👉Here are some reasons why Roman roads may have lasted for so long:
⏺High-quality materials: The Romans used high-quality materials, such as large, close-fitting stones for the foundation of their roads.
⏺Drainage: Roman roads were built with a camber, which is a slight curvature that helps to drain water off the road. This helped to prevent the roads from being washed away by rain.
⏺Maintenance: Roman roads were regularly maintained by slaves and soldiers.
This maintenance helped to keep the roads in good repair and prevent them from deteriorating & That said, Roman roads were not perfect. They were narrow, and they could be dusty and uneven.
🏷They also weren’t designed to handle the kind of traffic that we see on roads today.
@etconp
⏺High-quality materials: The Romans used high-quality materials, such as large, close-fitting stones for the foundation of their roads.
⏺Drainage: Roman roads were built with a camber, which is a slight curvature that helps to drain water off the road. This helped to prevent the roads from being washed away by rain.
⏺Maintenance: Roman roads were regularly maintained by slaves and soldiers.
This maintenance helped to keep the roads in good repair and prevent them from deteriorating & That said, Roman roads were not perfect. They were narrow, and they could be dusty and uneven.
🏷They also weren’t designed to handle the kind of traffic that we see on roads today.
@etconp
❤12🙏2
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👉Design Requirements of Concrete Slabs According to the American Code (ACI 318-19)
——————————
⏺The American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-19) provides detailed guidelines for designing concrete slabs to ensure safety and the ability to withstand various loads. Here are the most important engineering requirements to consider:
====================
1️⃣ Types of Concrete Slabs According to ACI 318
🔹 Solid Slabs:
One-Way Slab: Longer span ≥ 2 × shorter span
Two-Way Slab: Longer span < 2 × shorter span
🔹 Hollow-Core Slabs: Used to reduce weight and improve thermal insulation.
🔹 Flat Slabs & Flat Plates: Used in residential and commercial buildings without beams.
🔹 Waffle & Ribbed Slabs: Used for heavy loads with hidden or exposed beams.
*****
2️⃣ Minimum Slab Thickness
As per ACI 318-19 (Section 7.3.1), the minimum thickness depends on the slab type and loading system:
✅ For Slabs Without Beams (Flat Slabs & Plates):
One-Way Slab:
Continuous over two or more supports: L/24
Continuous on all sides: L/28
Two-Way Slab (Directly supported by columns): L/30
✅ For Slabs With Beams:
Slab supported on all four sides by beams: L/36
Flat slabs with high loads: L/40
📌 Example:
If span (L) = 5 m, then minimum thickness for a one-way slab on two supports:
500 cm / 24 = 20.8 cm → Use at least 21 cm
⚠️ Note: Increase thickness for slabs exposed to seismic or heavy loads.
3️⃣ Minimum & Maximum Reinforcement Ratio
As per ACI 318-19 (Sections 7.6.1 & 7.6.2):
🔹 Minimum Main Reinforcement Ratio (Long Direction):
ρ_min = 0.0018 × f'c / fy
🔹 Maximum Main Reinforcement Ratio:
ρ_max = 0.75 × ρ_bal (where ρ_bal is the balanced ratio)
🚧Practical Tips:
📍For solid slabs, use top and bottom mesh with minimum spacing of 5 cm.
📍Provide extra top reinforcement near edges and columns to prevent early cracking.
________
4️⃣ Reinforcement Spacing Requirements As per ACI 318-19 (Section 7.6.5):
🔹 Maximum spacing between main bars:
Not more than ¾ slab thickness or 45 cm, whichever is less.
🔹 Minimum concrete cover:
20 mm for interior surfaces
25 mm for exterior exposed surfaces
====================
5️⃣ Load-Bearing Requirements
According to ACI 318-19 (Section 9.2.1):
Slabs must safely carry both live and dead loads using proper safety factors.
Load combination formula:
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
Where:
D = Dead Load
L = Live Load
🚧For seismic loads, slabs must be designed according to the building's flexibility and appropriate seismic coefficients.
6️⃣ Seismic Design Requirements As per ACI 318-19 (Chapter 18):
🔹 Increase reinforcement ratio in high seismic zones
🔹 Add more stirrups around columns to resist shear forces
🔹 Use additional bottom bars near columns to prevent shear and bending cracks
@etconp
——————————
⏺The American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-19) provides detailed guidelines for designing concrete slabs to ensure safety and the ability to withstand various loads. Here are the most important engineering requirements to consider:
====================
1️⃣ Types of Concrete Slabs According to ACI 318
🔹 Solid Slabs:
One-Way Slab: Longer span ≥ 2 × shorter span
Two-Way Slab: Longer span < 2 × shorter span
🔹 Hollow-Core Slabs: Used to reduce weight and improve thermal insulation.
