👉Here are some reasons why Roman roads may have lasted for so long:

⏺High-quality materials: The Romans used high-quality materials, such as large, close-fitting stones for the foundation of their roads.

⏺Drainage: Roman roads were built with a camber, which is a slight curvature that helps to drain water off the road. This helped to prevent the roads from being washed away by rain.

⏺Maintenance: Roman roads were regularly maintained by slaves and soldiers.

This maintenance helped to keep the roads in good repair and prevent them from deteriorating & That said, Roman roads were not perfect. They were narrow, and they could be dusty and uneven.

🏷They also weren’t designed to handle the kind of traffic that we see on roads today.

@etconp

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👉HYDRAULICS QUIZ

💫1. Calculate the flow velocity using the continuity equation.
Given:
• Diameter at section 1 = 0.3 m,
• Velocity at section 1 = 4 m/s
• Diameter at section 2 = 0.15 m

Find the velocity at section 2.
Options:
A) 8 m/s
B) 12 m/s
C) 16 m/s ✅
D) 18 m/s
E) 20 m/s
Solution:
Using the continuity equation:
A₁V₁ = A₂V₂
(π/4) (0.3) ² × 4 = (π/4) (0.15) ² × V₂
(0.09) × 4 = (0.0225) × V₂
0.36 = 0.0225 × V₂
V₂ = 0.36 / 0.0225 = 16 m/s

💫2. A pipe with a diameter of 0.2 m carries water at a velocity of 3 m/s. What is the discharge?
Options:
A) 0.094 m³/s ✅
B) 0.050 m³/s
C) 0.125 m³/s
D) 0.070 m³/s
E) 0.200 m³/s
Solution:
Q = A × V = (π/4) (0.2) ² × 3 = (0.0314) × 3 = 0.094 m³/s

❇️3. Calculate the pressure head if the pressure at a point is 150 kPa. (Take ρ = 1000 kg/m³, g = 9.81 m/s²)
Options:
A) 10 m
B) 15.3 m
C) 20.4 m
D) 25.6 m ✅
E) 30 m
Solution:
h = P / (ρg) = 150,000 / (1000 × 9.81) = 25.6 m

💫4. Water flows at 2 m/s through a 100 mm diameter pipe. Find the Reynolds number. (Kinematic viscosity = 1×10⁻⁶5 m²/s)
Options:
A) 150,000
B) 200,000
C) 100,000 ✅
D) 50,000
E) 250,000
Solution:
Re = (V × D) / ν = (2 × 0.1) / (1×10⁻⁶) = 200,000
(Correct answer actually should be B)
✅ Corrected: B) 200,000

💫5. A tank drains water through a 0.1 m diameter orifice at its base. If water level is 4 m high, find the velocity at exit.
Options:
A) 5.6 m/s
B) 6.2 m/sy
C) 8.9 m/s ✅
D) 9.8 m/s
E) 10.5 m/s
Solution:
V = √(2gh) = √(2×9.81×4) = √78.48 = 8.9 m/s

💫6. Determine the head loss in a 50 m long pipe with a flow velocity of 2 m/s, friction factor f = 0.02, and diameter = 0.1 m.
Options:
A) 2.0 m
B) 3.5 m
C) 4.08 m ✅
D) 5.2 m
E) 6.1 m
Solution:
hₗ = f(L/D)(V²/2g) = 0.02 × (50/0.1) × (2² / 2×9.81)
= 0.02 × 500 × (4 / 19.62) = 10 × 0.204 = 2.04 m
✅ Corrected Answer: A) 2.04 m

💫7. If velocity = 3 m/s, area = 0.5 m², what is the flow rate Q?
Options:
A) 1.5 m³/s ✅
B) 0.3 m³/s
C) 6.0 m³/s
D) 3.5 m³/s
E) 2.0 m³/s
Solution:
Q = A × V = 0.5 × 3 = 1.5 m³/s

