πWhat Are The Sources of Water-Surface and Subsurface Sources of Water
β‘οΈWater is the main constituent of the earth surface.
β‘οΈYou know that the chemical formula of water is H2O Water occurs in liquid, solid(ice) and gas( water vapour).
π§There are mainly two sources of water, surface source water and subsurface source water.
π·1.Surface sources of water
βΊStorage reservoirs
*β£Storage reservoirs are the main sources of water for a city or town Because storage reservoirs always have sufficient amount of water available during the summer and as well as in winter season.
*β£The capacity of the storage tank is determined by several methods.
βΊLakes
*β£The lake water is pure compared to all other sources.
*β£The fresh water comes from the rock or surrounding area always drive under the filtration of soil So impurities in lakes water will be less.
*β£Lake water has algae, weeds and other vegetables.
*β£It is one of the main surface sources of water.
βΊRivers or streams
*β£The main use of the river is navigation between land.
*β£The river water is pure at mountains, but when it approaches plain area it will deteriorate due to the wastes from town or municipal areas.
*β£The river water flows and it reaches the sea.
*β£The main source of water to the wells is from runoff.
βΊOceans
*β£Ocean is the largest source of water in the earth.
*β£They cannot be used drinking or construction purpose due to high salinity of the water.
*β£The normal salt content for drinking purpose is 2 percent, but the salt content in sea water exceeds 3 percentage So sea water damage human kidney system.
βΊPrecipitation
*β£If you donβt know the meaning of precipitation, donβt worry Precipitation is rain.
*β£Precipitation is also other pure water sources to the earth.
π·2.Sub Surface sources of water
βΊInfiltration galleries
*β£A horizontal tunnel usually rectangular in cross section.
*β£Infiltration galleries have permeable boundaries so that water can be filtrate into them.
βΊInfiltration wells
*β£It is shallow well constructed in series along the bank of the river.
*β£The surface water flowing through the river flow towards the well constructed in the bank of the river.
*β£These wells contain only pure water Because during their movement from the river to infiltration wills, the water purification takes place by filtration of soil.
βΊWell
*β£Well is the main sub surface sources of water for houses Usually, they are rounded shape and usually having a depth more 8 meters.
*β£The main sources of water to the wells are from infiltration of water through the soil.
β‘οΈTwo types of wells are there
π§Open wells -They have large diameter and low yield.
π§Tube wells -They have small diameter, long pipe sunk into the ground intercepting one or more water-bearing strata.
πwe hope you could understand surface and subsurface sources of water.
πIf you have any doubt, donβt shy to comment @ETCONp_Bot
πIf you like this Channel Donβt forget to share with your friends.
#WaterSupply
@etconp
β‘οΈWater is the main constituent of the earth surface.
β‘οΈYou know that the chemical formula of water is H2O Water occurs in liquid, solid(ice) and gas( water vapour).
π§There are mainly two sources of water, surface source water and subsurface source water.
π·1.Surface sources of water
βΊStorage reservoirs
*β£Storage reservoirs are the main sources of water for a city or town Because storage reservoirs always have sufficient amount of water available during the summer and as well as in winter season.
*β£The capacity of the storage tank is determined by several methods.
βΊLakes
*β£The lake water is pure compared to all other sources.
*β£The fresh water comes from the rock or surrounding area always drive under the filtration of soil So impurities in lakes water will be less.
*β£Lake water has algae, weeds and other vegetables.
*β£It is one of the main surface sources of water.
βΊRivers or streams
*β£The main use of the river is navigation between land.
*β£The river water is pure at mountains, but when it approaches plain area it will deteriorate due to the wastes from town or municipal areas.
*β£The river water flows and it reaches the sea.
*β£The main source of water to the wells is from runoff.
βΊOceans
*β£Ocean is the largest source of water in the earth.
*β£They cannot be used drinking or construction purpose due to high salinity of the water.
*β£The normal salt content for drinking purpose is 2 percent, but the salt content in sea water exceeds 3 percentage So sea water damage human kidney system.