🔹 Flat Slabs & Flat Plates: Used in residential and commercial buildings without beams.
🔹 Waffle & Ribbed Slabs: Used for heavy loads with hidden or exposed beams.
*****
2️⃣ Minimum Slab Thickness
As per ACI 318-19 (Section 7.3.1), the minimum thickness depends on the slab type and loading system:
✅ For Slabs Without Beams (Flat Slabs & Plates):
One-Way Slab:
Continuous over two or more supports: L/24
Continuous on all sides: L/28
Two-Way Slab (Directly supported by columns): L/30
✅ For Slabs With Beams:
Slab supported on all four sides by beams: L/36
Flat slabs with high loads: L/40
📌 Example:
If span (L) = 5 m, then minimum thickness for a one-way slab on two supports:
500 cm / 24 = 20.8 cm → Use at least 21 cm
⚠️ Note: Increase thickness for slabs exposed to seismic or heavy loads.
3️⃣ Minimum & Maximum Reinforcement Ratio
As per ACI 318-19 (Sections 7.6.1 & 7.6.2):
🔹 Minimum Main Reinforcement Ratio (Long Direction):
ρ_min = 0.0018 × f'c / fy
🔹 Maximum Main Reinforcement Ratio:
ρ_max = 0.75 × ρ_bal (where ρ_bal is the balanced ratio)
🚧Practical Tips:
📍For solid slabs, use top and bottom mesh with minimum spacing of 5 cm.
📍Provide extra top reinforcement near edges and columns to prevent early cracking.
________
4️⃣ Reinforcement Spacing Requirements As per ACI 318-19 (Section 7.6.5):
🔹 Maximum spacing between main bars:
Not more than ¾ slab thickness or 45 cm, whichever is less.
🔹 Minimum concrete cover:
20 mm for interior surfaces
25 mm for exterior exposed surfaces
====================
5️⃣ Load-Bearing Requirements
According to ACI 318-19 (Section 9.2.1):
Slabs must safely carry both live and dead loads using proper safety factors.
Load combination formula:
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
Where:
D = Dead Load
L = Live Load
🚧For seismic loads, slabs must be designed according to the building's flexibility and appropriate seismic coefficients.
6️⃣ Seismic Design Requirements As per ACI 318-19 (Chapter 18):
🔹 Increase reinforcement ratio in high seismic zones
🔹 Add more stirrups around columns to resist shear forces
🔹 Use additional bottom bars near columns to prevent shear and bending cracks
@etconp
❤22
👉HYDRAULICS QUIZ
💫1. Calculate the flow velocity using the continuity equation.
Given:
• Diameter at section 1 = 0.3 m,
• Velocity at section 1 = 4 m/s
• Diameter at section 2 = 0.15 m
Find the velocity at section 2.
Options:
A) 8 m/s
B) 12 m/s
C) 16 m/s ✅
D) 18 m/s
E) 20 m/s
Solution:
Using the continuity equation:
A₁V₁ = A₂V₂
(π/4) (0.3) ² × 4 = (π/4) (0.15) ² × V₂
(0.09) × 4 = (0.0225) × V₂
0.36 = 0.0225 × V₂
V₂ = 0.36 / 0.0225 = 16 m/s
💫2. A pipe with a diameter of 0.2 m carries water at a velocity of 3 m/s. What is the discharge?
Options:
A) 0.094 m³/s ✅
B) 0.050 m³/s
C) 0.125 m³/s
D) 0.070 m³/s
E) 0.200 m³/s
Solution:
Q = A × V = (π/4) (0.2) ² × 3 = (0.0314) × 3 = 0.094 m³/s
❇️3. Calculate the pressure head if the pressure at a point is 150 kPa. (Take ρ = 1000 kg/m³, g = 9.81 m/s²)
Options:
A) 10 m
B) 15.3 m
C) 20.4 m
D) 25.6 m ✅
E) 30 m
Solution:
h = P / (ρg) = 150,000 / (1000 × 9.81) = 25.6 m
💫4. Water flows at 2 m/s through a 100 mm diameter pipe. Find the Reynolds number. (Kinematic viscosity = 1×10⁻⁶5 m²/s)
Options:
A) 150,000
B) 200,000
C) 100,000 ✅
D) 50,000
E) 250,000
Solution:
Re = (V × D) / ν = (2 × 0.1) / (1×10⁻⁶) = 200,000
(Correct answer actually should be B)
✅ Corrected: B) 200,000
💫5. A tank drains water through a 0.1 m diameter orifice at its base. If water level is 4 m high, find the velocity at exit.
