แญแแญแฃแธแแแข
@etconp
๐คฉ7๐2โค1
๐JOB VACANCY
๐ซArchitect with graphic design
๐แ แฒแต แ แ แฃ, แขแตแฎแตแซ
โก๏ธแแ แแฐแฅ: July 6, 2025
๐แจแฅแซ แแแแซ
โบWe are looking for a creative Architect with graphic design skills and at least 2 years of experience.
โบThe role involves architectural and interior design, project management, and enhancing visual presentations with graphic design.
โบInterest or experience in furniture design is a plus.
๐งKey Responsibilities:
โบDesign architectural plans for residential, commercial, and institutional projects Handle interior and furniture design projects Manage timelines, budgets, and site work
Conduct site surveys and estimate finishing materials (e.g., doors, cabinets)
โบCreate graphics for marketing and presentations
โญ๏ธQualifications:Bachelor's degree in Architecture
โบProficiency in AutoCAD, SketchUp, Revit, rendering software Strong graphic design skills (Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign) Creative, detail-oriented, and organized
Strong management and communication skills
๐Location: แจแแซแแณ แแฐ แแญแแ แ แแแตแฐแ แแแแต แแญ
๐ฒSalary: 12,000 Birr
๐ฉแแแแแจแต แ แแ แแแญ แญแแฉแแ๐
https://forms.gle/4LgkRmoKFun5eRnbA
@etconp
๐ซArchitect with graphic design
๐แ แฒแต แ แ แฃ, แขแตแฎแตแซ
โก๏ธแแ แแฐแฅ: July 6, 2025
๐แจแฅแซ แแแแซ
โบWe are looking for a creative Architect with graphic design skills and at least 2 years of experience.
โบThe role involves architectural and interior design, project management, and enhancing visual presentations with graphic design.
โบInterest or experience in furniture design is a plus.
๐งKey Responsibilities:
โบDesign architectural plans for residential, commercial, and institutional projects Handle interior and furniture design projects Manage timelines, budgets, and site work
Conduct site surveys and estimate finishing materials (e.g., doors, cabinets)
โบCreate graphics for marketing and presentations
โญ๏ธQualifications:Bachelor's degree in Architecture
โบProficiency in AutoCAD, SketchUp, Revit, rendering software Strong graphic design skills (Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign) Creative, detail-oriented, and organized
Strong management and communication skills
๐Location: แจแแซแแณ แแฐ แแญแแ แ แแแตแฐแ แแแแต แแญ
๐ฒSalary: 12,000 Birr
๐ฉแแแแแจแต แ แแ แแแญ แญแแฉแแ๐
https://forms.gle/4LgkRmoKFun5eRnbA
@etconp
โค7
๐INVITATION FOR BID
IFB Reference No. ECWCT/NCB/PG/120/2017
โโโโ-
The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation (ECWC) hereby invites registered eligible bidders for SUPPLY DIFFERENT TYPES SANTERY FIXTURE MATERIALS for (3+G+34 ECX)under National Competitive Bidding -NCB).
1. Interested Potential Bidders are required to present renewed relevant Trade License for the fiscal year, VAT Registration Certificate, Tax Clearance Certificate, Online Supplier list Registration Certificate.
2. Bidding document should be prepared in English language.
3. Interested Potential Bidders obtain a complete set of bidding document from the office of Procurement department against payment of none refundable fee of Birr 400.00 upon presentation of Trade License renewed for the fiscal year; VAT Registration Certificate, Tax Clearance Certificate and Online Supplier list Registration Certificate.
4. This invitation of bid is open to all interested potential bidders regardless of their nationality and the bid evaluation and award shall be determined in accordance with the provision indicated in bidding document.
5. The deadline for bid Submission shall be on July 10,2025 at 03:00 PM
6. Bid must be accompanied with a Bid Security of an amount of Birr 200,000.00 (Two hundred thousand) in the form of certified cheque (CPO) or Bank guarantee.
7. Bids must be delivered or deposited in the Tender Box situated at the office of the Procurement Department, before the closing date and time.
8. Bids will be opened on July 10,2025 at 03:00 PM. In Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation Procurement Department office, in the presence of bidders and/or their representatives who choose to attend.
9. The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation reserves its rights to reject any or all bids.
10. Bidders may get further information at the following address:
Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation.
P. O. Box 21952/1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Gurd Sholla, In front of Andinet International School
Telephone No. 011 8 96 29 91/011 8 67 80 89/
@etconp
IFB Reference No. ECWCT/NCB/PG/120/2017
โโโโ-
The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation (ECWC) hereby invites registered eligible bidders for SUPPLY DIFFERENT TYPES SANTERY FIXTURE MATERIALS for (3+G+34 ECX)under National Competitive Bidding -NCB).
1. Interested Potential Bidders are required to present renewed relevant Trade License for the fiscal year, VAT Registration Certificate, Tax Clearance Certificate, Online Supplier list Registration Certificate.