βΊPrecipitation
*β£If you donβt know the meaning of precipitation, donβt worry Precipitation is rain.
*β£Precipitation is also other pure water sources to the earth.
π·2.Sub Surface sources of water
βΊInfiltration galleries
*β£A horizontal tunnel usually rectangular in cross section.
*β£Infiltration galleries have permeable boundaries so that water can be filtrate into them.
βΊInfiltration wells
*β£It is shallow well constructed in series along the bank of the river.
*β£The surface water flowing through the river flow towards the well constructed in the bank of the river.
*β£These wells contain only pure water Because during their movement from the river to infiltration wills, the water purification takes place by filtration of soil.
βΊWell
*β£Well is the main sub surface sources of water for houses Usually, they are rounded shape and usually having a depth more 8 meters.
*β£The main sources of water to the wells are from infiltration of water through the soil.
β‘οΈTwo types of wells are there
π§Open wells -They have large diameter and low yield.
π§Tube wells -They have small diameter, long pipe sunk into the ground intercepting one or more water-bearing strata.
πwe hope you could understand surface and subsurface sources of water.
πIf you have any doubt, donβt shy to comment @ETCONp_Bot
πIf you like this Channel Donβt forget to share with your friends.
#WaterSupply
@etconp
πα¨αα ααα½ (water supply Reservoir)
β‘οΈα¨αα ααα½ α¨α₯α ααΈα α ααα α αΆα΅α΅ αα¨ααα...
βΊCollector reservoir
βΊService reservoir
βΊSupply reservoir
π·α₯α«αα³αα± α₯α ααΈα ααα΅αα
π§Collector reservoir
β‘οΈαα α¨αα α ααα΅ αα α΅α«α ααα α¨ααααα α΅ (α¨ααΈ αα΅α ααα α¨α¨αα° αα΅α αα) α¦α³ α ααα α¨α°α°α¨ααα΅ α αα α¨αααα₯α α΅ αα ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα₯α α α¨α°α°α α°α αα αα αα° α°αα«α© ααα½ α₯α΅αͺα°α«α α ααα«ααα΅ α₯αα²ααα₯α ααα ααααΉ α₯αα²α°αα΅ α¨αα«α°αααα ααα α΅ α₯αα²α«αα αα¨α³ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα₯αα αα ααα α¨ααααα α΅ α¦α³ α α α«α’α« αα°α¨ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈαα αα³α½ α₯αα°ααα α₯αα αα ααααα α¨αα³αΈα α«αα± α¦α³αα½ α΅ααα α¨ααα½ ααα½ ααα α¨αα αα α¨αα³ (elevation) α«αα³αα‘α‘
π§Service reservoir
β‘οΈαα α¨αα α ααα΅ α αααα΅ α¨collecter reservoir α¨α°αα ααα αα α¨αα«ααα α΅ ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα α°α«α©α α¨αααΉ ααα½ αα¨α΅ ααα αα α ααα α¨αα«α°αα΅α α΅α ααα΅ ααααα α¨αα«α΅αΈααα αα«α½ ααα α΅(reaction force) α α α ααα³ α₯αα²αα¨α αα°α¨ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα ααα΅α α αα αα α΅αα ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈααͺ ααααα΅ α¨α α«α α¦α³ αα°α¨αα (αα α 3 α ααα΅ αααα΅ αα¨αααα
βΆοΈα¨αα°α αααα α αα αα