Options:
A) 5.6 m/s
B) 6.2 m/sy
C) 8.9 m/s ✅
D) 9.8 m/s
E) 10.5 m/s
Solution:
V = √(2gh) = √(2×9.81×4) = √78.48 = 8.9 m/s
💫6. Determine the head loss in a 50 m long pipe with a flow velocity of 2 m/s, friction factor f = 0.02, and diameter = 0.1 m.
Options:
A) 2.0 m
B) 3.5 m
C) 4.08 m ✅
D) 5.2 m
E) 6.1 m
Solution:
hₗ = f(L/D)(V²/2g) = 0.02 × (50/0.1) × (2² / 2×9.81)
= 0.02 × 500 × (4 / 19.62) = 10 × 0.204 = 2.04 m
✅ Corrected Answer: A) 2.04 m
💫7. If velocity = 3 m/s, area = 0.5 m², what is the flow rate Q?
Options:
A) 1.5 m³/s ✅
B) 0.3 m³/s
C) 6.0 m³/s
D) 3.5 m³/s
E) 2.0 m³/s
Solution:
Q = A × V = 0.5 × 3 = 1.5 m³/s
💫8. A hydraulic jump occurs with initial depth y₁ = 0.3 m and velocity V₁ = 6 m/s. What is Froude number? (g = 9.81 m/s²)
Options:
A) 1.5
B) 2.0
C) 3.4 ✅
D) 4.1
E) 5.0
Solution:
Fr = V₁ / √(g × y₁) = 6 / √(9.81 × 0.3) = 6 / √2.943 = 6 / 1.715 = 3.4
💫9. The discharge over a rectangular notch is 0.8 m³/s, width = 1 m, head = 0.4 m. Find coefficient of discharge Cd.
Options:
A) 0.5
B) 0.6
C) 0.62
D) 0.65
E) 0.64 ✅
Solution:
Q = (2/3)Cd × b × √(2g) × H^(3/2)
0.8 = (2/3)Cd × 1 × √(2×9.81) × (0.4)^(3/2)
0.8 = 0.6667 × Cd × 4.43 × 0.253
0.8 = Cd × 0.749
Cd = 0.8 / 0.749 = 0.64
❇️10. A reservoir has an area of 1000 m². If inflow rate is 2 m³/s and outflow is 1.5 m³/s, what is the rate of rise in water level?
Options:
A) 0.0005 m/s ✅
B) 0.001 m/s
C) 0.002 m/s
D) 0.005 m/s
E) 0.01 m/s
Solution:
Net inflow = 2 - 1.5 = 0.5 m³/s
Rate of rise = 0.5 / 1000 =0.0005 m/s
●《SUPPORT ME THROUGH 👉 SENDING 🌟》●
@etconp
💫1. Calculate the flow velocity using the continuity equation.
Given:
• Diameter at section 1 = 0.3 m,
• Velocity at section 1 = 4 m/s
• Diameter at section 2 = 0.15 m
Find the velocity at section 2.
Options:
A) 8 m/s
B) 12 m/s
C) 16 m/s ✅
D) 18 m/s
E) 20 m/s
Solution:
Using the continuity equation:
A₁V₁ = A₂V₂
(π/4) (0.3) ² × 4 = (π/4) (0.15) ² × V₂
(0.09) × 4 = (0.0225) × V₂
0.36 = 0.0225 × V₂
V₂ = 0.36 / 0.0225 = 16 m/s
💫2. A pipe with a diameter of 0.2 m carries water at a velocity of 3 m/s. What is the discharge?
Options:
A) 0.094 m³/s ✅
B) 0.050 m³/s
C) 0.125 m³/s
D) 0.070 m³/s
E) 0.200 m³/s
Solution:
Q = A × V = (π/4) (0.2) ² × 3 = (0.0314) × 3 = 0.094 m³/s
❇️3. Calculate the pressure head if the pressure at a point is 150 kPa. (Take ρ = 1000 kg/m³, g = 9.81 m/s²)
Options:
A) 10 m
B) 15.3 m
C) 20.4 m
D) 25.6 m ✅
E) 30 m
Solution:
h = P / (ρg) = 150,000 / (1000 × 9.81) = 25.6 m
💫4. Water flows at 2 m/s through a 100 mm diameter pipe. Find the Reynolds number. (Kinematic viscosity = 1×10⁻⁶5 m²/s)
Options:
A) 150,000
B) 200,000
C) 100,000 ✅
D) 50,000
E) 250,000
Solution:
Re = (V × D) / ν = (2 × 0.1) / (1×10⁻⁶) = 200,000
(Correct answer actually should be B)
✅ Corrected: B) 200,000
💫5. A tank drains water through a 0.1 m diameter orifice at its base. If water level is 4 m high, find the velocity at exit.
