Examples
Examples of acute conditions include a broken bone or an asthma attack, a burn, and a neck injury while playing. Acute diseases include colds, flu and strep. Acute pain is experienced after someone has been hurt, for example a cut or broken bone.

Examples of chronic conditions include osteoporosis, asthma, heart disease, osteoarthritis, kidney disease and diabetes.

Many illnesses can occur in both acute or chronic form. For example, acute renal failure occurs when an event, such as dehydration, blood loss or taking medicines, leads to kidney malfunction. Chronic kidney disease, however, is caused by long-term conditions, such as high blood pressure or diabetes, and involves the gradual damage of the kidneys over time.

Acute vs Chronic Pain
Dr. Bradley Spiegel, a doctor of California's Pain Management and Injury Relief Medical Center, explains the difference between acute and chronic pain in this video:👇👇👇

Diagnosis
A condition is typically only diagnosed as chronic when symptoms have been present for at least three months, especially in the case of acute or chronic pain.

Frequency
Acute illnesses are far more common than chronic illnesses. An acute condition can be as simple as a stubbed toe, or as serious as a heart attack. They are simply illnesses or injuries that occur and end relatively quickly.

Over 90 million Americans have a chronic illness. Approximately 1 in 3 people are affected by chronic illness.

Treatment
Some acute diseases like influenza can be resolved without treatment. Other acute diseases, like pneumonia, can require anything from over-the-counter or prescription medication to hospital care.

Chronic diseases often require extended care or hospitalization. For example, someone with chronic kidney disease may require medication and dialysis regularly. Chronic pain conditions such as migraines, back pain or asthma may sometimes be treated with a dedicated diet and/or fitness routine. Chronic diseases can often not be cured. However, treatment may reduce the symptoms.

[] Pathology 😣

👇👇👇👇👇
#Neoplasia_ :-
اول كم منشور صعب جدا بس فهمك لباقي يعتمد على فهمك لاول منشورات
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#INTRODUCTION_ :-
👈 يعرف أي شي قبل ما نفصل فيه.
#Neoplasia_translate :-
Neo = New يعني جديد.
Plasia = Growth or tissue.
وهذا ترجمة لغوية لكلمة(Neoplasia) وليس تعريفاً لها.
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@medical50
#Definition_of_Neoplasia:-
Abnormal mass of tissue the growth of tissue exceeds and it keep growing uncoordinated even after you remove the stmuli.
💉 ماذا يعني هذا الكلام ؟؟
- انها Abnormal 👈 يعني ما انولد بي 👶 👈 اي عملية تكون الاعضاء Organogensis لمن اتكونت ما كان في ال neoplasia.
- يعني اي اعضاء الانسان تتكون في الرحم بس 👈 وبتواصل في النمو فقط
اذا وجدت tissue جديدة بنسميها
Neoplasia
- آخر شي بتنمو بطريقة عشوائية وبتكون عايشة حتى بعد نعمل Remove لل cause
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ لازم نفرق بين
Neoplasia& Hyperplasia.
لانة ممكن يسألوك :-
Inlargment of uterus is mainly due to???
- الإجابة : Hyperplasia
لماذا؟؟ لانها عملية بتحدث Normally
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@medical50
💉 اذا اي خلية انسانية فيها 👇:-
💉 Cell 👉 nucleus 👉 chromosomes 👉 DNA strands
واي Strand فيه 100,000 جين
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@medical50
#Cell_With_DNA_Damage :-
يعني عندي خلية صار فيها
DNA damage
مفروض اعمل شنو؟؟
1- نوقفها من الانقسام
Stop division.
2- ننشط ال DNA repairing gene لكي يصلح ال Damage اذا صلح ال Damage✔️ او نعمل 👇.
3 - ننشط ال apoptosis لكي نتخلص من الخلية ونقتلها.
4- او تصبح Cancer cell 👿.
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@medical50
اذا في شي مهم مفروض نعرفه 👇
#DNA_Mutation :-
Is unrepaired DNA damage.
يعني خلية حصل فيها
DNA damage
وما قدرنا نصلحه.......... 🤕
نسميها neoplastic cell.
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@medical50
- قلنا اي DNA strand فيه
100,000 جين.
- لكن ما قلنا انه في 4 منهم يعملوا
Control
لل Cell division وهذ النقطة نركز عليها 😳.
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اذا ال 4 جينات هذه شنو؟؟
#Genes_of_conroling_cell_division :_
1- Tumor promoting gene:-
وهذا مهمته انه يفرز بروتينات تحفز ال
Cell division.
2- Tumor suppressor gene:-
وهذا عكس القبله يفرز بروتينات تثبط او توقف ال Cell division.
3- Apoptosis gene :-
🌚 من اسمه واضح هو اليحفز ال
Apoptosis
لماذا؟؟
غشان يقتل الخلية الي فيها
DNA damage
يصبح السرطان 👿.
- باقي جين ما عرفناه 👇.
4- DNA repairing gene:-
وهذا نفس ما عرفنا إنه مسؤول من اصلاح ال DNA damage
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@medical50
#Monoclonal_cell:-
💉 واذا الورم (tumor) عبارة عن نسيج غير طبيعي.
💉 تكون كيف 👈 خليه حصل فيها
DNA mutation
والخلية تبدا تتكاثر وتعطينا النسيج هذا
فنسمي النسيج 👈 Tumor
ونسمي الخلية 👈 Monoclonal
او Mother cell
او نسميها tumor stem cell
هي اساس الورم
- خلية واحدة 👈 تتكاثر 👈 ورم.
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@medical50
💉اذا Cancer ينتج من خلية واحدة حصل فيها
DNA mutation
خصوصاً في الجينات التتحكم في ال
Cell Division
🙄 الاربعة جينات هذة ذكرناهم سابقا احفظ اي واحد هو وظيفته و المنشور الجاي (إن شاء الله📿) نشوف التفصل مالهم
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
😵
😍 😊 🙃 ☹️
.قناة كل ما يهم الطب والصيدلة والتحليلات
╔✪
╚═════ <✍ > ═╝
🚪🏃
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Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Diffen
Whereas apoptosis is a form of cell death that is generally triggered by normal, healthy processes in the body, necrosis is cell death that is triggered by external factors or disease, such as trauma or infection. Apoptosis, which can also occur as a defense mechanism during healing processes, is almost always normal and beneficial to an organism, while necrosis is always abnormal and harmful. Though necrosis is being researched as a possible form of programmed cell death (that is, a sometimes natural process), it is considered an "unprogrammed" (unnatural) cell death process at this time. As a usually healthy form of a cell's life cycle, apoptosis rarely demands any form of medical treatment, but untreated necrosis can lead to serious injury or even death.