βΆοΈα¨αα¬α΅ α¨αα³α₯ αααα (gravity force) α αα ααα’
βΆοΈα¨αα°α ααααα α¨αα¬α΅ α¨α΅α α΅ αααα α αα£αα α αα αα α₯αα²α°α«α αα°α¨ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα α αα αα αΆα΅α°αα α αα«α α α΅αα³ α ααααα΅ αα αααα αα α αα«α α¨ααͺα α ααα α α£α α°αα«α αα ααα αα΄ α°αα«α© α°αα α¨ service reservoir α¨α α«α α¦α³ αα αα°α¨α αα³ααα΅ α ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα¨αα αα αα₯α³ αα΅ααα΅ α§αα§ α ααα αα αααα«α±α α¨αα α¨ααα£α αα α¨αα°α ααα α΅ α΅ααα α¨αα°α«α« α±α¦αα½α αα«ααα³ αα½ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈαα α α½αα αααα³α΅ αα£α©α α¨αα α ααα΅ αααα£α΅ α α΅ααα ααα‘α‘
π§Supply reservoir
β‘οΈα¨αα αα αα α₯α α αααα αα΅ααα΅ αα° α΅ααα΅ α±α¦αα½ α₯αα²αα£ αα΅α¨α ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα¨αα α₯αα°α αα΅αα α¨α°ααͺα΅ αα αα₯α³ αα° α΅ααα΅ α§αα§ αα α ααα£α αααα«α±α α¨αα°α ααα α΅ααα α¨α§αα§ααΉα α¨ααα¨α΅ α α α α«α³α₯α«α α₯αα α₯α΅α¨ αααα³α΅ α«α°αα³α αα α₯αα³αα¨α°α΅ α¨α³ααα ααα½ αααα£αα‘α‘
β‘οΈαα αα α α±α¦ααΉ α¨αα«αααα αα ααα΅ α αααα΅α αα₯αα±α (velocity) α¨ 0.5-2 m/s α αα΅α¨α α₯α αα° α±α¦ααΉ α¨ααα£α ααα α αααα΅ (Energy dissipate ) α±α¦ααΉ αα α¨αα°αα°αα αα³α΅ α«α΅ααα³αα‘α‘
β‘οΈαα αα α¨α α£α α¦α³ αα°α¨αα ααα αα α¨αα³α α¨ Service reservoir α«αα° ααα’
#WaterSupply
@etconp
β‘οΈα¨αα ααα½ α¨α₯α ααΈα α ααα α αΆα΅α΅ αα¨ααα...
βΊCollector reservoir
βΊService reservoir
βΊSupply reservoir
π·α₯α«αα³αα± α₯α ααΈα ααα΅αα
π§Collector reservoir
β‘οΈαα α¨αα α ααα΅ αα α΅α«α ααα α¨ααααα α΅ (α¨ααΈ αα΅α ααα α¨α¨αα° αα΅α αα) α¦α³ α ααα α¨α°α°α¨ααα΅ α αα α¨αααα₯α α΅ αα ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα₯α α α¨α°α°α α°α αα αα αα° α°αα«α© ααα½ α₯α΅αͺα°α«α α ααα«ααα΅ α₯αα²ααα₯α ααα ααααΉ α₯αα²α°αα΅ α¨αα«α°αααα ααα α΅ α₯αα²α«αα αα¨α³ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα₯αα αα ααα α¨ααααα α΅ α¦α³ α α α«α’α« αα°α¨ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈαα αα³α½ α₯αα°ααα α₯αα αα ααααα α¨αα³αΈα α«αα± α¦α³αα½ α΅ααα α¨ααα½ ααα½ ααα α¨αα αα α¨αα³ (elevation) α«αα³αα‘α‘
π§Service reservoir
β‘οΈαα α¨αα α ααα΅ α αααα΅ α¨collecter reservoir α¨α°αα ααα αα α¨αα«ααα α΅ ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα α°α«α©α α¨αααΉ ααα½ αα¨α΅ ααα αα α ααα α¨αα«α°αα΅α α΅α ααα΅ ααααα α¨αα«α΅αΈααα αα«α½ ααα α΅(reaction force) α α α ααα³ α₯αα²αα¨α αα°α¨ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα ααα΅α α αα αα α΅αα ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈααͺ ααααα΅ α¨α α«α α¦α³ αα°α¨αα (αα α 3 α ααα΅ αααα΅ αα¨αααα
βΆοΈα¨αα°α αααα α αα αα
βΆοΈα¨αα¬α΅ α¨αα³α₯ αααα (gravity force) α αα ααα’