2. Bidding document should be prepared in English language.
3. Interested Potential Bidders obtain a complete set of bidding document from the office of Procurement department against payment of none refundable fee of Birr 400.00 upon presentation of Trade License renewed for the fiscal year; VAT Registration Certificate, Tax Clearance Certificate and Online Supplier list Registration Certificate.
4. This invitation of bid is open to all interested potential bidders regardless of their nationality and the bid evaluation and award shall be determined in accordance with the provision indicated in bidding document.
5. The deadline for bid Submission shall be on July 10,2025 at 03:00 PM
6. Bid must be accompanied with a Bid Security of an amount of Birr 200,000.00 (Two hundred thousand) in the form of certified cheque (CPO) or Bank guarantee.
7. Bids must be delivered or deposited in the Tender Box situated at the office of the Procurement Department, before the closing date and time.
8. Bids will be opened on July 10,2025 at 03:00 PM. In Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation Procurement Department office, in the presence of bidders and/or their representatives who choose to attend.
9. The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation reserves its rights to reject any or all bids.
10. Bidders may get further information at the following address:
Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation.
P. O. Box 21952/1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Gurd Sholla, In front of Andinet International School
Telephone No. 011 8 96 29 91/011 8 67 80 89/
@etconp
โค6
๐INVITATION FOR RE-BIDIFB.No. ECWCRT/NCB/PG-42/2017
---------------
The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation (ECWC) hereby invites registered eligible bidders for Supply Gym Rubber flooring & floor carpet for FQRA 4B+G21+ HQ projects.Interested Potential Bidders are required to present renewed relevant Trade License for the Ethiopian fiscal year, VAT Registration Certificate, Tax Clearance Certificate and Online Supplier list Registration Certificate together with the offer.
Bidding document should be prepared in English language.Interested Potential Bidders obtain a complete set of bidding document from the office of Local Bulk Procurement Team payment of none refundable fee of Birr 400.00 upon presentation of Trade License renewed for the fiscal year.This invitation of bid is open to all interested potential bidders regardless of their nationality and the bid evaluation and award shall be determined in accordance with the provision indicated in bidding document.
The deadline for bid Submission shall be on July 2 /2025, at 2:00 PMBid must be accompanied with a Bid Security of an amount Birr 100,000.00 (One hundred thousand birr) in the form of (CPO) or unconditional Bank guarantee. Bid Bond in the form of insurance bond or in any other form shall not be accepted.Bids must be delivered or deposited in the Tender Box situated at the office of the national Bulk Procurement Team, before the closing date and time.Bids will be opened on July 2 /2025, at 2:30 PM.
In Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation Procurement Department conference room, in the presence of bidders and/or their representatives who choose to attend.
The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation reserves its rights to reject any or all bids.Bidders may get further information at the following
address:Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation.National Bulk Procurement team
P. O. Box 21952/1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Telephone No. 0118-96 29 91
Address; Gurd Shola behind Athletics FederationIn Front of Adinet International College
@etconp
---------------
The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation (ECWC) hereby invites registered eligible bidders for Supply Gym Rubber flooring & floor carpet for FQRA 4B+G21+ HQ projects.Interested Potential Bidders are required to present renewed relevant Trade License for the Ethiopian fiscal year, VAT Registration Certificate, Tax Clearance Certificate and Online Supplier list Registration Certificate together with the offer.
Bidding document should be prepared in English language.Interested Potential Bidders obtain a complete set of bidding document from the office of Local Bulk Procurement Team payment of none refundable fee of Birr 400.00 upon presentation of Trade License renewed for the fiscal year.This invitation of bid is open to all interested potential bidders regardless of their nationality and the bid evaluation and award shall be determined in accordance with the provision indicated in bidding document.
The deadline for bid Submission shall be on July 2 /2025, at 2:00 PMBid must be accompanied with a Bid Security of an amount Birr 100,000.00 (One hundred thousand birr) in the form of (CPO) or unconditional Bank guarantee. Bid Bond in the form of insurance bond or in any other form shall not be accepted.Bids must be delivered or deposited in the Tender Box situated at the office of the national Bulk Procurement Team, before the closing date and time.Bids will be opened on July 2 /2025, at 2:30 PM.
In Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation Procurement Department conference room, in the presence of bidders and/or their representatives who choose to attend.
The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation reserves its rights to reject any or all bids.Bidders may get further information at the following
address:Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation.National Bulk Procurement team
P. O. Box 21952/1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Telephone No. 0118-96 29 91
Address; Gurd Shola behind Athletics FederationIn Front of Adinet International College
@etconp
โค3
๐Invitation to Bid Tender No.
ECWCT/NCB/PSW/106/2017The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation (ECWC) here by invites registered eligible bidders For the Procurement of Supply, Install & Commission Water Pumps And related works under national competitive bidding (NCB).