Apoptotic and Necrotic Processes
Both apoptosis and necrosis can be seen as part of a spectrum of shared biochemical events that both result in some form of cellular death.

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), causes cells to shrink, develop blebs (bubble-like spots) on the cell membrane, undergo degradation of genetic and protein materials in the nucleus, and have their mitochondria break down, thus releasing cytochrome. The fragments are each wrapped in their own membrane, with other chemicals (such as ATP and UTP) released freely. These chemicals lead macrophages — cell-eating bodies — to find and eliminate the dead cells and their fragments. This "eat me" message is triggered by a phospholipid normally inert in a cell's membrane, and the macrophages in turn release cytokines that inhibit inflammatory responses.

In contrast, necrotic cells swell or may form vacuoles on their surface, with interior structures either distending or shrinking rapidly, destroying the cell's processes and chemical structures. The unregulated release of cytochrome and the cell membrane's phospholipid (called phosphatidylserine) causes immediate reactions in surrounding tissues, leading to swelling (inflammation) and edema; it also often triggers other cell deaths through apoptosis. Unlike apoptosis, necrotic cells are not targeted by macrophages for cleaning of their cellular debris, so the effects of the cell rupture can spread quickly and throughout the body for long periods of time.

Energy Input
Apoptosis is energy-dependent, meaning it requires input from a cell for cell death to occur, leading to the term "cell suicide." Necrosis does not require any energy input from a cell, as external factors or localized infections are what trigger necrosis.

Caspases
For the apoptotic pathways that cause cell suicide, the primary molecular signals are inactive proenzymes called caspases. Necrosis sometimes makes uses of caspases, but to a much lesser degree, and often the process makes no use of them, as a cell itself is destroyed in an uncontrolled fashion during necrotic events. For example, necrosis is the process behind dying, or necrotic, tissue that surrounds, say, a venomous spider bite.

Research has identified as many as 13 caspases, broadly categorized as initiators, effectors, or executioners (the ones that directly trigger cell death), and inflammatory. Despite what it may sound like, inflammatory caspases actually inhibit inflammation. As necrosis lacks the inflammatory caspase input, inflammation is always present in necrotic cell death.