Options:
A) 5.6 m/s
B) 6.2 m/sy
C) 8.9 m/s ✅
D) 9.8 m/s
E) 10.5 m/s
Solution:
V = √(2gh) = √(2×9.81×4) = √78.48 = 8.9 m/s
💫6. Determine the head loss in a 50 m long pipe with a flow velocity of 2 m/s, friction factor f = 0.02, and diameter = 0.1 m.
Options:
A) 2.0 m
B) 3.5 m
C) 4.08 m ✅
D) 5.2 m
E) 6.1 m
Solution:
hₗ = f(L/D)(V²/2g) = 0.02 × (50/0.1) × (2² / 2×9.81)
= 0.02 × 500 × (4 / 19.62) = 10 × 0.204 = 2.04 m
✅ Corrected Answer: A) 2.04 m
💫7. If velocity = 3 m/s, area = 0.5 m², what is the flow rate Q?
Options:
A) 1.5 m³/s ✅
B) 0.3 m³/s
C) 6.0 m³/s
D) 3.5 m³/s
E) 2.0 m³/s
Solution:
Q = A × V = 0.5 × 3 = 1.5 m³/s
💫8. A hydraulic jump occurs with initial depth y₁ = 0.3 m and velocity V₁ = 6 m/s. What is Froude number? (g = 9.81 m/s²)
Options:
A) 1.5
B) 2.0
C) 3.4 ✅
D) 4.1
E) 5.0
Solution:
Fr = V₁ / √(g × y₁) = 6 / √(9.81 × 0.3) = 6 / √2.943 = 6 / 1.715 = 3.4
💫9. The discharge over a rectangular notch is 0.8 m³/s, width = 1 m, head = 0.4 m. Find coefficient of discharge Cd.
Options:
A) 0.5
B) 0.6
C) 0.62
D) 0.65
E) 0.64 ✅
Solution:
Q = (2/3)Cd × b × √(2g) × H^(3/2)
0.8 = (2/3)Cd × 1 × √(2×9.81) × (0.4)^(3/2)
0.8 = 0.6667 × Cd × 4.43 × 0.253
0.8 = Cd × 0.749
Cd = 0.8 / 0.749 = 0.64
❇️10. A reservoir has an area of 1000 m². If inflow rate is 2 m³/s and outflow is 1.5 m³/s, what is the rate of rise in water level?
Options:
A) 0.0005 m/s ✅
B) 0.001 m/s
C) 0.002 m/s
D) 0.005 m/s
E) 0.01 m/s
Solution:
Net inflow = 2 - 1.5 = 0.5 m³/s
Rate of rise = 0.5 / 1000 =0.0005 m/s
●《SUPPORT ME THROUGH 👉 SENDING 🌟》●
@etconp
👍21❤12👏2
👉JOB VACANCY
⭐️Design Coordinator
📍Addis Ababa
💫Bachelor's Degree in Architecture, Civil Engineering, or in a related field of study with relevant work experience, out of which 1 year in a senior position.
🏷Duties & Responsibilities:
- Conducts and manages activities to conceptualize, evaluate alternatives, and receive approvals for project implementation:
- Defines project work scopes, coordinates with permitting and public/private utility agencies, collects and reviews project documentation, performs field data collection, analyzes alternatives, and prepares recommendations and applications. Create and maintain BIM software template files to ensure standards.
- Collaborates with engineers, client, consultants, permit agencies, suppliers, and subcontractors during all phases of projects, and identifies and addresses immediate project needs during the construction phase, ensuring standard production and documentation of all design documents.
⏺Quanitity Required: 3
⏺Minimum Years Of Experience: #5_years
⚡️Deadline: August 11, 2025
📩How To Apply: Apply using the provided link below👇
Note: use this Vacancy Code - Hahu/Des 001/2025
https://forms.office.com/Pages/ResponsePage.aspx?id=fbibbAsHyk2HrMuCOdJR7l_tOeSslK1NsGRsQb8bHJdURUg0Q1JGN1VVNUs0MlNZSUFDRzFGVFk1My4u
⭐️Design Coordinator
📍Addis Ababa
💫Bachelor's Degree in Architecture, Civil Engineering, or in a related field of study with relevant work experience, out of which 1 year in a senior position.