1. Interested Potential Bidders are required to present renewed relevant Trade License for the fiscal year, VAT Registration Certificate, Tax Clearance Certificate and Online Supplier list Registration Certificate together with the offer.
2. Bidding document should be prepared in English language.
3. Those bidders willing to participate for supply of any type of tonner must accompanied the bid with manufacturer authorization letter or manufacturer license.
4. Interested Potential Bidders obtain a complete set of bidding document from the Procurement Office with Payment of none refundable fee of Birr 400.00(Four hundred birr).
5. This invitation of bid is open to all interested potential bidders regardless of their nationality.
6. Bid must be accompanied with a Bid Security an amount of Birr 300,000.00(Three hundred thousand birr only) in the form of certified check (CPO) or Bank guarantee. Bid Bond in the form of insurance bond or in any other form shall not be accepted.
7. Bids must be delivered or deposited in the Tender Box situated at the office of the Procurement depโt, before the closing date and time.
8. The deadline for bid Submission shall be on June 19, 2025 at 10:00 A.M.
9. Bids will be opened on June 19, 2025 at 10:30 A.M. in Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation Procurement Department conference room, in the presence of bidders and/or their representatives who choose to attend.
10. The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation reserves its rights to reject any or all bids.
11. Bidders may get further information at the following
address:Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation.
Gurd Shola behind Athletics federation building and Infront of Andinet international College
P. O. Box 21952/1000
Telephone 011 8 96 29 91/
01118 67 80 89
Fax No. 251-11-6 67 60 90
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
@etconp
ECWCT/NCB/PSW/106/2017The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation (ECWC) here by invites registered eligible bidders For the Procurement of Supply, Install & Commission Water Pumps And related works under national competitive bidding (NCB).
1. Interested Potential Bidders are required to present renewed relevant Trade License for the fiscal year, VAT Registration Certificate, Tax Clearance Certificate and Online Supplier list Registration Certificate together with the offer.
2. Bidding document should be prepared in English language.
3. Those bidders willing to participate for supply of any type of tonner must accompanied the bid with manufacturer authorization letter or manufacturer license.
4. Interested Potential Bidders obtain a complete set of bidding document from the Procurement Office with Payment of none refundable fee of Birr 400.00(Four hundred birr).
5. This invitation of bid is open to all interested potential bidders regardless of their nationality.
6. Bid must be accompanied with a Bid Security an amount of Birr 300,000.00(Three hundred thousand birr only) in the form of certified check (CPO) or Bank guarantee. Bid Bond in the form of insurance bond or in any other form shall not be accepted.
7. Bids must be delivered or deposited in the Tender Box situated at the office of the Procurement depโt, before the closing date and time.
8. The deadline for bid Submission shall be on June 19, 2025 at 10:00 A.M.
9. Bids will be opened on June 19, 2025 at 10:30 A.M. in Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation Procurement Department conference room, in the presence of bidders and/or their representatives who choose to attend.
10. The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation reserves its rights to reject any or all bids.
11. Bidders may get further information at the following
address:Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation.
Gurd Shola behind Athletics federation building and Infront of Andinet international College
P. O. Box 21952/1000
Telephone 011 8 96 29 91/
01118 67 80 89
Fax No. 251-11-6 67 60 90
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
@etconp
๐6โค2
๐แจ แปแแ แฅแแ
แตแ แดแญแแแ แฅแ AI แฅแแแต แจแแณแแแ แต แจแแแ แจแณแฝ แฃแแ แปแแ แญแแแแ๐
https://t.me/AfriTech27
แตแ แดแญแแแ แฅแ AI แฅแแแต แจแแณแแแ แต แจแแแ แจแณแฝ แฃแแ แปแแ แญแแแแ๐
https://t.me/AfriTech27
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AFRICAN TECH
๐ African Tech
Empowering Africa through innovation, technology, and digital transformation.
Empowering Africa through innovation, technology, and digital transformation.
๐ฅฐ2โค1๐1
๐Common Mistakes in Concrete and How to Avoid it
๐ทConcrete is one of the most widely used building materials in the world. Itโs strong, versatile, durable, and relatively inexpensive.
โบFrom skyscrapers to sidewalk concrete, it forms the backbone of modern infrastructure.
โบYet achieving high-quality, long-lasting concrete construction isnโt as simple as mixing cement, water, and aggregates.
โบNumerous professionals and DIY builders make common mistakes that can compromise the structural integrity, appearance, and durability of concrete.
๐This article explores the most frequent concrete-related mistakes and provides practical advice on how to avoid them.
โญ๏ธ1. Misproportions of the Mix
The mistake:
โบOne of the most essential components of concrete work is achieving the right mix ratio.
โบA standard mix of concrete is made up of cement, sand (fine aggregate), and gravel (coarse aggregate), along with water. If the ratios are incorrect, the concrete can become too weak or too brittle.
๐ซfor example, too much water can enhance workability but compromise the strength of the ultimate product.
