Buyers in the US, UK and Canada upload one-column CSVs of up to 100,000 sites or app IDs, with no spend data. What do vendor-built AU benchmarks leave out?

Few-shot prompting places a handful of worked examples inside the input to a language model so it infers a task without retraining. Mechanics, limits, disputes.

Pseudonymisation swaps identifiers for substitute values reversible only with separately held data. How it works in ad tech and why it remains personal data.

Hallucination is AI output that sounds confident but is false or unsupported by any source. How models produce it, how it is measured and where liability lands.

Sponsored Products: cost-per-click ads that promote a single catalogue item inside retail search results. How the auction, bids, placements and disputes work.

A reference price is the benchmark a shopper uses to judge an offer, usually the struck-through "was" figure displayed beside a discount in ads and listings.

Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) is the service that stores, packs and ships marketplace sellers' goods and makes them Prime eligible. Fees, rules and disputes.

Attention metrics estimate whether a person actually looked at or heard an ad, and for how long, rather than whether the ad merely had the chance to be seen.

An inclusion list is a buyer-set roster of domains, apps or channels a campaign may bid on, with everything else ruled out. Mechanics, history and disputes.

App bundle ID: the app store identifier that names the application where an ad runs, carried in OpenRTB bid requests for targeting, exclusion and fraud checks.

Made-for-advertising sites buy cheap traffic and resell it as programmatic impressions, using dense ad layouts, auto-refresh, slideshows and templated content.

Indictable offences in Bill C-36 carry caps of at least C$25 million for ad tech firms holding Canadian data, above the civil tier. What conduct triggers them?

Video was 10.5% of 2.33 million assets from 300+ advertisers, static 89.5%. Why did travel and telecom campaigns click at up to 2.5 times the platform average?

Most traffic screening runs after an ad serves, letting bots reach lead forms. Google wants server-side email validation. Does a billing credit cover the rest?

Redacted lawsuits, a sealed monopoly opinion and unaudited measures marked September, from Amazon's blacked-out surcharge to YouTube data no brand can verify.

Double opt-in is a sign-up method that adds an email address to a list only after its owner clicks a confirmation link. Mechanics, law, origins and disputes.

Server-side validation is the check a web server runs on submitted data before accepting it, rejecting malformed emails, bad phone numbers and forged posts.

Multi-cloud reaches 5% of business clients, and EUR 1.9 billion in annual revenue sits with a handful of hyperscalers. Data Act egress fees end in January 2027.

Geolocation and neurodata join the sensitive list, and foreign ad tech tracking Colombians needs a local representative. Two prior attempts died in committee.

Under £7,500 in Play Store revenue means a flat £200 payment; larger developers split £160m by assessed damages. Claims open six to ten weeks after approval.