🏷Duties & Responsibilities:
- Conducts and manages activities to conceptualize, evaluate alternatives, and receive approvals for project implementation:
- Defines project work scopes, coordinates with permitting and public/private utility agencies, collects and reviews project documentation, performs field data collection, analyzes alternatives, and prepares recommendations and applications. Create and maintain BIM software template files to ensure standards.
- Collaborates with engineers, client, consultants, permit agencies, suppliers, and subcontractors during all phases of projects, and identifies and addresses immediate project needs during the construction phase, ensuring standard production and documentation of all design documents.
⏺Quanitity Required: 3
⏺Minimum Years Of Experience: #5_years
⚡️Deadline: August 11, 2025
📩How To Apply: Apply using the provided link below👇
Note: use this Vacancy Code - Hahu/Des 001/2025
https://forms.office.com/Pages/ResponsePage.aspx?id=fbibbAsHyk2HrMuCOdJR7l_tOeSslK1NsGRsQb8bHJdURUg0Q1JGN1VVNUs0MlNZSUFDRzFGVFk1My4u
❤12
👉JOB VACANCY
⭐️ጠቅላላ የ ሳኒተሪ ቴክኒሻን
#Addis_Ababa
🚧በቴክኒክና ሙያ ደረጃ 4 ወይም ደረጃ 3 በተመሳሳይ የትምህርት ዘርፍ የተመረቀ አግባብ ከሆነ የስራ ልምድ ጋር
💫ዋና ኃላፊነቶች፡
- የፍሳሽ ማስወገጃ እና የዝናብ ውሃ መስመሮችን አጠባበቅ ስርዓቶች መከታተል፣ ንድፎችን የማንበብ እና የደህንነት ደንቦችን የመከተል ችሎታ ሊኖረው ይገባል።
- የውሃ ፍሳሽ አቅርቦት መስመሮችን, የፍሳሽ ማስወገጃ ስርዓቶችን መጠገን እና ማቆየት
- የውሃ ፍሳሾችን ጉዳዮችን መመርመር እና ፍሳሾችን መከታተል እና ሌሎች ጉድለቶችን መጠገን
- ንድፎችን, ቴክኒካዊ ንድፎችን እና የግንባታ ኮዶችን ማንበብ እና መተርጎም
⏺Quanitity Required: 1
⏺Minimum Years Of Experience: #2_years
⚡️Deadline: August 15, 2025
📩How To Apply: አመልካቾች ዋናውን የትምህርት እና የስራ ልምድ ማስረጃችኡን ከታች ያለውን ሊንክ በመጠቀም ወይም በኢሜል: mehanaimgc@gmail.com በመላክ መመዝገብ ይችላሉ።
@etconp
⭐️ጠቅላላ የ ሳኒተሪ ቴክኒሻን
#Addis_Ababa
🚧በቴክኒክና ሙያ ደረጃ 4 ወይም ደረጃ 3 በተመሳሳይ የትምህርት ዘርፍ የተመረቀ አግባብ ከሆነ የስራ ልምድ ጋር
💫ዋና ኃላፊነቶች፡
- የፍሳሽ ማስወገጃ እና የዝናብ ውሃ መስመሮችን አጠባበቅ ስርዓቶች መከታተል፣ ንድፎችን የማንበብ እና የደህንነት ደንቦችን የመከተል ችሎታ ሊኖረው ይገባል።
- የውሃ ፍሳሽ አቅርቦት መስመሮችን, የፍሳሽ ማስወገጃ ስርዓቶችን መጠገን እና ማቆየት
- የውሃ ፍሳሾችን ጉዳዮችን መመርመር እና ፍሳሾችን መከታተል እና ሌሎች ጉድለቶችን መጠገን
- ንድፎችን, ቴክኒካዊ ንድፎችን እና የግንባታ ኮዶችን ማንበብ እና መተርጎም
⏺Quanitity Required: 1
⏺Minimum Years Of Experience: #2_years
⚡️Deadline: August 15, 2025
📩How To Apply: አመልካቾች ዋናውን የትምህርት እና የስራ ልምድ ማስረጃችኡን ከታች ያለውን ሊንክ በመጠቀም ወይም በኢሜል: mehanaimgc@gmail.com በመላክ መመዝገብ ይችላሉ።
@etconp
❤7
👉JOB VACANCY
🌟Furniture Design & Measurement Officer
#minaye_plc
#Addis_Ababa
📜Master's or Bachelor's Degree in Architecture or in a related field of study with relevant work experience
Duties and Responsibilities:
- Lead end-to-end design of bespoke furniture/interiors from concept sketches to production-approved technical packages (2D/3D CAD, material specs, BOMs).