Apoptotic and Necrotic Symptoms


Because apoptosis is a normal part of an organism's cellular balance, there are no noticeable symptoms related to the process. In contrast, necrosis is an uncontrolled change in an organism's cell balance, so it is always harmful, resulting in noticeable, negative symptoms.

Necrosis is accompanied in its early stages by inflammation, as components (including cell structures, cytoplasm, and DNA/RNA) of the ruptured or damaged cells are released. To an organism, this unregulated flow of proteins, chemicals, and genetic material triggers emergency responses, such as inflammation to protect surrounding tissues, as well as an increase in white blood cells, macrophages, and T cell production to fight off infection. These reactions are often accompanied by a metabolic boost and fever, which can lead to fatigue and an overall weakened immune system.

If left untreated, necrotic tissues will lose vascularity, meaning they will lose blood flow, and thus start dying. When this happens, the necrosis is called gangrene, a condition where tissue ultimately dies and must be removed to stop necrosis from expanding.

Necrosis following a bite from a brown recluse spider.

When Apoptosis is Unhealthy
Apoptosis becomes abnormal only when the cellular processes that keep the body in balance either cause too many cell deaths or cause too few. Many autoimmune diseases, such as muscular dystrophy and Alzheimer's, are believed to be related to excessive apoptosis, causing muscle or nerve cells to die before their time. Cells that grow without control, meaning apoptosis is not happening often enough, usually lead to tumors, which themselves can become cancerous.

General Causes of Apoptosis and Necrosis
There are three mechanisms that cause cell death:

Self-generated signals in a cell, which may arise from age, infection, irregular mitosis (cell division), or other causes. This mechanism is known as the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway, whereas the following two types of cell death are extrinsic pathways.
The triggering of death activators, receptors on a cell's surface that respond to external signals such as hormones or other chemical messengers.
External triggering by reactive oxygen species, such as free radicals, which are dangerous to the body.
In general, apoptosis is part of life, the continuation of the cellular cycle initiated by mitosis. However, apoptosis can be triggered by a variety of harmful stimuli, such as heat, radiation, lack of oxygen (hypoxia), drugs and trauma, among others. In these cases, apoptosis rids the body of damaged cells or cells that can no longer perform normally and helps heal damaged areas. Higher degrees of damage from the same stimuli can lead to necrosis. For example, a mild burn can cause a small blister that heals in a week, but a third-degree burn will cause necrosis in the affected area.

Apoptosis can also be caused by hormonal and chemical changes in the body, a process most often seen in embryonic development. Both the immune and nervous systems develop with a large over-production of cells that are reduced before birth through selective processes carried out by apoptosis. For example, fetuses develop hands and feet without individual digits; once a chemical messenger is released, the webbed tissue between the fingers and toes dies off, separating each digit. A similar process occurs with sexual differentiation, as hormones guide fetal development to suppress or eliminate certain tissues and structures in favor of developing others. On the other hand, if necrosis is present during fetal development, some form of medical intervention is often required, and deformation or miscarriage may occur.

Types of Necrosis and Their Causes
In necrosis, a cell's death is usually caused by a sudden and uncontrolled rupture based on two mechanisms:

Interference with the cell's energy supply (blood, plasma, oxygen, etc.).
Direct damage to the cell membrane.
Necrosis is categorized in five ways, depending on the cause:

Bacterial or fungal infections may cause liquefactive necrosis. This is necrosis that includes the liquefied mass of dead tissue known as "pus."
The necrosis that arises from denatured proteins that impede proper circulation is called coagulative necrosis. This type is seen most often in the heart after an infarction, as well as in kidneys and adrenal glands.
Fungal and mycobacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, can cause gaseous necrosis. This combination of liquefactive and coagulative necrosis is caused by dead cells that are not completely digested by microphages; they leave a granular residue that impedes circulation.
Necrosis that occurs only in fatty tissue is called fat necrosis. The most common form of this necrosis is associated with pancreatitis, severe inflammation of the pancreas.
Deposits of antigens and antibodies combined with fibrin can adhere to and eventually block arteries and destroy their structure. This is called fibrinoid necrosis.
Treatment
Apoptosis and necrosis are treated in very different ways, primarily based on the fact that one process is often normal and the other is patently abnormal.

Although much of the apoptosis process is identified, the mechanisms and activation cascade is not yet fully understood. Rese