βΆοΈα¨αα°α ααααα α¨αα¬α΅ α¨α΅α α΅ αααα α αα£αα α αα αα α₯αα²α°α«α αα°α¨ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα α αα αα αΆα΅α°αα α αα«α α α΅αα³ α ααααα΅ αα αααα αα α αα«α α¨ααͺα α ααα α α£α α°αα«α αα ααα αα΄ α°αα«α© α°αα α¨ service reservoir α¨α α«α α¦α³ αα αα°α¨α αα³ααα΅ α ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα¨αα αα αα₯α³ αα΅ααα΅ α§αα§ α ααα αα αααα«α±α α¨αα α¨ααα£α αα α¨αα°α ααα α΅ α΅ααα α¨αα°α«α« α±α¦αα½α αα«ααα³ αα½ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈαα α α½αα αααα³α΅ αα£α©α α¨αα α ααα΅ αααα£α΅ α α΅ααα ααα‘α‘
π§Supply reservoir
β‘οΈα¨αα αα αα α₯α α αααα αα΅ααα΅ αα° α΅ααα΅ α±α¦αα½ α₯αα²αα£ αα΅α¨α ααα‘α‘
β‘οΈα¨αα α₯αα°α αα΅αα α¨α°ααͺα΅ αα αα₯α³ αα° α΅ααα΅ α§αα§ αα α ααα£α αααα«α±α α¨αα°α ααα α΅ααα α¨α§αα§ααΉα α¨ααα¨α΅ α α α α«α³α₯α«α α₯αα α₯α΅α¨ αααα³α΅ α«α°αα³α αα α₯αα³αα¨α°α΅ α¨α³ααα ααα½ αααα£αα‘α‘
β‘οΈαα αα α α±α¦ααΉ α¨αα«αααα αα ααα΅ α αααα΅α αα₯αα±α (velocity) α¨ 0.5-2 m/s α αα΅α¨α α₯α αα° α±α¦ααΉ α¨ααα£α ααα α αααα΅ (Energy dissipate ) α±α¦ααΉ αα α¨αα°αα°αα αα³α΅ α«α΅ααα³αα‘α‘
β‘οΈαα αα α¨α α£α α¦α³ αα°α¨αα ααα αα α¨αα³α α¨ Service reservoir α«αα° ααα’
#WaterSupply
@etconp
β€1π1π₯°1
πCommon Plumbing Pipe Fittings in Water Supply Systems
βΊPlumbing fittings are essential components that connect, control, and direct water flow in supply systems.
π·Each fitting serves a specific purpose, ensuring efficiency and safety in installation and maintenance.
- Adapter β Connects pipes or fittings of different types or sizes.
- 90Β° Elbow β Changes flow direction by 90Β°.
- 45Β° Elbow β Changes flow direction by 45Β°.
- 90Β° Street Elbow β Provides a 90Β° turn with one threaded end.
- Reducer β Connects pipes of different diameters.
- Tee β Splits flow into two directions.
- Male Cap β Closes the end of a female threaded pipe.
- Coupling β Joins two pipes with male threads.
- Coupling (Union) β Allows easy disconnection of joined pipes.
- Bushing β Reduces pipe size from male to female thread.
- Ball Valve β Controls flow by opening or closing.
- Universal Union β Connects pipes with easy disconnection.
- Galvanized Nipple β Short pipe with male threads on both ends.
- Angle Valve β Controls flow at a 90Β° angle.
- Shower Arm β Extends outlet for a showerhead.
- Water Tap / Faucet β Provides controlled water flow.
π§These fittings are the backbone of water supply systems, enabling flexibility, maintenance, and proper distribution in residential and commercial plumbing.
#PlumbingDesign #CivilEngineering #WaterSupply
#PipeFittings #ConstructionDetails #ConcreteAndSteel
@etconp
βΊPlumbing fittings are essential components that connect, control, and direct water flow in supply systems.
π·Each fitting serves a specific purpose, ensuring efficiency and safety in installation and maintenance.