โบToo little water can make the mix unworkable and lead to incomplete hydration with a resultant low development of strength.
๐งHow to avoid:
* Use a reliable mix design appropriate to your specific project needs. For residential building work in general, a mix ratio of 1:2:3 (cement:sand:gravel) with a water-cement ratio of 0.4โ0.6 is standard.
* Weigh rather than measure by volume, especially in large or major projects.
* Consult engineers or use standard mix designs from trusted sources such as the American Concrete Institute (ACI).
@etconp
๐ทConcrete is one of the most widely used building materials in the world. Itโs strong, versatile, durable, and relatively inexpensive.
โบFrom skyscrapers to sidewalk concrete, it forms the backbone of modern infrastructure.
โบYet achieving high-quality, long-lasting concrete construction isnโt as simple as mixing cement, water, and aggregates.
โบNumerous professionals and DIY builders make common mistakes that can compromise the structural integrity, appearance, and durability of concrete.
๐This article explores the most frequent concrete-related mistakes and provides practical advice on how to avoid them.
โญ๏ธ1. Misproportions of the Mix
The mistake:
โบOne of the most essential components of concrete work is achieving the right mix ratio.
โบA standard mix of concrete is made up of cement, sand (fine aggregate), and gravel (coarse aggregate), along with water. If the ratios are incorrect, the concrete can become too weak or too brittle.
๐ซfor example, too much water can enhance workability but compromise the strength of the ultimate product.
โบToo little water can make the mix unworkable and lead to incomplete hydration with a resultant low development of strength.
๐งHow to avoid:
* Use a reliable mix design appropriate to your specific project needs. For residential building work in general, a mix ratio of 1:2:3 (cement:sand:gravel) with a water-cement ratio of 0.4โ0.6 is standard.
* Weigh rather than measure by volume, especially in large or major projects.
* Consult engineers or use standard mix designs from trusted sources such as the American Concrete Institute (ACI).
@etconp
โค19๐1
๐แ แขแตแฎแตแซ แจแชแ แฅแตแดแต แแ แซแ แ แ
แแฅ แแแต แซแแ แฅแแแต แฅแซแฝแแแแ แแ แฐแฃแ
แ แขแตแฎแตแซ แแฆแตแต แ แตแญแต แแแณแต แซแ แฐแแฃแฃแช แ แซแ แฒแแแณแแต แจแแจแแ แ แฐแฐแแแ แแแขแแฝ แแ แ แแกแต แแ แคแถแฝแ แฃแแแตแจแจแฃแธแ แจแแแฅแ แฅแแแต แซแฃแ แจแชแ แฅแตแดแต แแญแแฃ แ แแ แซแ แฅแแฒแแญ แจแฐแแแ แแแฅ แฅแแฐแแซแตแแแแ แฐแ แแแแข
แ แแ แ แแฐแจแตแฃ แ แ แญแก แจแขแตแฎแตแซ แจแชแ แฅแตแดแต แแแขแแฝ แแ แ แญ แฐแแแ แ แฃแแฑแ แ แซแฑ แแแแฃแ แญ แแแฑแ แญแ แ แตแญแแแข
แแ แ แฉ แ แขแตแฎแตแซ แแแฃแณ แแญแ แแตแฅ แณแแ แ แแ แแแฐแฆแฝ แจแฐแแฐแจแฐ แฒแแแฃ แจแชแ แฅแตแดแต แแ แซแ แ แฐแแ แฅแจแแ แแแฃแฑแแ แจแแแฅ แฅแแแต แแฝแแแแแ แ แฝแแฆแต แฐแฅแทแแข
แญแ แ แฝแแญ แแแแณแตแ แจแแแแจแณแธแ แจแแแแฅแต แ แซแแต แแญ แ แ แญแ แต แ แแฅแซแต แจแแญแแ แแแต แแแแ แแ แขแแจแตแตแแแตแ แแแณแฅ แ แ แทแแข