💫8. A hydraulic jump occurs with initial depth y₁ = 0.3 m and velocity V₁ = 6 m/s. What is Froude number? (g = 9.81 m/s²)
Options:
A) 1.5
B) 2.0
C) 3.4 ✅
D) 4.1
E) 5.0
Solution:
Fr = V₁ / √(g × y₁) = 6 / √(9.81 × 0.3) = 6 / √2.943 = 6 / 1.715 = 3.4

💫9. The discharge over a rectangular notch is 0.8 m³/s, width = 1 m, head = 0.4 m. Find coefficient of discharge Cd.
Options:
A) 0.5
B) 0.6
C) 0.62
D) 0.65
E) 0.64 ✅
Solution:
Q = (2/3)Cd × b × √(2g) × H^(3/2)
0.8 = (2/3)Cd × 1 × √(2×9.81) × (0.4)^(3/2)
0.8 = 0.6667 × Cd × 4.43 × 0.253
0.8 = Cd × 0.749
Cd = 0.8 / 0.749 = 0.64

❇️10. A reservoir has an area of 1000 m². If inflow rate is 2 m³/s and outflow is 1.5 m³/s, what is the rate of rise in water level?
Options:
A) 0.0005 m/s ✅
B) 0.001 m/s
C) 0.002 m/s
D) 0.005 m/s
E) 0.01 m/s
Solution:
Net inflow = 2 - 1.5 = 0.5 m³/s
Rate of rise = 0.5 / 1000 =0.0005 m/s

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@etconp

👉JOB VACANCY

⭐️Design Coordinator

📍Addis Ababa

💫Bachelor's Degree in Architecture, Civil Engineering, or in a related field of study with relevant work experience, out of which 1 year in a senior position.

🏷Duties & Responsibilities:

- Conducts and manages activities to conceptualize, evaluate alternatives, and receive approvals for project implementation:
- Defines project work scopes, coordinates with permitting and public/private utility agencies, collects and reviews project documentation, performs field data collection, analyzes alternatives, and prepares recommendations and applications. Create and maintain BIM software template files to ensure standards.
- Collaborates with engineers, client, consultants, permit agencies, suppliers, and subcontractors during all phases of projects, and identifies and addresses immediate project needs during the construction phase, ensuring standard production and documentation of all design documents.

⏺Quanitity Required: 3

⏺Minimum Years Of Experience: #5_years

⚡️Deadline: August 11, 2025

📩How To Apply: Apply using the provided link below👇

Note: use this Vacancy Code - Hahu/Des 001/2025

https://forms.office.com/Pages/ResponsePage.aspx?id=fbibbAsHyk2HrMuCOdJR7l_tOeSslK1NsGRsQb8bHJdURUg0Q1JGN1VVNUs0MlNZSUFDRzFGVFk1My4u

👉JOB VACANCY

⭐️ጠቅላላ የ ሳኒተሪ ቴክኒሻን

#Addis_Ababa

🚧በቴክኒክና ሙያ ደረጃ 4 ወይም ደረጃ 3 በተመሳሳይ የትምህርት ዘርፍ የተመረቀ አግባብ ከሆነ የስራ ልምድ ጋር

💫ዋና ኃላፊነቶች፡

- የፍሳሽ ማስወገጃ እና የዝናብ ውሃ መስመሮችን አጠባበቅ ስርዓቶች መከታተል፣ ንድፎችን የማንበብ እና የደህንነት ደንቦችን የመከተል ችሎታ ሊኖረው ይገባል።
-  የውሃ ፍሳሽ አቅርቦት መስመሮችን, የፍሳሽ ማስወገጃ ስርዓቶችን መጠገን እና ማቆየት
-  የውሃ ፍሳሾችን ጉዳዮችን መመርመር እና ፍሳሾችን መከታተል እና ሌሎች ጉድለቶችን መጠገን
-  ንድፎችን, ቴክኒካዊ ንድፎችን እና የግንባታ ኮዶችን ማንበብ እና መተርጎም