- Adapter β Connects pipes or fittings of different types or sizes.
- 90Β° Elbow β Changes flow direction by 90Β°.
- 45Β° Elbow β Changes flow direction by 45Β°.
- 90Β° Street Elbow β Provides a 90Β° turn with one threaded end.
- Reducer β Connects pipes of different diameters.
- Tee β Splits flow into two directions.
- Male Cap β Closes the end of a female threaded pipe.
- Coupling β Joins two pipes with male threads.
- Coupling (Union) β Allows easy disconnection of joined pipes.
- Bushing β Reduces pipe size from male to female thread.
- Ball Valve β Controls flow by opening or closing.
- Universal Union β Connects pipes with easy disconnection.
- Galvanized Nipple β Short pipe with male threads on both ends.
- Angle Valve β Controls flow at a 90Β° angle.
- Shower Arm β Extends outlet for a showerhead.
- Water Tap / Faucet β Provides controlled water flow.
π§These fittings are the backbone of water supply systems, enabling flexibility, maintenance, and proper distribution in residential and commercial plumbing.
#PlumbingDesign #CivilEngineering #WaterSupply
#PipeFittings #ConstructionDetails #ConcreteAndSteel
@etconp
π5β€4
πElevated Water Tank
π«Construction Details & Dimensions
π§Purpose: Stores water at a height and supplies it by gravity.
π·Main Components: RCC foundation, columns, beams, tank wall, bottom slab, roof slab, inlet, outlet, overflow, and washout pipe.
πͺ§Typical Tank Shape: Circular or rectangular RCC tank.
πWall Thickness: 150β200 mm
πBottom Slab Thickness: 150β250 mm
πFreeboard: 300 mm
π§·Staging Height: 6β20 m (depending on design requirements)
πFoundation: RCC footing designed to safely transfer loads to the ground.
πSafety Features: Vent pipe, access ladder, manhole, railing, and waterproof coating.
#CivilEngineering #WaterTank #ElevatedWaterTank #RCCStructure #ConstructionDetails #StructuralEngineering #Infrastructure #EngineeringDrawing #SiteEngineering #WaterSupply
@etconp
π«Construction Details & Dimensions
π§Purpose: Stores water at a height and supplies it by gravity.
π·Main Components: RCC foundation, columns, beams, tank wall, bottom slab, roof slab, inlet, outlet, overflow, and washout pipe.
πͺ§Typical Tank Shape: Circular or rectangular RCC tank.
πWall Thickness: 150β200 mm
πBottom Slab Thickness: 150β250 mm
πFreeboard: 300 mm
π§·Staging Height: 6β20 m (depending on design requirements)
πFoundation: RCC footing designed to safely transfer loads to the ground.
πSafety Features: Vent pipe, access ladder, manhole, railing, and waterproof coating.
#CivilEngineering #WaterTank #ElevatedWaterTank #RCCStructure #ConstructionDetails #StructuralEngineering #Infrastructure #EngineeringDrawing #SiteEngineering #WaterSupply
@etconp
π6β€5
πWater Tank Capacity Calculation
πThe capacity of a cylindrical water tank is calculated using:
πͺ§Volume = (Ο/4) Γ dΒ² Γ h
π§·Where:
d = Diameter of tank
h = Height of tank
Example:
Diameter = 6 ft
Height = 8 ft
Volume = 226.08 ftΒ³
Since 1 ftΒ³ = 28.317 litres,
Capacity = 226.08 Γ 28.317 = 6399.64 litres
β Water Tank Capacity = 6399.64 Litres
#WaterTank #WaterTankCapacity #CivilEngineering #Construction #Engineering #BuildingServices #WaterSupply #Surveying #CivilEngineer #Infrastructure
@etconp
πThe capacity of a cylindrical water tank is calculated using:
πͺ§Volume = (Ο/4) Γ dΒ² Γ h
π§·Where:
d = Diameter of tank
h = Height of tank
Example:
Diameter = 6 ft
Height = 8 ft
Volume = 226.08 ftΒ³
Since 1 ftΒ³ = 28.317 litres,
Capacity = 226.08 Γ 28.317 = 6399.64 litres
β Water Tank Capacity = 6399.64 Litres
#WaterTank #WaterTankCapacity #CivilEngineering #Construction #Engineering #BuildingServices #WaterSupply #Surveying #CivilEngineer #Infrastructure
@etconp
β€14π1
π§Design Period in Water Supply Scheme & Factors Affecting Per Capita Water Demand
A well-designed water supply system must ensure safe and adequate water for present and future needs.