แจแแ แ แฉ แแตแซแพแฝแฃ โแจแแญแแ แตแ แแแ แ แ แซแณแฝแแ แ แซแณแฝแ แฅแแแฃแ แซแแแค แฅแแฒแแ แ แแแขแแฝแ แ แแขแแฝ แแซแจแ แจแแแ แฉ แ แแแแฃแฃแถแฝแ แแแแณแต แจแแซแตแฝแ แ แ แซแญ แฅแแแจแแแโ แฅแแแแข
แจแ แฒแต แ แ แฃ แฉแแจแญแฒแฒ แจแจแฐแ แแแต แแฎแแฐแญ แถแแต แแญแแญ แ แแ แ แฉ แญแแ แแตแแแชแซ แแ แต แฃแแจแกแต แฅแแตแฃ แจแแแฝ แจแแ แ แจแคแต แแขแแฝ แจแแแขแแฝ แฃแแแต แแฅแจแต แฅแแณแแจแฉ แ แแแญแฐแแแข
แแฎแแฐแญ แแญแแญ โแจแแแก แจแชแ แฅแตแดแต แแแขแแฝ แแแแค แ แ แแ แแ แ แแณแ แแแค แจแแญแแ แแฝแณ แแตแฐแซแจแ แ แแ แตโ แฒแ แ แฝแแฆแต แฐแฅแฐแแแข
แจแคแต แฅแฅแจแต แ แแแ แแแ แฝแแญ แแ แ แแ แแ แต แ แแ แแ แตแฃ แจแแ แ แฉ แแตแจแณ แ แแญแ แณแแแแตแแ แฐแ แซแแแตแ แแแแแต แตแแ แฅแจแต แแแแ แฃแแแซแแฝ แแแธแแแข
Via capital ethiopia
@etconp
แ แขแตแฎแตแซ แแฆแตแต แ แตแญแต แแแณแต แซแ แฐแแฃแฃแช แ แซแ แฒแแแณแแต แจแแจแแ แ แฐแฐแแแ แแแขแแฝ แแ แ แแกแต แแ แคแถแฝแ แฃแแแตแจแจแฃแธแ แจแแแฅแ แฅแแแต แซแฃแ แจแชแ แฅแตแดแต แแญแแฃ แ แแ แซแ แฅแแฒแแญ แจแฐแแแ แแแฅ แฅแแฐแแซแตแแแแ แฐแ แแแแข
แ แแ แ แแฐแจแตแฃ แ แ แญแก แจแขแตแฎแตแซ แจแชแ แฅแตแดแต แแแขแแฝ แแ แ แญ แฐแแแ แ แฃแแฑแ แ แซแฑ แแแแฃแ แญ แแแฑแ แญแ แ แตแญแแแข
แแ แ แฉ แ แขแตแฎแตแซ แแแฃแณ แแญแ แแตแฅ แณแแ แ แแ แแแฐแฆแฝ แจแฐแแฐแจแฐ แฒแแแฃ แจแชแ แฅแตแดแต แแ แซแ แ แฐแแ แฅแจแแ แแแฃแฑแแ แจแแแฅ แฅแแแต แแฝแแแแแ แ แฝแแฆแต แฐแฅแทแแข
แญแ แ แฝแแญ แแแแณแตแ แจแแแแจแณแธแ แจแแแแฅแต แ แซแแต แแญ แ แ แญแ แต แ แแฅแซแต แจแแญแแ แแแต แแแแ แแ แขแแจแตแตแแแตแ แแแณแฅ แ แ แทแแข
แจแแ แ แฉ แแตแซแพแฝแฃ โแจแแญแแ แตแ แแแ แ แ แซแณแฝแแ แ แซแณแฝแ แฅแแแฃแ แซแแแค แฅแแฒแแ แ แแแขแแฝแ แ แแขแแฝ แแซแจแ แจแแแ แฉ แ แแแแฃแฃแถแฝแ แแแแณแต แจแแซแตแฝแ แ แ แซแญ แฅแแแจแแแโ แฅแแแแข
แจแ แฒแต แ แ แฃ แฉแแจแญแฒแฒ แจแจแฐแ แแแต แแฎแแฐแญ แถแแต แแญแแญ แ แแ แ แฉ แญแแ แแตแแแชแซ แแ แต แฃแแจแกแต แฅแแตแฃ แจแแแฝ แจแแ แ แจแคแต แแขแแฝ แจแแแขแแฝ แฃแแแต แแฅแจแต แฅแแณแแจแฉ แ แแแญแฐแแแข
แแฎแแฐแญ แแญแแญ โแจแแแก แจแชแ แฅแตแดแต แแแขแแฝ แแแแค แ แ แแ แแ แ แแณแ แแแค แจแแญแแ แแฝแณ แแตแฐแซแจแ แ แแ แตโ แฒแ แ แฝแแฆแต แฐแฅแฐแแแข
แจแคแต แฅแฅแจแต แ แแแ แแแ แฝแแญ แแ แ แแ แแ แต แ แแ แแ แตแฃ แจแแ แ แฉ แแตแจแณ แ แแญแ แณแแแแตแแ แฐแ แซแแแตแ แแแแแต แตแแ แฅแจแต แแแแ แฃแแแซแแฝ แแแธแแแข
Via capital ethiopia
@etconp
โค7๐3๐ข1
๐แจแฑแแฆแ - แฌแ แ แตแแแต แแแแต แแฎแแญแต แฐแ แแแ
๐งแจแฆแฎแแซ แฅแ แจแแแจแแ แขแตแฎแตแซ แญแแแฝแ แจแแซแแแแ แจแฑแแฆแ - แฌแ แ แตแแแต แแแแต แแฎแแญแต แแแฃแณแ แแ แ แแ แแ แแแแ แฐแจแตแ แฐแจแแแ แจแ แ แ แ แแแแแต แ แแตแ แต แแญ แญแแแแข
แจแแแแต แแฎแแญแฑ 80 แชแแแตแญ แจแธแแ แฒแพแแฅ แ แ แตแแแต แฎแแญแชแต แฐแจแ แแ แจแฐแแแฃแแข แจแแแแต แแแฃแณแแ แจแปแญแแ แแแ-แ แแ แจแฅแซ แฐแแซแญ แแแ แแแณ แฎแต แคแแต แฅแชแ แฎแญแแฌแฝแ แ แจแแแแณแแข
แแแญ แ แแ แจแฐแฃแ แฉแต แจแแ แแตแตแ แ แแซแชแแฝ แจแแแฃแณแแ แฅแซแต แ แแแฃแ แญ แฅแ แ แแแจแญ แ แฉแ แฐแณแตแแแข แแแฎแแญแฑ แจแแแ 1 แแฅแฅ 3 แขแแฎแ แฅแญ แแช แแ แ แแ แ แแฐแซแ แแแแตแต แฐแธแแแแข
แ แแแแต แแฎแแญแฑ แฆแตแต แตแแตแฎแฝแ แจแแฎ แ แแตแฐแแฃ แจแแฐแ แแณแฝ แแตแฐแแแแซแแฝแฃ แฑแฆแแฝ แฅแ แจแแจแญแถแฝ แแแฃแณแ แฐแซแตแทแแข แแแแฑ แ แแ แญ แจแแแแต แตแจแปแ แจแแฎ 10 แแตแญแฃ แ แแจแณ 20 แแตแญ แฅแแฒแแ แ แแ แ 15 แแตแญ แจแแ แตแแต แ แแแข