⏺Quanitity Required: 1

⏺Minimum Years Of Experience: #2_years

⚡️Deadline: August 15, 2025

📩How To Apply: አመልካቾች ዋናውን የትምህርት እና የስራ ልምድ ማስረጃችኡን ከታች ያለውን ሊንክ በመጠቀም ወይም በኢሜል: mehanaimgc@gmail.com በመላክ መመዝገብ ይችላሉ።

@etconp

👉JOB VACANCY

🌟Furniture Design & Measurement Officer

#minaye_plc

#Addis_Ababa

📜Master's or Bachelor's Degree in Architecture or in a related field of study with relevant work experience
Duties and Responsibilities:
- Lead end-to-end design of bespoke furniture/interiors from concept sketches to production-approved technical packages (2D/3D CAD, material specs, BOMs).
- Pioneer design standardization systems for repeatable excellence across projects.
- Collaborate directly with R&D to test new materials, joinery techniques, and sustainable alternatives.
- Develop digital prototyping workflows to accelerate design-to-factory handoffs.
- Conduct laser-precise site measurements; resolve spatial conflicts with architectural problem-solving.

⏺Quanitity Required: 1

⏺Minimum Years Of Experience: #3_years

⚡️Deadline: August 12, 2025

📩How To Apply: Submit your application, updated CV and supporting credentials via email: hcminayee@gmail.com with subject line “application for intern “

@etconp

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን


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0994941708

👉Pipeline Losses

💫A. Types of Losses

1. Major Losses: Friction losses due to fluid flow through the pipeline, influenced by factors like pipe diameter, length, and fluid velocity.

2. Minor Losses: Losses due to fittings, valves, bends, and other pipeline components that disrupt fluid flow.

💫B. Causes of Losses

1. Friction: Fluid friction with the pipe wall and other components.

2. Turbulence: Disruptions in fluid flow due to changes in pipe geometry or components.

💫C. Importance

Understanding pipeline losses is crucial for:

1.  Pipeline Design: Optimizing pipeline design to minimize losses and ensure efficient fluid transport.

2. Energy Efficiency: Reducing energy consumption and costs associated with fluid transportation.

@etconp

👉Rebound Hammer Test (Schmidt Hammer Test)

💫The Rebound Hammer Test is a non-destructive testing method used to assess the surface hardness and compressive strength of concrete.

🚧Purpose

⏺Estimate the compressive strength of concrete.

⏺Assess uniformity and quality of concrete in different locations.

⏺Detect deterioration or damage in concrete structures.

🚧Equipment

⏺Schmidt Rebound Hammer (spring-loaded hammer with a plunger and scale)

📜Test Procedure

🏷1. Surface Preparation:

⏺Clean the surface.

⏺Ensure it is smooth and dry.

⏺Avoid aggregates or rough patches.

🏷2. Positioning the Hammer:

⏺Hold the hammer perpendicular to the concrete surface.

⏺Common orientations: Horizontal, vertical (up/down), inclined.

🏷3. Impact:

⏺Press the hammer against the concrete.

⏺A spring mechanism releases the hammer.

⏺The hammer strikes the plunger, and a rebound value is shown on the scale.

🏷4. Take Multiple Readings:

⏺At least 10 readings in a test area (~300mm x 300mm).

⏺Discard outliers and calculate average rebound number.

🏷5. Interpretation:

⏺Use calibration charts to convert rebound number to compressive strength.

📍Advantages

⏺Quick and easy.

⏺No damage to the structure.

⏺Low cost.

🎲Limitations

⏺Only assesses surface hardness, not deep concrete.

🔰Affected by:

⏺Surface texture and moisture

⏺Type and size of aggregate

⏺Carbonation of concrete

@etconp

ጨረታ

አዲስ ዘመን   ሐምሌ 30 ቀን 2017 ዓ. ም ዕትም ላይ የተወሰደ

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@etconp

ጨረታ

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ጨረታ

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ጨረታ

ኢትዮጵያን ሄራልድ ሐምሌ 25 ቀን 2017 ዓ. ም ዕትም ላይ የተወሰደ

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@etconp