- Pioneer design standardization systems for repeatable excellence across projects.
- Collaborate directly with R&D to test new materials, joinery techniques, and sustainable alternatives.
- Develop digital prototyping workflows to accelerate design-to-factory handoffs.
- Conduct laser-precise site measurements; resolve spatial conflicts with architectural problem-solving.
⏺Quanitity Required: 1
⏺Minimum Years Of Experience: #3_years
⚡️Deadline: August 12, 2025
📩How To Apply: Submit your application, updated CV and supporting credentials via email: hcminayee@gmail.com with subject line “application for intern “
@etconp
🌟Furniture Design & Measurement Officer
#minaye_plc
#Addis_Ababa
📜Master's or Bachelor's Degree in Architecture or in a related field of study with relevant work experience
Duties and Responsibilities:
- Lead end-to-end design of bespoke furniture/interiors from concept sketches to production-approved technical packages (2D/3D CAD, material specs, BOMs).
- Pioneer design standardization systems for repeatable excellence across projects.
- Collaborate directly with R&D to test new materials, joinery techniques, and sustainable alternatives.
- Develop digital prototyping workflows to accelerate design-to-factory handoffs.
- Conduct laser-precise site measurements; resolve spatial conflicts with architectural problem-solving.
⏺Quanitity Required: 1
⏺Minimum Years Of Experience: #3_years
⚡️Deadline: August 12, 2025
📩How To Apply: Submit your application, updated CV and supporting credentials via email: hcminayee@gmail.com with subject line “application for intern “
@etconp
❤4
👉Pipeline Losses
💫A. Types of Losses
1. Major Losses: Friction losses due to fluid flow through the pipeline, influenced by factors like pipe diameter, length, and fluid velocity.
2. Minor Losses: Losses due to fittings, valves, bends, and other pipeline components that disrupt fluid flow.
💫B. Causes of Losses
1. Friction: Fluid friction with the pipe wall and other components.
2. Turbulence: Disruptions in fluid flow due to changes in pipe geometry or components.
💫C. Importance
Understanding pipeline losses is crucial for:
1. Pipeline Design: Optimizing pipeline design to minimize losses and ensure efficient fluid transport.
2. Energy Efficiency: Reducing energy consumption and costs associated with fluid transportation.
@etconp
💫A. Types of Losses
1. Major Losses: Friction losses due to fluid flow through the pipeline, influenced by factors like pipe diameter, length, and fluid velocity.
2. Minor Losses: Losses due to fittings, valves, bends, and other pipeline components that disrupt fluid flow.
💫B. Causes of Losses
1. Friction: Fluid friction with the pipe wall and other components.
2. Turbulence: Disruptions in fluid flow due to changes in pipe geometry or components.
💫C. Importance
Understanding pipeline losses is crucial for:
1. Pipeline Design: Optimizing pipeline design to minimize losses and ensure efficient fluid transport.
2. Energy Efficiency: Reducing energy consumption and costs associated with fluid transportation.
@etconp
❤7
👉Rebound Hammer Test (Schmidt Hammer Test)
💫The Rebound Hammer Test is a non-destructive testing method used to assess the surface hardness and compressive strength of concrete.
🚧Purpose
⏺Estimate the compressive strength of concrete.
⏺Assess uniformity and quality of concrete in different locations.
⏺Detect deterioration or damage in concrete structures.
🚧Equipment
⏺Schmidt Rebound Hammer (spring-loaded hammer with a plunger and scale)
📜Test Procedure
🏷1. Surface Preparation:
⏺Clean the surface.
⏺Ensure it is smooth and dry.
⏺Avoid aggregates or rough patches.
🏷2. Positioning the Hammer:
⏺Hold the hammer perpendicular to the concrete surface.
⏺Common orientations: Horizontal, vertical (up/down), inclined.
🏷3. Impact:
⏺Press the hammer against the concrete.
⏺A spring mechanism releases the hammer.
⏺The hammer strikes the plunger, and a rebound value is shown on the scale.
🏷4. Take Multiple Readings:
⏺At least 10 readings in a test area (~300mm x 300mm).
⏺Discard outliers and calculate average rebound number.
🏷5. Interpretation:
⏺Use calibration charts to convert rebound number to compressive strength.