Engineers select a suitable design period for each component based on its expected service life, future population growth, and economic considerations.
π What is Design Period?
The design period is the future time span for which a water supply system or its components are planned and designed to meet the anticipated water demand efficiently.
π Typical Design Period of Water Supply Components
π Source & Intake Structures: 30β50 years
ποΈ Reservoirs: 30β50 years
π° Transmission & Distribution Mains: 30β40 years
π Buildings & Pump Houses: 15β25 years
π¦ Factors Affecting Per Capita Water Demand
1. π‘οΈ Climate β Hot and dry climates increase water consumption.
2. ποΈ Size of the City β Larger cities generally require more water per person.
3. π¨βπ©βπ§βπ¦ Standard of Living β Higher living standards lead to greater water use.
4. π Habits and Customs β Bathing, washing, gardening, and lifestyle influence demand.
5. π Industrial & Commercial Development β More industries and businesses increase consumption.
6. βοΈ Pressure in the Distribution System β Higher pressure often results in higher usage and leakage.
7. π° Water Tariff β Lower tariffs encourage greater consumption, while higher tariffs help reduce wastage.
π Key Note:
Per capita water demand varies with location, climate, population, economic conditions, and lifestyle.
Accurate estimation is essential for designing an economical, efficient, and reliable water supply system.
#CivilEngineering #WaterSupply #DesignPeriod #PerCapitaDemand #EnvironmentalEngineering #WaterResources #Hydraulics #PublicHealthEngineering #MunicipalEngineering #Infrastructure #EngineeringStudents #Construction #EngineeringNotes #StudyMaterial #WaterDistribution #WaterTreatment #SmartInfrastructure #EngineeringEducation
@etconp
A well-designed water supply system must ensure safe and adequate water for present and future needs.
Engineers select a suitable design period for each component based on its expected service life, future population growth, and economic considerations.
π What is Design Period?
The design period is the future time span for which a water supply system or its components are planned and designed to meet the anticipated water demand efficiently.
π Typical Design Period of Water Supply Components
π Source & Intake Structures: 30β50 years
ποΈ Reservoirs: 30β50 years
π° Transmission & Distribution Mains: 30β40 years
π Buildings & Pump Houses: 15β25 years
π¦ Factors Affecting Per Capita Water Demand
1. π‘οΈ Climate β Hot and dry climates increase water consumption.
2. ποΈ Size of the City β Larger cities generally require more water per person.
3. π¨βπ©βπ§βπ¦ Standard of Living β Higher living standards lead to greater water use.
4. π Habits and Customs β Bathing, washing, gardening, and lifestyle influence demand.
5. π Industrial & Commercial Development β More industries and businesses increase consumption.
6. βοΈ Pressure in the Distribution System β Higher pressure often results in higher usage and leakage.
7. π° Water Tariff β Lower tariffs encourage greater consumption, while higher tariffs help reduce wastage.
π Key Note:
Per capita water demand varies with location, climate, population, economic conditions, and lifestyle.
Accurate estimation is essential for designing an economical, efficient, and reliable water supply system.
#CivilEngineering #WaterSupply #DesignPeriod #PerCapitaDemand #EnvironmentalEngineering #WaterResources #Hydraulics #PublicHealthEngineering #MunicipalEngineering #Infrastructure #EngineeringStudents #Construction #EngineeringNotes #StudyMaterial #WaterDistribution #WaterTreatment #SmartInfrastructure #EngineeringEducation
@etconp
β€9