Methods adopted for purifying the public water supplies :-
i. screening
ii. plain sedimentation
iii. sedimentation aided with coagulation
iv. filtration
v. disinfection
vi. aeration
vii. softening
👉Screening: the removal bigger and visible objects, such as trees, branches, sticks, vegetations, fish, animal
life, etc. present in raw surface water source.
👉Plain sedimentation: the coarser suspended materials can be removed by letting the water settle in
sedimentation basins.
Chemical coagulation: the effectiveness of sedimentation may be increased by mixing with certain
chemicals with the water to form flocculent precipitate that carries the suspended particles to settle.
👉Filtration: the finer particles in suspension may then be removed by filtering the water through filters is
filtration.
👉Disinfection: The filtered water which may still contain pathogenic bacteria is then made bacteria-proof by
adding certain chemicals, such as chlorine; thus the process of killing of germs is termed as disinfection.
👉Aeration: for the safe of the resulting water that might not be attractive to the tongue of consumers.
Unpleasant taste and odour, and also oxygen deficiency can be removed by adding certain chemical
compounds, such as activated carbon or using ozone.
👉Softening: is addition of certain chemicals to bring the quality of water to the permissible limits of water
hardness.
#waterengineering #watertreatment
@etconp
i. screening
ii. plain sedimentation
iii. sedimentation aided with coagulation
iv. filtration
v. disinfection
vi. aeration
vii. softening
👉Screening: the removal bigger and visible objects, such as trees, branches, sticks, vegetations, fish, animal
life, etc. present in raw surface water source.
👉Plain sedimentation: the coarser suspended materials can be removed by letting the water settle in
sedimentation basins.
Chemical coagulation: the effectiveness of sedimentation may be increased by mixing with certain
chemicals with the water to form flocculent precipitate that carries the suspended particles to settle.
👉Filtration: the finer particles in suspension may then be removed by filtering the water through filters is
filtration.
👉Disinfection: The filtered water which may still contain pathogenic bacteria is then made bacteria-proof by
adding certain chemicals, such as chlorine; thus the process of killing of germs is termed as disinfection.
👉Aeration: for the safe of the resulting water that might not be attractive to the tongue of consumers.
Unpleasant taste and odour, and also oxygen deficiency can be removed by adding certain chemical
compounds, such as activated carbon or using ozone.
👉Softening: is addition of certain chemicals to bring the quality of water to the permissible limits of water
hardness.
#waterengineering #watertreatment
@etconp
💧Design Period in Water Supply Scheme & Factors Affecting Per Capita Water Demand
A well-designed water supply system must ensure safe and adequate water for present and future needs.
Engineers select a suitable design period for each component based on its expected service life, future population growth, and economic considerations.
📌 What is Design Period?
The design period is the future time span for which a water supply system or its components are planned and designed to meet the anticipated water demand efficiently.
📊 Typical Design Period of Water Supply Components
🌊 Source & Intake Structures: 30–50 years
🏗️ Reservoirs: 30–50 years
🚰 Transmission & Distribution Mains: 30–40 years
🏠 Buildings & Pump Houses: 15–25 years
💦 Factors Affecting Per Capita Water Demand
1. 🌡️ Climate – Hot and dry climates increase water consumption.
2. 🏙️ Size of the City – Larger cities generally require more water per person.
3. 👨👩👧👦 Standard of Living – Higher living standards lead to greater water use.
4. 🛁 Habits and Customs – Bathing, washing, gardening, and lifestyle influence demand.
5. 🏭 Industrial & Commercial Development – More industries and businesses increase consumption.
6. ⚙️ Pressure in the Distribution System – Higher pressure often results in higher usage and leakage.
7. 💰 Water Tariff – Lower tariffs encourage greater consumption, while higher tariffs help reduce wastage.
📍 Key Note:
Per capita water demand varies with location, climate, population, economic conditions, and lifestyle.
Accurate estimation is essential for designing an economical, efficient, and reliable water supply system.
#CivilEngineering #WaterSupply #DesignPeriod #PerCapitaDemand #EnvironmentalEngineering #WaterResources #Hydraulics #PublicHealthEngineering #MunicipalEngineering #Infrastructure #EngineeringStudents #Construction #EngineeringNotes #StudyMaterial #WaterDistribution #WaterTreatment #SmartInfrastructure #EngineeringEducation
@etconp
A well-designed water supply system must ensure safe and adequate water for present and future needs.
Engineers select a suitable design period for each component based on its expected service life, future population growth, and economic considerations.
📌 What is Design Period?
The design period is the future time span for which a water supply system or its components are planned and designed to meet the anticipated water demand efficiently.
📊 Typical Design Period of Water Supply Components
🌊 Source & Intake Structures: 30–50 years
🏗️ Reservoirs: 30–50 years
🚰 Transmission & Distribution Mains: 30–40 years
🏠 Buildings & Pump Houses: 15–25 years
💦 Factors Affecting Per Capita Water Demand
1. 🌡️ Climate – Hot and dry climates increase water consumption.
2. 🏙️ Size of the City – Larger cities generally require more water per person.
3. 👨👩👧👦 Standard of Living – Higher living standards lead to greater water use.
4. 🛁 Habits and Customs – Bathing, washing, gardening, and lifestyle influence demand.
5. 🏭 Industrial & Commercial Development – More industries and businesses increase consumption.
6. ⚙️ Pressure in the Distribution System – Higher pressure often results in higher usage and leakage.
7. 💰 Water Tariff – Lower tariffs encourage greater consumption, while higher tariffs help reduce wastage.
📍 Key Note:
Per capita water demand varies with location, climate, population, economic conditions, and lifestyle.
Accurate estimation is essential for designing an economical, efficient, and reliable water supply system.
#CivilEngineering #WaterSupply #DesignPeriod #PerCapitaDemand #EnvironmentalEngineering #WaterResources #Hydraulics #PublicHealthEngineering #MunicipalEngineering #Infrastructure #EngineeringStudents #Construction #EngineeringNotes #StudyMaterial #WaterDistribution #WaterTreatment #SmartInfrastructure #EngineeringEducation
@etconp
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