📍Advantages
⏺Quick and easy.
⏺No damage to the structure.
⏺Low cost.
🎲Limitations
⏺Only assesses surface hardness, not deep concrete.
🔰Affected by:
⏺Surface texture and moisture
⏺Type and size of aggregate
⏺Carbonation of concrete
@etconp
💫The Rebound Hammer Test is a non-destructive testing method used to assess the surface hardness and compressive strength of concrete.
🚧Purpose
⏺Estimate the compressive strength of concrete.
⏺Assess uniformity and quality of concrete in different locations.
⏺Detect deterioration or damage in concrete structures.
🚧Equipment
⏺Schmidt Rebound Hammer (spring-loaded hammer with a plunger and scale)
📜Test Procedure
🏷1. Surface Preparation:
⏺Clean the surface.
⏺Ensure it is smooth and dry.
⏺Avoid aggregates or rough patches.
🏷2. Positioning the Hammer:
⏺Hold the hammer perpendicular to the concrete surface.
⏺Common orientations: Horizontal, vertical (up/down), inclined.
🏷3. Impact:
⏺Press the hammer against the concrete.
⏺A spring mechanism releases the hammer.
⏺The hammer strikes the plunger, and a rebound value is shown on the scale.
🏷4. Take Multiple Readings:
⏺At least 10 readings in a test area (~300mm x 300mm).
⏺Discard outliers and calculate average rebound number.
🏷5. Interpretation:
⏺Use calibration charts to convert rebound number to compressive strength.
📍Advantages
⏺Quick and easy.
⏺No damage to the structure.
⏺Low cost.
🎲Limitations
⏺Only assesses surface hardness, not deep concrete.
🔰Affected by:
⏺Surface texture and moisture
⏺Type and size of aggregate
⏺Carbonation of concrete
@etconp
❤7👍2
👉JOB VACANCY
💫Design & Drafting Technician (French language)
📍አዲስ አበባ, ኢትዮጵያ
⏺የሥራ ዓይነት: Remote - Freelance
⚡️ቀነ ገደብ: August 20, 2025
⏺ክፍት የስራ ቦታዎች: 1
📜የሥራ መግለጫ
⏺We are looking for a skilled and detail-oriented design and drafting freelance , also must be a french writer and reader.
🏷Skills:
⏺Must write and read perfectly in french, speak if possible.
⏺Must have a significant experience in drafting and designing with AutoCAD to create detailed technical drawings and land plan of electric vehicle parking lot following specifications of the project and the informations found on Google map and geoportail web site.
⏺Must have practice experience with Microsoft pack office (word, excel, PowerPoint) to fill technical documents.
⏺Knowledge in electricity will be appreciated.
⏺Must be able to work independently
🔰Software needed :
⏺Autocad 2D/3D
⏺Microsoft pack office
⏺Adobe reader
📩Contact: only by what'app, use the link below👇
https://wa.me/message/ZNT4N276O3A2G1
@etconp
💫Design & Drafting Technician (French language)
📍አዲስ አበባ, ኢትዮጵያ
⏺የሥራ ዓይነት: Remote - Freelance
⚡️ቀነ ገደብ: August 20, 2025
⏺ክፍት የስራ ቦታዎች: 1
📜የሥራ መግለጫ
⏺We are looking for a skilled and detail-oriented design and drafting freelance , also must be a french writer and reader.
🏷Skills:
⏺Must write and read perfectly in french, speak if possible.
⏺Must have a significant experience in drafting and designing with AutoCAD to create detailed technical drawings and land plan of electric vehicle parking lot following specifications of the project and the informations found on Google map and geoportail web site.
⏺Must have practice experience with Microsoft pack office (word, excel, PowerPoint) to fill technical documents.
⏺Knowledge in electricity will be appreciated.
⏺Must be able to work independently
🔰Software needed :
⏺Autocad 2D/3D
⏺Microsoft pack office
⏺Adobe reader
📩Contact: only by what'app, use the link below👇
https://wa.me/message/ZNT4N276O3A2G1
@etconp
WhatsApp.com
Electric Conception
Business Account
❤11
#ADVERTISEMENT
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🧿 OUR SERVICES ⤵️
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➽Tie Rod
🏭🛖🌉scrap🚧🪝🔗
Phone : 🤳0938494506
🤳 0951087077
🤳 0929044037
እናመሰግናለን::
👉አድራሻ፦ መርካቶ ምንአለሽ ተራ ከጭድ ተራ ከፍ ብሎ
https://t.me/tsegaye2016Jbolt
❤3
👉JOB VACANCY
🏷MNRC
💫Akaki International Stadium Project - Phase III
⏺Running Track, Flood Lighting, Main Football Pitches, Stadium Technology, and Related Works
🚧We're Hiring - Join the MNRC Construction Team!