แจแแแแฑ แแ แแแ แจแ แฒแต แ แ แฃ-แกแณแ แซ -แแณแแ แฅแ แจแ แฒแต แ แ แฃ - แแแแค - แ แ แแตแแญ แซแแตแ แ แแซ แแแแถแฝ แซแแแแแกแก แญแ แ แจแแ แแฐแ แญแฐแจแ แจแแ แจแแ แแชแซ แฅแแฅแ แแ แ แแตแแจแต แจแแ แแแ แซแณแฅแซแแข
แจแฐแแแ แ แจแตแซแแตแแญแต แฅแแ แตแแด แฅแแฒแแญ แ แแตแปแแฃ แจแแ แ แซแ แฐแแแต แฐแฐแซแฝแแตแ แ แแตแแต แฅแแฒแแ แจแแ แซ แตแตแตแฉแ แ แแ แแจแญ แจแแแแฑ แแแแฃแต แจแแฐแ แ แตแฐแแฝแ แซแ แจแญแณแแข
แจแฑแแฆแแฃ แแญแกแฉแแแฃ แฎแแ แแฃ แ แจแ แญแฃ แแฝแต แฅแ แฌแแ แจแแฎ แแแฝ แ แญแซแณ แ แซแฃแขแแฝแ แ แ แญแ แต แซแแแแแข
@etconp
๐งแจแฆแฎแแซ แฅแ แจแแแจแแ แขแตแฎแตแซ แญแแแฝแ แจแแซแแแแ แจแฑแแฆแ - แฌแ แ แตแแแต แแแแต แแฎแแญแต แแแฃแณแ แแ แ แแ แแ แแแแ แฐแจแตแ แฐแจแแแ แจแ แ แ แ แแแแแต แ แแตแ แต แแญ แญแแแแข
แจแแแแต แแฎแแญแฑ 80 แชแแแตแญ แจแธแแ แฒแพแแฅ แ แ แตแแแต แฎแแญแชแต แฐแจแ แแ แจแฐแแแฃแแข แจแแแแต แแแฃแณแแ แจแปแญแแ แแแ-แ แแ แจแฅแซ แฐแแซแญ แแแ แแแณ แฎแต แคแแต แฅแชแ แฎแญแแฌแฝแ แ แจแแแแณแแข
แแแญ แ แแ แจแฐแฃแ แฉแต แจแแ แแตแตแ แ แแซแชแแฝ แจแแแฃแณแแ แฅแซแต แ แแแฃแ แญ แฅแ แ แแแจแญ แ แฉแ แฐแณแตแแแข แแแฎแแญแฑ แจแแแ 1 แแฅแฅ 3 แขแแฎแ แฅแญ แแช แแ แ แแ แ แแฐแซแ แแแแตแต แฐแธแแแแข
แ แแแแต แแฎแแญแฑ แฆแตแต แตแแตแฎแฝแ แจแแฎ แ แแตแฐแแฃ แจแแฐแ แแณแฝ แแตแฐแแแแซแแฝแฃ แฑแฆแแฝ แฅแ แจแแจแญแถแฝ แแแฃแณแ แฐแซแตแทแแข แแแแฑ แ แแ แญ แจแแแแต แตแจแปแ แจแแฎ 10 แแตแญแฃ แ แแจแณ 20 แแตแญ แฅแแฒแแ แ แแ แ 15 แแตแญ แจแแ แตแแต แ แแแข
แจแแแแฑ แแ แแแ แจแ แฒแต แ แ แฃ-แกแณแ แซ -แแณแแ แฅแ แจแ แฒแต แ แ แฃ - แแแแค - แ แ แแตแแญ แซแแตแ แ แแซ แแแแถแฝ แซแแแแแกแก แญแ แ แจแแ แแฐแ แญแฐแจแ แจแแ แจแแ แแชแซ แฅแแฅแ แแ แ แแตแแจแต แจแแ แแแ แซแณแฅแซแแข
แจแฐแแแ แ แจแตแซแแตแแญแต แฅแแ แตแแด แฅแแฒแแญ แ แแตแปแแฃ แจแแ แ แซแ แฐแแแต แฐแฐแซแฝแแตแ แ แแตแแต แฅแแฒแแ แจแแ แซ แตแตแตแฉแ แ แแ แแจแญ แจแแแแฑ แแแแฃแต แจแแฐแ แ แตแฐแแฝแ แซแ แจแญแณแแข
แจแฑแแฆแแฃ แแญแกแฉแแแฃ แฎแแ แแฃ แ แจแ แญแฃ แแฝแต แฅแ แฌแแ แจแแฎ แแแฝ แ แญแซแณ แ แซแฃแขแแฝแ แ แ แญแ แต แซแแแแแข
@etconp
โค11๐4
๐Retaining walls are solid wall constructions that hold soil lateral to a building to maintain the ground surface at different elevations on both sides.
โบRetaining walls are indispensable because the soil at higher elevations tends to sink due to the various destabilising forces acting on it.
๐ซThe primary purpose of retaining walls is to maintain the vertical or nearly vertical alignment of the soil or other materials destabilised by external forces.
โบThe different types of retaining walls are frequently utilised for a variety of purposes, including coastal engineering, irrigation engineering, and road, railway, and bridge construction.
โบThe base block is solidly monolithically linked to the vertical or inclined stem.
โบRetaining walls are usually constructed to a height of 6 metres.
๐ทRetaining Wall:
โบA retaining wall is a structure designed to hold back soil and prevent erosion. Constructed from materials like concrete, stone, or timber, it's crucial in landscape engineering.
โบRetaining walls prevent slope instability, create usable spaces, and enhance aesthetics. Proper design and engineering ensure safety and effectiveness against earth pressures.
โ๏ธFunctions of Retaining Wall: The assorted functions of Retaining Walls encompass the following:
