DRCF: the Digital Regulation Cooperation Forum, where the UK's CMA, ICO, Ofcom and FCA coordinate digital rules on AI agents, data, competition and safety.

Contextual integrity: Helen Nissenbaum's theory that privacy means information flowing by the norms of its context, now used to test AI agents and ad targeting.

Profiling: automated processing of personal data to evaluate or predict a person's traits, interests or behaviour, the legal core of rules on targeted ads.

A data processor handles personal data on behalf of a controller and under its instructions, bound by a GDPR Article 28 contract on use, security and deletion.

A data controller is the organisation that decides why and how personal data is processed, carrying primary legal responsibility under GDPR for ad data flows.

An audit trail is a time-ordered record of who did what in a system and when, kept so that actions can be reconstructed, verified and attributed after the fact.

Guardrails are controls placed around an AI model or agent that check inputs, outputs and actions against set rules, and block what falls outside that policy.

An approval threshold is the limit above which a software agent or employee must get human sign-off before acting, such as a spend cap on an ad buying agent.

Least-privilege access limits each user, program or AI agent to the minimum permissions a task needs, a 1975 principle now applied to ad accounts and AI agents.

Supervised fine-tuning trains a pretrained model on labelled prompt-and-answer pairs so it follows instructions, the first post-training step behind chatbots.

Imitation learning trains an AI system to act by copying recorded examples of experts doing a task, the method behind self-driving, robot and chatbot training.

In-context learning is a language model's ability to pick up a task from examples or instructions in its prompt, with no retraining. How it works and fails.

Amazon let outside stores list in its search for free, bot protection turned away an AI agent at 29 of 200 retailers and Google AI Mode began booking plumbers.

Make AI visibility budgets defensible with AMEC's data quality checks, tests against customer behavior, and brand measures like recall and consideration.

Match types, negatives, keyword bids, and impression share – here's what carries over from Google Ads for a paid search team and what doesn't.

Google says Gemini's Business Profile tools are coming to Workspace accounts and moves the Maps Message button. Its help page no longer lists region limits.

Roku holders get $95.30 in cash plus 0.9799 FOX shares each as Roku leaves Nasdaq. FOX now targets $400m in cost savings, but will Roku stay open to rivals?

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Spotify climbed to 39% of Austrian online audio users from 33% in 2023 as reach hit 93%. Podcasts stalled at 42% for the first time - who stopped listening?

Advertisers disagree: only 24% cut spend over war damage and 64% raised Q3 budgets. Which channels survive the next round of cuts, and why does search lead?