⏺MNRC Construction Group is growing, and we're excited to announce five new opportunities to become part of our dynamic and innovative team! If you're passionate about infrastructure development and committed to excellence, we'd love to hear from you.
⭐️Open Positions:
⏹Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Professional Engineer
⏹Electrical and Sound Engineer
⏹Contract Engineer and Quantity Estimator
⏹Technical Site Engineer
⏹Quality Control Engineer
📩Application Form 👇
https://forms.gle/NPH82qvhaKpKWj9L8
📍Location: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
⚡️Deadline to Apply: August 11, 2025 (Until Monday)
📜What We Offer:
⏺A collaborative and values-driven work environment
Opportunities for professional growth &*Meaningful projects that impact communities
⏺Whether you're early in your career or bring seasoned experience, we encourage you to apply and help build the future with us.
🎲Know someone perfect for one of these roles? share Them this post!
@etconp
🏷MNRC
💫Akaki International Stadium Project - Phase III
⏺Running Track, Flood Lighting, Main Football Pitches, Stadium Technology, and Related Works
🚧We're Hiring - Join the MNRC Construction Team!
⏺MNRC Construction Group is growing, and we're excited to announce five new opportunities to become part of our dynamic and innovative team! If you're passionate about infrastructure development and committed to excellence, we'd love to hear from you.
⭐️Open Positions:
⏹Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Professional Engineer
⏹Electrical and Sound Engineer
⏹Contract Engineer and Quantity Estimator
⏹Technical Site Engineer
⏹Quality Control Engineer
📩Application Form 👇
https://forms.gle/NPH82qvhaKpKWj9L8
📍Location: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
⚡️Deadline to Apply: August 11, 2025 (Until Monday)
📜What We Offer:
⏺A collaborative and values-driven work environment
Opportunities for professional growth &*Meaningful projects that impact communities
⏺Whether you're early in your career or bring seasoned experience, we encourage you to apply and help build the future with us.
🎲Know someone perfect for one of these roles? share Them this post!
@etconp
❤8👍3
👉ልስን ስራ ለ mortar (የ አሸዋ እና ሲሚንቶ ቡኮ) እናስላ
🗞CALCULATE THE QUANTITY OF MORTAR FOR PLASTERING
- Area of wall = 6mX 3m = 18m²
- Thickness of plaster = 30mm =0.03m
- Volume of plaster = Area of wall X Thickness of plaster
= 18x0.03 = 0.54m³
- Cement= 1/4 x 0.54 = 0.135m³
- Quantity of Cement
= 0.135m³ / 0.0347m³
=3.89 bag of cement or 2 Quintal
- Weight of Cement
= 0.135m³ x1440kg/m³
= 174.4Kg
- sand = 3/4 * 0.54m³ =0.405 m³
- Weight of Sand
= 0.41 m³× 1600 kg/m³ = 656Kg
⚡️For wet mortar recommended water-cement ratio varies from 0.4 to 0.6
= 4 bags * 0.0347m³ * 0.4
= 0.055³ = 55 liter
@etconp
🗞CALCULATE THE QUANTITY OF MORTAR FOR PLASTERING
- Area of wall = 6mX 3m = 18m²
- Thickness of plaster = 30mm =0.03m
- Volume of plaster = Area of wall X Thickness of plaster
= 18x0.03 = 0.54m³
- Cement= 1/4 x 0.54 = 0.135m³
- Quantity of Cement
= 0.135m³ / 0.0347m³
=3.89 bag of cement or 2 Quintal
- Weight of Cement
= 0.135m³ x1440kg/m³
= 174.4Kg
- sand = 3/4 * 0.54m³ =0.405 m³
- Weight of Sand
= 0.41 m³× 1600 kg/m³ = 656Kg
⚡️For wet mortar recommended water-cement ratio varies from 0.4 to 0.6
= 4 bags * 0.0347m³ * 0.4
= 0.055³ = 55 liter
@etconp
❤34👍9🔥2👏2
WM01(1).pdf
12.4 MB
👉This is the first PMBOK areas prepared by Ethiopian Construction Project Management Institute (ECPMI), which is project integration management.
https://t.me/ETCONp
@ETCONpWORK
https://t.me/ETCONp
@ETCONpWORK
❤6💯2