1. The retaining wall acts as a barrier that prevents the movement of soil or other materials along a steep slope.
2. They maintain the ground surface height by retaining the earth in place.
3. Retaining walls that are made to withstand the soils or backfill securely transfer other externally applied stresses to a foundation.
โบPurpose of Retaining Wall: Retaining walls are essential structures used to support soil where level differences exist.
๐ฒTheir main purpose is to prevent the natural movement of soil and maintain the shape of the terrain.
โบIn areas with steep slopes, retaining walls help protect against erosion, landslides, and slope failure.
โบThey are widely used in construction to create flat surfaces on uneven ground, making space available for roads, buildings, and landscaping.
โบIn highway, railway, and irrigation projects, retaining walls help stabilize embankments and prevent soil from interfering with built structures.
โบApart from providing support, these walls also contribute to site safety and improve land usability in hilly or unstable areas.
@etconp
โบRetaining walls are indispensable because the soil at higher elevations tends to sink due to the various destabilising forces acting on it.
๐ซThe primary purpose of retaining walls is to maintain the vertical or nearly vertical alignment of the soil or other materials destabilised by external forces.
โบThe different types of retaining walls are frequently utilised for a variety of purposes, including coastal engineering, irrigation engineering, and road, railway, and bridge construction.
โบThe base block is solidly monolithically linked to the vertical or inclined stem.
โบRetaining walls are usually constructed to a height of 6 metres.
๐ทRetaining Wall:
โบA retaining wall is a structure designed to hold back soil and prevent erosion. Constructed from materials like concrete, stone, or timber, it's crucial in landscape engineering.
โบRetaining walls prevent slope instability, create usable spaces, and enhance aesthetics. Proper design and engineering ensure safety and effectiveness against earth pressures.
โ๏ธFunctions of Retaining Wall: The assorted functions of Retaining Walls encompass the following:
1. The retaining wall acts as a barrier that prevents the movement of soil or other materials along a steep slope.
2. They maintain the ground surface height by retaining the earth in place.
3. Retaining walls that are made to withstand the soils or backfill securely transfer other externally applied stresses to a foundation.
โบPurpose of Retaining Wall: Retaining walls are essential structures used to support soil where level differences exist.
๐ฒTheir main purpose is to prevent the natural movement of soil and maintain the shape of the terrain.
โบIn areas with steep slopes, retaining walls help protect against erosion, landslides, and slope failure.
โบThey are widely used in construction to create flat surfaces on uneven ground, making space available for roads, buildings, and landscaping.
โบIn highway, railway, and irrigation projects, retaining walls help stabilize embankments and prevent soil from interfering with built structures.
โบApart from providing support, these walls also contribute to site safety and improve land usability in hilly or unstable areas.
@etconp
โค11
แณแแซแต แแแต แฅแ แแฆแแต แ แ
แซแข
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0904040477
0994941708
๐แแแตแ แแฆแแต แ แแแแต แ แญแแต แจแฐแแแ แ แแ
โง แแแ แ แ แแต แฆแณ แแแแ แ แญแฅ
โง แแตแญแซแฝแ แตแซแฝแ
๐แขแตแฎแตแซ แแตแฅ แจแตแ แฅแแแญแแณแแ
โง แญแฐแแแแ แซแแญแฉแ
0904040477
0994941708
โค3๐1
๐Lets Answer On Comment
๐ซ1. The creep strains are _
(a) Caused due to dead loads only
(b) Caused due to live loads only
(c) Caused due to both dead loads and live loads
(d) Independent of loads
๐ซ2. Specific volume is reciprocal of _
(a) Mass
(b) Area
(c) Volume
(d) Mass density
๐ซ3. Which of the following scales is the smallest one?
(a) 4 : 200000
(b) 1 cm = 5000 m
(c) 1 cm = 50 m
(d) RF =1/50000
๐ซ4. Consider the following statements in the case of stone masonry and find the correct statement
A. Stone used should not be dumb bell-shaped
B. Stone masonry section should always designed to take compressive and tensile stresses
(a) Only A
(b) Only B
(c) Both A & B
(d) None of the above
๐ซ5. Fineness modulus of sand greater than _ will not be suitable for satisfactory concrete mix.
(a) 3.5
(b) 3.2
(c) 2.9
(d) 2.6
๐ซ6. For limit state of collapse flexure, the maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken equal to _.
(a) 0.002
(b) 0.02
(c) 0.0035
(d) 0.035
๐ซ7. For flow through pipes, the laminar flow occurs, when Reynolds number is _.
(a) Between 2000 and 4000
(b) Less than 4000
(c) More than 4000
(d) Less than 2000
๐ซ8. Give an example for flaky shape of aggregate
(a) Pit sand
(b) Crushed rock
(c) Blown sand
(d) Laminated rock
๐ซ9. The S-curve is used for the _.
(a) Development of synthetic unit hydrograph
(b) Conversion of unit hydrograph of one duration to another
(c) Estimation of peak flow of a storm hydrograph
(d) Derivation of unit hydrograph from complex type of storm
๐ซ10. For a given discharge, the efficiency of sedimentation tank can be increased by _.
(a) Increasing the depth of the tank
(b) Increasing the surface area of the tank
(c) Decreasing the depth of the tank
(d) Decreasing the surface area of the tank
@etconp
๐ซ1. The creep strains are _
(a) Caused due to dead loads only
(b) Caused due to live loads only
(c) Caused due to both dead loads and live loads
(d) Independent of loads
๐ซ2. Specific volume is reciprocal of _
(a) Mass
(b) Area
(c) Volume
(d) Mass density
๐ซ3. Which of the following scales is the smallest one?
(a) 4 : 200000
(b) 1 cm = 5000 m
(c) 1 cm = 50 m
(d) RF =1/50000
๐ซ4. Consider the following statements in the case of stone masonry and find the correct statement
A. Stone used should not be dumb bell-shaped
B. Stone masonry section should always designed to take compressive and tensile stresses
(a) Only A
(b) Only B
(c) Both A & B
(d) None of the above
๐ซ5. Fineness modulus of sand greater than _ will not be suitable for satisfactory concrete mix.
(a) 3.5
(b) 3.2
(c) 2.9
(d) 2.6
๐ซ6. For limit state of collapse flexure, the maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken equal to _.
(a) 0.002
(b) 0.02
(c) 0.0035
(d) 0.035
๐ซ7. For flow through pipes, the laminar flow occurs, when Reynolds number is _.
(a) Between 2000 and 4000
(b) Less than 4000
(c) More than 4000
(d) Less than 2000
๐ซ8. Give an example for flaky shape of aggregate
(a) Pit sand
(b) Crushed rock
(c) Blown sand
(d) Laminated rock
๐ซ9. The S-curve is used for the _.
(a) Development of synthetic unit hydrograph
(b) Conversion of unit hydrograph of one duration to another
(c) Estimation of peak flow of a storm hydrograph
(d) Derivation of unit hydrograph from complex type of storm
๐ซ10. For a given discharge, the efficiency of sedimentation tank can be increased by _.
(a) Increasing the depth of the tank
(b) Increasing the surface area of the tank
(c) Decreasing the depth of the tank
(d) Decreasing the surface area of the tank
@etconp
โค8๐4